Veterinary Botany Lab Notes & Long Exam #1-#2

BOTA101B LONG QUIZ#1-#2 REVIEWER VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN DE LA SALLE ARANETA UNIVERSITY – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E LAB #1 : THE MICROSCOPE What microscope should be used to view 3-dimensional...

BOTA101B LONG QUIZ#1-#2 REVIEWER VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN DE LA SALLE ARANETA UNIVERSITY – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E LAB #1 : THE MICROSCOPE What microscope should be used to view 3-dimensional detail of the surface of the chloroplast? Scanning electron microscope It holds the ocular– function of W. A compound microscope is an optical instrument with a It concentrates the light to the two-lens system. Where can you find the lenses of compound specimen– function of X. microscope? Eyepiece/Ocular and Objectives The amount of light will increase or decrease– if structure Y is What is the total magnification of the microscope under OIO turned clockwise/counterclockwise. with 5x ocular magnification? 500x It is used when focusing under HPO and OIO and used for Which of the following parts of the microscope does not precise focusing of the specimen belong to the group? – structure of Z. revolving nosepiece, condenser, coarse adjustment knob, mechanical stage When moving microscopes from What is the pointed part The magnification of the eyepiece is 10x. If the total one place to another, where of the microscope (red magnification of the microscope is 400x, what objective was should one hold the microscope? arrow)? used? – IV and V (Arm Tube & Base) – Body Tube HPO Move the stage to the left – how would you move your stage to see MORE of this specimen? Fine adjustment knob– part of the microscope should be used to clearly view the specimen. High Power Objective (HPO)– objective use to view the specimen. How can eyestrain be prevented when viewing under the microscope? Keep both eyes open when using the ocular What is the color of the band found in HPO? Blue 1 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN GUIDE QUESTIONS IN LAB#1: What happens to the position of the small letter “e” TRUE ABOUT ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) under the microscope? Why? –Rough ER contains ribosomes while smooth ER does not Did the number of plant cells increase under HPO? contain ribosomes. Rough ER synthesizes proteins while Why? smooth ER synthesizes lipids. ER’s membrane is What are the differences between the LPO and HPO continuous with the nuclear membrane. in viewing a specimen? What should you use to clean the lenses of the CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE microscope? Why should you use this? Why is it not a healthful practice to view the specimen with only one eye? Why do you have to make sure that the area you wish to study is in the center of the field of view before changing the objectives? LAB #2 : THE PLANT CELL VACUOLE NUCLEUS STROMA– inner fluid of CRISTAE– infoldings of the the pointed organelle. pointed organelle. MODIFICATION OF NOT TRUE about the pointed SN: Allium cepa (onion) IODINE SOLUTION– PROTEINS – function of structure – It is a selectively dropped in specimen before the pointed organelle. permeable membrane. mounting on the glass slide. PHOTOSYNTHESIS – metabolic process occurs TRICHOME– specialized in the organelle pointed by structure found in the the arrow. epidermis of the specimen. CYCLOSIS – term for the movement of the pointed organelles inside the cell. CHLOROPLAST GUIDE QUESTIONS IN LAB#2: –organelle pointed by the What are the parts of the cell observed in the Allium arrow. cepa, Rhoeo discolor, and leaves of hydrilla? What shape do epidermal cells of onion exhibit? STORAGE OF CELL SAP– function of vacuole. What is the color of the dominant pigment here? What type of plastid is observed in the upper CHROMOPLAST – plastids that contain carotenoids. epidermis of the Rhoeo discolor leaf? What type of pigment is present? CHLOROPLAST, CELL WALL, AND CENTRAL What type of plastid is observed in the lower VACUOLE – present only in plant cells. epidermis of the Rhoeo discolor leaf? What type of pigment is present? THE RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO ROUGH ER MAKE THE SURFACE APPEAR BUMPY– makes the What is the streaming movement of protoplasm rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough. called? What organelle clearly shows the direction of this movement? 2 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN ONION BULB W/IODINE SOLUTION BANGKA-BANGKAAN LEAF (upper/lower epidermis) DIGMAAN PLANT (HYDRILLA/ELODEA) 3 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN LAB #3 : PHYSICOCHEMICAL P. OF CELL Examples: Simple diffusion (via gradients) TURGID– plant cell is placed in distilled water. Osmosis – was soaked in distilled water for hours. 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT PLASMOLYZED– plant cell is placed in 10% salt solution. movement is against the concentration gradient – was soaked in saltwater for hours From low concentration to high concentration Energy (ATP) is needed HYPERTONIC– was soaked in saltwater for hours. Examples: Transpiration (movement of water) HYPOTONIC SOLUTION– Water enters the plant cell to Translocation (movement of food) maintain turgor pressure. ISOTONIC SOLUTION– Solute concentration inside the SIMPLE DIFFUSION cell is equal to the solution outside the cell. – Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution HYPERTONIC SOLUTION– Plant cell loses water and – movement of molecules from high to low concentrations turgor pressure. –continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached). NOTE: Molecules will still move around but stay spread out. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE– REQUIREMENT: CONCENTRATION GRADIENT stain that has the highest diffusion rate. – difference in concentration of solute in a solvent. – regulates the flow of molecules/ions into and out of the cell. SN: Solanum tuberosum DIFFUSION IN PLANTS (POTATO TUBER) – Absorption of nutrients from the soil into the roots. SOIL (high concentration) → PLANT ROOTS (low concentration) WATER ENTERED THE WATER MOVED OUT OF CELL– soaked in distilled THE CELL– soaked in FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION water for hours. saltwater for hours. ANTHOCYANIN GAS REGULATION – type of pigment the – function of the pointed specimen contains. structure. OSMOSIS – simple diffusion of water across a membrane – Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic TRANSPORT SYSTEM Maintains the dynamicity of the cell Involves water and the substances that dissolve in it in the process It shows the importance of water to plants. 1. PASSIVE TRANSPORT movement is along the concentration gradient From high concentration to low concentration No energy (ATP) is needed. 4 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN OSMOSIS : HYPOTONIC (Water enters the cell) LAB #4 : MITOSIS (CELL DIVISION) –Cells are placed in a solution of low osmotic potential. – (low solute, more water) PROPHASE PROPHASE –When the plant cell has absorbed the maximum quantity of water allowed by the cell wall, it becomes turgid. OSMOSIS : ISOTONIC –Influx of water equals the efflux of water. –No change in cell shape. – flaccid OSMOSIS : HYPERTONIC (Water leaves the cell) –Cells are placed in a solution of high osmotic potential. METAPHASE METAPHASE – (high solute, less water) –Plasmolysis occurs as the cell membrane shrinks and detaches from the cell wall. – Cells become plasmolyzed. ACTIVE TRANSPORT FACTORS: Substances may be too large. Substances may not be able to dissolve in the fat ANAPHASE core of the membrane. Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient. FUNCTION: Maintains the isotonic nature of the cell or concentration in and out of the cell. Transports needed substance to where it is needed. TRANSPIRATION The loss of water vapor on leaves of plants. GUIDE QUESTIONS IN LAB#3: Between congo red and potassium permanganate, which solution diffused farther? Why? How does the molecular weight of congo red and potassium permanganate affect the rate of diffusion? What happened to the volume of sugar solution in the thistle tube? Explain why. What happened to the size of the potato? Explain why. Immediately after you added the salt solution to the epidermal cells, which one proved to have greater concentration of water, the cell sap or the salt solution? Explain your answer. 5 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E VETERINARY BOTANY LAB 1 | MS. JARYNA LIMBAUAN LAB #5 : PLANT TISSUES METAPHASE– Stage of cell cycle where chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. ANAPHASE– Stage of cell cycle when spindle fibers pull each PARENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA chromosome on opposite poles. PROPHASE– Stage of cell cycle when chromosomes begin to condense and become visible under the light microscope. TRUE: Spindle fibers coordinate the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. FALSE: DNA synthesis occurs during G1 phase. FALSE: Cytokinesis is the division of the nuclear material. XYLEM PHLOEM TRUE: Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis. TRUE: Roots are considered a vegetative organ. TRUE: Vascular bundles of dicot stem are usually arranged in ring. FALSE: Monocot leaf veins are usually netlike. FALSE: Apical meristem is located on the side of stems and roots. COLLENCHYMA GUARD CELLS TRUE: Lateral meristem is responsible for the secondary growth in woody plants. FALSE: Stomata are the paired epidermal cells that are responsible for gas exhange. CUTIN– waxy substance secreted by epidermis that forms cuticles. PHLOEM & XYLEM– complex permanent tissue. FIBER, PARENCHYMA, COMPANION CELL– associated LAB #6 : PLANT BODY with phloem. PARALLEL LEAF VENATION– characteristic of a monocot. SAFRANIN– stain used in preparation of sweet potato longitudinal section. SUBERIN– waxy substance that does not allow substances to penetrate cork walls. ROOT HAIRS– lateral extension of epidermal cells that increase the absorptive function of the young root. PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA, SCLERENCHYMA– simple permanent tissue Ipomoea batatas– Scientific name of sweet potato. Mangifera indica– Scientific name of mango Ixora coccinea– Scientific name of santan Coleus amboinicus– Scientific name of oregano 6 DE GUZMAN, JOYCE MARIAN V. – DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – VETM2E