Nervous System Anatomy Notes PDF

Name: Nervous System Anatomy Notes 1 – Anatomy Intro 1. Continuously sends and receives messages from your body in order to manage its critical functions 2....

Name: Nervous System Anatomy Notes 1 – Anatomy Intro 1. Continuously sends and receives messages from your body in order to manage its critical functions 2. _brain____: Receives sensory input from the spinal cord and nerve cells, and controls the body’s 3 parts of the nervous system functions. 1. Brain 3. _spinal__ __cord_: Provides 2. Spinal Cord sensory information to the brain. 3. Nerves 4. _nerves______: Bundles of nerve cells, or neurons, that transmit impulses (or “messages”) from your body to your brain and from your brain to the cells of your body. 2 – The Brain 1. Organizes and processes 3 parts of the Brain information for your body. 1. Cerebrum 2. Responsible for your 2. Cerebellum _memory__and __coordination_. 3. Brain Stem 3 – Cerebrum 1. __largest__ part of the brain. 2. Allows you to solve problems, remember your friends telephone number, dance, draw, play games and reason. 3. Divided into two parts: Right hemisphere controls the left side body a. Right hemisphere controls the Left hemisphere controls the right side body left side of your body b. Left hemisphere controls the __right_side of your body 4 lobes of the cerebrum 4. Each hemisphere is divided 1. Frontal into __4_____ lobes 2. Parietal a. _Frontal___ lobes (motor 3. Temporal area): Responsible for motor 4. Occipital functions and higher order functions such as reasoning Frontal: motor area, higher order functions (reasoning/memory) and memory. b. _Parietal_ lobes: Responsible for visual perception, and Parietal: visual perception, pain, touch, temperature sensory impulses for pain, touch and temperature. 1 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System c. _Temporal___ lobes: Responsible for emotional Temporal: emotions, speech and hearing responses, speech and hearing. d. _Occiptial___ lobes: Responsible for vision and Occipital – vision and color recognition color recognition. 4 – Cerebellum 1. Part of the brain that is responsible for moving your muscles. Cerebellum – does muscle memory 2. Located just below your Also known as the “little brain” cerebrum at the back of your brain. 3. Receives instructions, or stimuli, from the _cerebrum_ and, based on the instructions, determines Golf swing/martial arts punch – programming which muscles to contract. - Reprogramming takes longer 4. Communicates with the other parts of the nervous system through three pairs of nerves called _cerebellar__peduncles. 5 – Brain Stem 1. Responsible for controlling Corpus Collosum _breathing_, digesting food and - Separates cerebrum from brain stem circulating blood. - Connects right and left hemispheres 2. Controls your involuntary muscles. Ventricles – are the spaces between the hemispheres; filled with 3. Divided into four regions: cs fluid 1. Diencephalons: located _between_the hemispheres of the Diencephalons = wall of the lower ventricle cerebrum and contains the - Thalamus + hypothalamus thalamus and hypothalamus a. _Thalamus_: Relay center Hypo = below (hypothalamus is below the thalamus) for sensory impulses, with the exception of smell. Pituitary Gland – master gland; attached to hypothalamus b. Hypothalamus: Regulates sleep, _hunger_, thirst, 5 functions of hypothalamus body temperature and 1. Sleep pressure and homeostasis. 2. Hunger 2. _Midbrain_: Located below 3. Thirst the diencephalons and joins the 4. Body Temperature cerebrum and the spinal cord. 5. Homeostasis Relays signals between the spinal cord and cerebrum and the Midbrain: relays information cerebrum and cerebellum. 3. _Pons___: Lies below the Pons: also relays information midbrain and joins the cerebellum with the cerebrum and the left 2 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. Sends information between the hemispheres of the cerebellum, and between the cerebellum and cerebrum. Medulla oblongata: becomes the spinal cord 4. Medulla oblongata: Eventually becomes the spinal Regulates 3 things: cord. Responsible for controlling 1. Heart Beat _heart beat_, breathing, and 2. Breathing regulating blood pressure. 3. Blood pressure 6 – Spinal Cord 1. Main route connecting the brain with the peripheral nervous system. 31 pairs of nerves in spinal cord 2. Provides the brain with information to understand the external environment around the body a. Ability to monitor conditions inside the body and respond appropriately to them. 3. Series of _31 pairs_of nerves that runs down the middle of your backbone. Ascending nerve tracts – body  brain 4. __ascending_ nerve tracts carry information from the body’s muscles and glands to the brain 5. Descending tracts deliver Descending nerve tracts – brain  body messages from the brain to the __muscles__and glands of the body. 6. Cerebrospinal fluid is CS Fluid provides nutrients for and remove waste from the spinal contained in the middle of the spinal cord (due to lack of blood vessels) cord and provides _nutrients___ to the nerve cells of the system and removes waste from the cells and delivers it to the circulatory system. 7 – Nerves a. Made of nerve fibers and a bundle Nerves are bundles of nerve cells called neurons of nerve cells, or neurons, which moves nerve impulses throughout Cell body – center of cell (also called Soma) the nervous system. b. _neurons_: Specialized cells that send and receive messages, called 3 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System nerve impulses, in the nervous system. c. Neurons are divided into several parts: i. _Cell body____: contains the nucleus and other internal structures ii. _Nucleus__: Controls the cell and produces Nucleus – control center of cell the messages that are sent to the Central Nervous System iii. Dendrites: Receive nerve impulses and Dendrites – receive messages from other cells send them to the cell _body______. iv. __Axons__: Transmits impulses away from Axons – sends signals away from cell the cell body v. Synaptic _terminals_: Transmit impulses to Axon terminal – end of the axon (also called synaptic terminal) other neurons or to muscles or glands. vi. _synapse__: Junction between a neuron and Synapse – gap/space between neurons another neuron, or a muscle or gland. d. There are three types of neurons: i. _Sensory__ neurons: Transmit information Sensory neurons – detect the outside world about various stimuli - Things that can be sensed are called stimuli (one is a to the brain. stimulus) ii. _Motor__ neurons: transmit information Motor neurons – connect to muscles/glands with responses to from the brain to the stimuli; ordered by brain or spinal cord muscles and glands of the body. iii. _Inter__neurons: Located only in the Interneurons – located only in the spinal cord/brain and connect spinal cord and brain the other two types of neurons and link sensory and motor neurons together. 4 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System 8 – Anatomy Conclusion Summary: Even when you’re asleep, Brain is ALWAYS working parts of your brain are still working to ensure that your body continues to perform the most critical functions. Physiology Notes 9 – Physiology Introduction 1. Sends and receives sensory and motor message throughout your body. There are two types of impulses 2. _Sensory_ impulses: 1. Sensory – receives signals from 5 senses from the outside Messages taken in by the body world that inform the nervous system about what’s going on both inside and outside the body. 2. Motor – messages sent from brain to control activities 3. _Motor__ impulses: (see examples) Messages sent to your body to control activities like walking, breathing, digestion, and 2 subsystems of the nervous system talking. 4. Central _Nervous_ System 1. Central Nervous system (CNS) – brain/spinal cord (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the control center for the entire body. 2. Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) – nerves 5. _Peripheral___ Nervous System (PNS): Consists of nerves organized by function 2 subsystems of the PNS (organized by function) into two specific areas: a. _Somatic_ system – 1. Somatic – helps the body adjust to external environment includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that help the body adjust to the external environment. 2. Autonomic – regulates internal environment b. _Autonomic_ system (homeostasis) – regulates the body’s internal environment. 6. CNS and PNS work together to relay impulses through a cell 5 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System and receive impulses through the ___5____senses. 10 – Processing Information 1. _Adrenalin____ changes your Adrenalin controls Fight/Flight/Freeze internal environment by making your heart beat faster Hormone from adrenal gland to get blood flowing to your ad = above muscles in preparation for renal = kidney your next move. 2. “Fight or _flight__” response. 11 – Sending Nerve Impulses This happens through a chain of Signal  dendrites of cell 1  cell body  axon  axon terminal chemical events that carry the nerve  synapse  dendrite of cell 2 impulses from one neuron to another. 1. _Dendrites__: Contained in the neuron. Receives This is repeated over and over until signal gets to destination impulses and transports them to the cell body and then the Neuron  synapse  Neuron  synapse axon. 2. _Axon___: Contained in the neuron. Transmits the impulse to the next neuron. 3. _Synapse____: Junction where two neurons meet. 12 – Receptors 1. Interact with the external environment acting as sensors. 2. Brain a. controls your five senses b. Each sense has special 5 receptor types (5 senses) receptors that enable 1. Sight them to respond to 2. Sound stimuli 3. Smell c. The organs associated 4. Taste with each sensory 5. Touch receptor function closely with the nervous system and rely on the nervous system for input. 3. __Sight_____ Connected to Stimulus – Something that can be detected by a sensory neuron the nervous system Plural = stimuli 6 __________ __________ Name: Nervous System 4. __Hearing___ Allow a person to hear. They are connected to the nervous system through the vestibulocochlear nerve. 5. __Smell_______ Olfactory cells that line the top of the nasal cavity in a person’s nose. The nose is connected to the nervous system through the Know the names of the 5 nerves olfactory nerve. 1. Eye to brain (sight) – Optic Nerve 6. __Taste_______ Provided 2. Ear to brain (hearing) – Vestibulocochlear Nerve through taste buds located in 3. Roof of sinuses (smell) to brain – Olfactory Nerve the mouth. The mouth is 4. Tongue to Brain (taste) – Glossopharyngeal Nerve connected to the nervous 5. Skin/organs to brain (touch) – system through the a. Three types of neurons glossopharyngeal nerve. i. Temperature 7. __Touch______ Includes the ii. Pressure sensations of pain, pressure iii. Pain and vibration. The sensory nerves located throughout the PNS enable a person’s sense of touch. These sensors are located in the skin, muscle and joints. 13 – Physiology Conclusion Summary: The brain and nervous Science is still learning about the brain system are very complex – there are still many things that scientists don’t understand about how the human brain works. 7 __________ __________