Non-Metalliferous Deposits PV (PDF)

Non-meta 11 iferous deposits A review • • - geological materials, used for a wide spectrum of purposes beyond the two main interests of economic geology: fuels and metals (Essentials of Mineral Exploration and Evaluation, 2016) Ceologically Economically widespread development needs less inv...

Non-meta 11 iferous deposits A review • • - geological materials, used for a wide spectrum of purposes beyond the two main interests of economic geology: fuels and metals (Essentials of Mineral Exploration and Evaluation, 2016) Ceologically Economically widespread development needs less investment enourmous reserves cheaper to obtain accessible Technologically needs less processing needs less energy less damages on the environment industrial/manufacturing food preservative, drilling mud, manufacturing of toothpaste, teflon, steel, plastics, cement, oil well drilling, abrasive a riculture sources of ferti lize rs: n itrate, rock phosphate, potassium compounds household items glasswares, cosmetic powder, cleaning materials, decorative materials Operating Mines and Quarries 48 metallic mines (8 gold mines, 3 copper mines, 30 nickel mines, 3 chromite mines and 4 iron mine) 61 non-metallic mines (35 limestone/shale quarries, 5 silica quarries, 15 aggregate quarries, l dolomite quarry and 3 clay quarries, 2 sand & gravel) 5 processing plants (2 gold processing plants, 2 nickel processing plants and l copper smelter plant) 3,389 small quarries and sand & gravel operations covered by permits issued by LGUs THE PHILIPPINE MINERALS INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE (http://www.mgb.gov.ph/) Outline l. Industrial Rocks and Minerals 2. Structural and Building Materials 3. Ferti Iizer 4. Gemstone and Decorative Materials Main Source: Mineral Resource Information Series No. 7, 8, 9 and 1O Lands Geological Survey Division Mines and Geosciences Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources Quezon City January 2004 increase in the pace of industrialization + growing environmental concerns -increase in demand for industrial and manufacturing materials Industrial minerals and manufacturing materials Asbestos Ba rite Bentonite Clay Diatomite Dolomite Feldspar Gypsum Limestone Magnesite Perlite Silica Talc Cement raw materials Ceramic raw material Refractory raw materials Zeolite fireproofing, insulation, brake linings and asbestos cement Cl) Q) O') ctS E now considered non-commercial due to its carcinogenic property Q) O') 0 0 C) @ ASBESTOS - naturally occurring mineral substance - can be pulled into a fluffy consistency Properties: -fibers are soft and flexible -resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion Uses: -an effective insulator -can also be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastic and other materials to make them stronger https.1/www.asbestos.com/asbestos/ Asbestos is a single type of mineral. True or false? ASBESTOS ~ not a single type of mineral - rather, it refers to a group of silicate minerals that share the same fibrous nature. https.1/www.asbestos.com/asbestos/ Amphibole: ASBESTOS Serpentine: riebeckite/ crocidolite (blue asbestos) grunerite-cummi amosite (brown asbestos) chrysotile (white, curly) tremolite actinolite https:llwww.asbestos.co ml asbestos/ ASBESTOS C! most commonly found in: serpentinites, altered ultramafic rocks, and some mafic rocks other rock types: metamorphosed dolostones, metamorphosed iron formations, carbonatites, and a I ka Iic intrusions. [!] Contributing to asbestos formation is the faulting and fracturing of these rocks with increased temperatures, pressures, and the presence of water. [!] https.1/www.asbestos.com/asbestos/ Asbestos deposits associated with ophiolite of geological significance occur in l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bangui and Burgos, llocos Norte; Aguilar and Mangatarem, Pangasinan Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe and San Marcelino, Zambales Abra de llog, Occidental Mindoro Antique Misamis Oriental and Bu kid non CLASSIFICATION [!] local asbestos was classified into: ■ ■ shingles paper plaster refuse grades [!] market requirements used to depend mainly on fiber length -although strength, flexibility, colors, chemical composition and cleanliness were also considered [!] in electrical insulation, iron content should not exceed 3.5% https.1/www.asbestos.com/asbestos/ heavy spar inert, heavy and stable mineral (/J Cl) O> (lj E Cl) white, opaque and twinned O> 0 0 CJ © What is the chemical formula of barite? BARITE r ■ produced and sold in several forms: - jig concentrate - crude lumps - ground barite - flotation concentrate f ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lump ore - derived from vein or seam deposits and principally, a product of hand •sorting The bulk of barite produced and sold is in the form of either jig or flotation concentrates BARITE The use of barite dictates the preparation that is needed. ■ oil well drilling- ground to -325 mesh ■ production of barium compounds - sold as jig concentrate ■ glass industry- prepared to -20 mesh & freed from iron using magnetic separators ■ as inert filler in the manufacture of oilcloth, linoleum, paper and plastic - ground to -325 mesh ■ as pigment or extenders in paints - bleached with acid treatment to remove iron stain Barite deposits Philippine production of barite started in January 1973 but ceased in 1991. Barite deposits: l. 2. Mabilog na Bundok, Lobo, Batangas Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro - - - - - - - - Barite occurs as gangue in metallic sulfide veins and as metasomatic deposit in a ndesite. associated with gold and silver mineralization occurs as a vein along the strikes of the sedimentary host rocks Bentonite is a clay • • cons1st1ng predominantly of minerals of the _ _ _ _ group V, ""!"':~......., ~ ~ _gi I © ~ -- • clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the smectite group BENTONITE (/) Q) 0) rn E Q) 0) ·w Properties: O~ l O• ~ t.10sr POWERFU 100.,_EEp PORE CLEANSIN Natural Calcium Bentonit • large chemically active surface area • interlamellar surfaces with unusual hydration characteristics • ability to modify the flow behaviour of liquids. 0 0 C) © BENTONITE (/) Q) O') rn E Q) O') [!]Uses: ·w O~ l O• ~ t.10sr POWERFU 100.,_EEp PORE CLEANSIN Natural Calcium Bentonit 0 0 C) © -foundry molding sands -drilling mud -bentonite slurries for sealing porous strata and stoppage of water movement in foundations for buildings, tunnels and dams -bleaching oils and fats -carriers for insecticides and pesticides -component of paints, pharmaceuticals, medicines and cosmetics Locally, it is used as additives, grouting, binders in foundry sand, and as filler in animal feeds BENTONITE Commercial bentonite deposits are formed by alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris deposited over relatively large areas. Other bentonite deposits are formed by in-situ hydrothermal alteration of coarse-grained intrusive rocks. TYPES OF BENTONITE ~ Swelling type • all gel-forming, "Wyoming" or western type, and true bentonite or sodium bentonite • expands 15 to 20 times of the original volume of dry material in water • contain sodium as predominant exchangeable ion • rarely occurring and associated with kaolin of hydrothermal origin • probably formed by the action of thermal springs and vapors of volcanic exhalations TYPES OF BENTONITE [!il Non-swelling type • includes the Mississippi or southern type, potassium and calcium bentonite, metabentonite, some absorbent clay or bleaching clay, some naturally active clay or fuller's earth, some activable clay (raw) and activated clay (treated) • has negligible swelling • carries calcium as its principal exchangeable ion • Bentonites in the Philippines are generally non-swelling type FULLER'S EARTH L name derived from the first major use of the material, which was for cleaning textiles [: either a non-plastic or a claylike material, usually high in magnesia that has adequate decolorizing and purifying properties rc composed mostly of the distinct needle- or lath-shaped clay mineral, the attapulgite. This material crumbles when laid in water also defined as naturally active clay of the nonswelling type of bentonite CT Bentonite deposits -formed by alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris deposited over relatively large areas or by in-situ hydrothermal alteration of coarsegrained intrusive rocks Bentonite deposits: 1. Mangatarem, Pangasinan 2. Cagayan 3. Palayan City, Nueva Ecija (swelling) 4. Mabini and Calatagan, Batangas 5. Tagkawayan, Quezon 6. Legaspi City, Al bay 7. Cebu 8. Palompon, Leyte 9. Lanang, Davao City CJ) Q) O') ro E Q) O') 0 0 CJ © an earthy substance hydrous aluminum silicates+ colloidal material+ specks of rock fragments plastic when wet stone-like when fired CLAY l!J Records of ancient brick buildings, monuments and pottery making showed that it is one of the most widespread and earliest mineral substances utilized by person l!JThe Chinese, who developed the art of pottery to a high degree of perfection, probably taught the natives the art. l!J During Spanish times when there were no available natural building stone like limestone or volcanic tuff (adobe), the Spanish priests made bricks and tiles out of ordinary clays to build churches. CLAY rni Except for shale clay, which goes into the manufacture of Portland cement, various clays in the Philippines are generally quarried intermittently and on small scale. • Nevertheless, clay quarrying has significantly contributed to employment generation in the countryside for more than 20 years. • feldspathic clay • fire clay • kaolinitic clay • siliceous clay CLAY ~ Types: a. Residual - in situ clays formed by weathering due to chemical and hydrothermal process not far from parent rock, non-plastic, white {e.g kaolin) b. Transported - formed by accumulation of clayey materials in sites such as swamps and basins far from parent material, plastic, grey, darker, smaller particles {e.g ball clay, fire clay) CLAY [!] RESIDUAL CLAYS -occur in the provinces of Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambalez, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Al bay, Marinduque, Romblon, Negros Occidental, lloilo, Panay, Antique, Surigao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon and Zamboanga del Sur and in Zamboanga City. -most are formed from the chemical weathering of feldspar-rich rocks -many other residual deposits are formed near volcanoes from the alteration of basalt or andesite by hot sulfuric water from solfataras or fumaroles -the biggest reserves of siliceous clay in the islands were formed by the residual alteration of chloritic schists in Siruma, Camarines Sur CLAY [!] TRANSPORTED CLAYS - consist of sedimentary beds associated with peat or lignite, alluvial and floodplain clays Fire clays: clay beds underlying peat or lignite : deposited in swamps and basins, usually fired to shades of gray or brown -found in Uneng, Semirara Island Alluvial and floodplain clays: buff or red burning clays used in making earthenware, pots, toys, bricks and tiles. :occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains : usually brown or gray due to high iron oxide content and the presence of some organic matter. What are the two types of clays? a. b. • "diatomaceous earth" siliceous shells or skeletons of single-celled organism called diatoms DIATOMITE composed essentially of hydrated amorphous or opal line silica with varying amounts of contaminant materials such as silica sand, clays, salts and organic matter. [!] USES: l. filtration agent 2. soft abrasives 3. ind ustria I fi Ilers 4. lightweight aggregates Diatomite deposits -deposits occur as low-dipping beds, a few centimeters to several meters thick, intercalated with sedimentary and pyroclastic host rocks -dilution by host rock materials of low silica and high iron content usually necessitates some beneficiation before they could be used commercially. Diatomite deposits Diatomite deposits are in: 1. Pantabangan and Caranglan, Nueva Ecija 2 Basud, Camarines Norte 3. Kapatagan, Lanae del Norte 4. Quezon, Bu kid non. Local diatomite production from pre-1980 to 2002 period posted 37,056 MT The deposit in Basud, Camarines Norte is the only deposit put into commercial production. Cl) Cl) 0) en E Cl) 0) 0 0 C) © most common rock-forming mineral on earth general term for the group of rock-forming minerals that are essentially anhydrous aluminium silicates FELDSPAR promotes fusion during firing and imparts strength, toughness and dural:>ility in the finished products Uses: 1. production of glass, fired clay products, and enan1el paints 2. flux in ceramic mixture in the making of vitreous china and in porcelain enamels 3. mild abrasives and scouring soaps {due to its angular fracture and moderate hardness) Feldspar deposits Most of the feldspar utilized by the local ceramic and glass plants is either imported or blended with those locally quarried from small pegmatite and aplite dikes. Feldspar deposits are fairly well distributed over the country 1. llocos Norte 2. Nueva Ecija 3. Occidental Mindoro 4. Lanae del Norte Cl) Q) O') <tS E Q) O') 0 0 (!} @ hydrous calcium sulphate contains ~20% water CVPSUM is obtained either from naturally occurring gypsum-bearing ores or from fertilizer manufacturing, as by-products Uses: 1. cement retarder (Cement retarders control the time when a slurry will set hard) 2. fabrication of fireproof gypsum board 3. soi I conditioner CJ) Q) 01 cu E Q) 01 0 0 (9 © CVPSUM Cl) Cl) 0) ct! E Cl) 0) 0 0 CJ © - found in volcanic and/or sedimentary sequences that have been affected by hydrothermal activity - occur either as fissures and breccia fillings, veinlets, stockworks, irregular lenses, coatings or incrustations - commonly associated with anhydrite and in the more intensely altered volcanic rocks, with pyrite and some copper sulfides. What are the three varieties of gypsum? a. b. C. CYPSUM alabaster (massive gypsum) satin spar (fibrous gypsum) selenite (crystalline gypsum) Cypsum deposits Production of natural gypsum started way back 1960 but practically ceased in 1992. known gypsum deposits: l. Batangas 2. Al bay 3. Camarines Sur 4. Negros Oriental 5. Cebu 6. Marinduque 7.Cagayan 8. Nueva Vizcaya 9. Occidental Mindoro CJ) Q) O') cu E Q) O') 0 0 C) © sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite} extremely common and make up ~15% of the sedimentary column occur extensively in PH age: Cretaceous to Recent LIMESTONE - calcination of limestone produces quicklime and slaked or hydrated lime on hydration - mineralogy, chemistry and texture directly affect the limeburning performance of limestone and may restrict the potential applications of the manufactured lime Lime made from impure limestone may be acceptable or even desirable in certain applications such as construction, though not in higher-level applications such as metals refining or chemical manufacture tJ') (]) g> E (]) C1) 0 0 CJ @ natural form of magnesium carbonate with ideal magnesia content of 47.60% important source of magnesium for industrial purposes Magnesite - MAGNESIUM: essential element in plant and animal metabolism added to animal feeds: caustic-calcined magnesia -reactive magnesium oxide produced by calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide at l000°C or lower temperature - magnesium sulfate: used in pharamaceuticals, dyes, paper manufacture, explosives and matches Magnesite deposits -occurs in bedded deposits, in veins, pockets and shear zones in ferromagnesian rocks, and as replacement bodies in limestone and dolomite. significant deposits: l. Lupon, Mati, Puntalinao, and Banay-banay, Davao Oriental 2. small deposits are in Sibuyan Island, Romblon. ---- will be discussed further in fertilizer section hydrated silicic volcanic glass has a characteristic of "onion-skin" or perlitic texture and a pearly luster Perlite - When expanded or bloated by shock ca lei nation, perlite forms an inert mass with an open texture having low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, high sound absorption and fire• resistance. Industrial applications 1. insulation 2. lightweight aggregate 3. filler in gypsum plaster 4. filter aids Perlite - formed from silicic lavas (rhyolitic to dacitic) which have erupted slowly to form steep-sided block-type lava domes or shallow intrusions such as sills, dikes, or lenses - meteoric ground water hydrates this rock to form perlite containing 3% to 5% absorbed water Most commercial perlite are rarely older than Oligocene in age -rhyolitic glass is unstable and devitrifies with time to form felsite -recent acidic volcanics generally have not had sufficient time to get hydrated Perlite is commonly associated with other volcanic rocks such as pumice, obsidian, felsite and welded tuff. Perlite deposits Production of perlite from pre-1980, i.e. from 1970 to 1979 period up to 2002 Perlite deposits are found in: l. Calayan Island, Cagayan 2. Baao, Camarines Sur 3. Maslog, Taysan, and Puro, Legazpi City (I) 0) 0) <O E 0) 0) 0 0 0 @ occurs as mineral quartz in varied forms: veins and lenses of bull quartz sand, pebbles, cobbles and boulders siliceous clays Silica OCCURRENCE: Negros Occidental: silica is deposited by thermal springs and vapors related to volcanism. Lubang and Palawan: quartz sand derived from weathering of sandstone, quartzose, schists and quartz diorite Quezon province: bull quartz occurring as pegmatite dikes and/or small lenses Silica USES: silica sand: manufacture of glass containers and lamp chimneys, making of sheet glass, glass envelopes for electric bulbs, ferrosilicon, sodium silicate, cleanser and abrasive, as additive in the manufacture of cement crushed and pulverized bull quartz: sanitary wares and flint glass containers About 85% of silica sand are utilized in glass manufacture. Other uses: -as gemstone -as abrasive material for sand blasting and scouring cleansers -as flux in the smelting of metals ad in the manufacture of rubber, paint and putty -as filter media and roofing granules -as filters, frequency controls and timers -essential component of cellular phones, watches, clocks, game consoles, etc. Siliceous clays l! deposits of siliceous white clay in chlorite schists probably derived from igneous rocks occur in Camarines Sur IT formed by hydrothermal alteration of favourable zones in the schists [ similar deposits are located in La Purisima and San Vicente, Tinambac, Camarines Sur Cl) Q) 0) ~ E Q) 0) 0 0 (!j @ softest common mineral cleavage flakes are flexible but not elastic Talc -occurs in low to medium metamorphosed basic or ultrabasic rocks and in place, constitutes the greater part of the rock, producing the material known as steatite or soapstone Essential properties: ✓ whiteness when ground and fired ✓ softness and smoothness ✓ good lubricating power ✓ chemical inertness ✓ high fusion point ✓ low electrical conductivity ✓ high absorption of certain types of greases and oils White-firing talc is used in the manufacture of whiteware, electrical insulators, porcelain, wall tile and other ceramic products Talc They occur as pods or lenses that pinch and swell in the ultrabasic host rock making them difficult to process and mine. The talc deposits like asbestos are formed from hydrothermal processes in the ultramafic area. Talc With on-and-off production of talc material used as whitening ingredient in the ceramic industry, no production figure is so far been formally reported since mid-1980 Commercial deposits of talc: l. Abra, de llog, Mindoro Occidental 2. Marangas, Brooke's Point, Palawan 3. Cabangan, Zambales. PORTLAND CEMENT - durable and easy to use such that it has become the foundation material of the construction industry Portland cement is a mixture of l. 2. Cement raw materials Essentially, Portland cement is a mixture of about four parts of limestone and one part of clay or shale, calcined to near fusion and ground to powder. Mainly limestone but marl supplies calcium oxide. Furnace slag and oyster shells also give calcium oxide. As of reporting time, there are fourteen (14) major operating quarries of limestone for cement The raw materials needed in the ceramic industry: l. c 2. f 3. m 4.q 5. t Ceramic raw materials The raw materials needed: l. clay 2. feldspar 3. magnesite 4. quartz or silica 5. talc Sources in the PH 1. Looc, Lubang Island {granodiorite) 2. Pinamalayan, Mindoro Oriental {arkosic sandstone) Refractories Refractories used in steel plants have been categorized into three groups: l. Alumina-silicates (a) Clays* (b) Si 11 i man i te, kya n i te, and a Ius i te (c) Corundum 2. Silica and semi-silica* 3. Basic refractories (a) Magnesite (b) Dolomite (c) Chrome and chrome-magnesite* *manufactured in the Philippines contains abundant volcanic glass will change to clay minerals during diagenesis Zeolite This material will change to clay minerals such as allophane and montmorillonite and various zeolites during diagenesis The only known deposit of zeolite, which has been put into production over the Philippines archipelago, is the one situated in Mangatarem, Pangasinan • rebuilding of disaster affected areas • development and expansion of urban centers • construction of high rise buildings • infrastructure projects on irrigation, mass transport, power supply, school buildings, transport terminals. concrete roads, bridges, harbor facilities and markets vast quantities of construction and building materials: -sand -gravel -dimension stone -crushed rock aggregates The following commodities considered as structural and building materials: 00 niarble 00 pumice/pumicite 00 rock aggregates 00 rock asphalt 00 sand and gravel 00 volcanic tuff Cl) Q) 0) C'Cl E Q) 0) 0 0 C) @ (commercial) any crystalline rock composed predominantly of calcite, dolomite, or serpentine and takes a good polish marbleized limestone - fossiliferous marble; not a true marble What is the geologic definition of marble? in geological sense a metamorphic limestone or dolostone, which is thoroughly recrystallized that much or all of the sedimentary structures and biologic interlocking are obliterated Marble Main impurities: quartz and clay PURE CALCITE: white + iron imparts: tan, red, brown + hematite: pink + organic matter: gray or black TRUE MARBLE: generally tougher than most marbleized limestone as the grains of calcite in the latter are usually less firmly cemented together The commercial trade names usually give the quarry location, color, texture, and/or a descriptive word for the pattern and texture of the polished marble product Marble Marble deposits are widely distributed throughout the country: true metamorphic varieties in Romblon and Mindoro Major deposits with varying texture and color abound in the islands of Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Palawan, Cebu, Catanduanes, Leyte, Marinduque, Negros and Samar. Age: Mesozoic to Tertiary Marbleized limestone BULACAN (Angat and Madlum Formations) • Mariposa A- medium cream pink • Mariposa B - dark buff to light brown, "' fossil • Bigti capistrano - creamy to medium buff, 50% fossil • Sierra mad re- dark buff in color • Star southern cloud-medium- dark buff, fine-grained, with lighter creamcolored stringers enclosing orbicular fossils and blebs • Southern cloud-light- brown buff color, with nodular pattern • Southern cloud- dark- dull brownish buff • Bulacan beige- light pink RIZAL (Masungit and Binanongan Limestone) • Tanay black- .,.. fossil (corals and forams) • Ta nay gray- fine-grained, dark to medium gray • Tanay red- biothermal phase of the Angat Formation • Ta nay tea- brown gray • Cardinal red- yellow-red on polished slab • Gumamela- pink, with breccia in dark brown to red matrix Marble MINDORO (Mesozoic) -polished sections: fine granoblastic, with oriented calcite grains, wavy lines and bands of carbonaceous matter and other impurities -very fine flakes of talc stream into fractures and interstices of calcite and quartz grains -similar in age and textures with the Romblon-Panay metamorphic marble Marble ROMBLON (pre-Tertiary age) -usually capped with schist -various shades of colors present are due to inclusions of chlorite, biotite, amphibole, feldspar, quartz and some opaque minerals, which are concentrated along relict and folded bedding planes Marble PALAWAN -reefoid limestone, with corals and fossils of middle Miocene age -color: off-white to dark gray, almost black -massive to thickly bedded, non porous, and fine-grained -situated near Ulugan Bay and Saint Paul Local varieties: Cabayugan- medium gray Palawan gray- dark gray Palawan black- almost black in color, with obliterated organic . remains Tagabenit- light gray Marble PANAV -white to light gray, usually fine-grained, banded with light and dark layers and crossed with veinlets -other types present are the ivory, light pink and red, with various textural patterns noticeable on polished surface -the golden variety-yellow-gold to brownish, slightly translucent and crystalline; has strong appeal for market abroad CEBU -Sources are the Lower Miocene Cebu Orbitoid limestone and the Middle Miocene Mt. Uling limestone Notable varieties: -Cebu rose: dark pink Cebu pink: light pink MINDANAO -mainly around Davao Gulf Tagbalabao brown- brown, extremely fine-grained Tagbalabao lavender- lavender-buff with calcite veinlets Beregyan- red brown, with dark brown ground useful properties: abrasiveness, inertness and lightness. Pumice and pumicite uses: lightweight aggregates, additives for pozzolan cement, abrasives, soil conditioners, carriers for insecticides, filters, extenders and insulation materials PUMICE vs PUMICITE vs SCORIA Pumice and pumicite re Pumice and pumicite are lightcolored volcanic glasses, produced during the Pliocene and Quaternary volcanism rr Pumice is a cellular, glassy rock formed by explosive volcanism. r- Pumicite, also called volcanic ash or dust, has the same origin, chemical composition, and glassy texture but was blown into smaller particles during the eruptive process. (less than 4mm size) Pumice and Pumicite July 16, 1990 earthquake --- destroyed many buildings in Baguio City, Dagupan City and other urban centers --- rekindled the interest on the lightweight aggregates In Japan, lightweight buildings: -less danger of buckling under the swaying-shifting motion caused by earthquakes (I) Q) 0) ~ E Q) 0) 0 0 0 ...................~.......,_...................;.....;;.____;_..,;;;....._,....s:;;:_,_.._.. © Pumice and Pumicite The largest deposit is in Juban, Sorsogon with geologic reserves of 21.878 million metric tons -subaerial origin: poor sorting and absence of well-defined bedding -Scattered throughout the deposits are non-pumiceous materials such as obsidian, perlite, rhyodacite, andesite, basalt, specks of biotite, grains of quartz and white feldspar and hornblende. These are conspicuous in pumicite. Other occurrences are in Angeles, Pampanga and Buhi; Camarines Sur. produced by crushing, screening and washing of andesite, basalt, limestone, marble, metavolcanic and other rock materials which meet certain requirements as to strength, soundness, and other specifications utilized in much the same way as sand and gravel Rock aggregates water+ cement+ coarse and fine aggregate CONCRETE water and cement - paste aggregate - inert filler AGGREGATE: major constituent of concrete (60%80% by volume) -type of aggregate influences the mix proportions and the performance of the concrete. Rock aggregates Properties of aggregate affect concrete characteristics such as: v density ✓ strength ✓ durability ✓ thermal conductivity ✓ shrinkage ✓ creep [!] Rock aggregates [!]Shape and textures of the aggregate particles+ grading (distribution of particle sizes) --workability and strength of concrete [!] Type or presence of sufficient impurities --adverse effect on the setting properties of the cement or durability of the concrete l!J Strength of aggregate --- bulk shear strength of the concrete [!]Porosity of aggregate --- water requirement in concrete COOD ACCRECATE: ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ hard durable clean and free of clay should contain only small amounts of coal, organic material, pyrite and soluble sulphates resistant to attack by alkaline cement pore fluids Aggregates [!]The alkali silica reaction (ASR) may induce expansion and cracking in concrete. r■1 ASR is chemical reaction between disordered forms of silica, which may occur in aggregates, and hydroxyl ions formed by the release of alkali compounds from the cement. [!]The reaction forms a swelling gel, which may induce stress, resulting in expansion and cracking which over time can threaten structural integrity. Aggregates [!]A combination of the following may lead to ASR-induced cracking: {a a significant quantity of reactive silica (low reactive silica contents will not induce expansion) in the aggregate; (b) available alkalis (generally from the cement) above a critical level; and (c) moisture from an internal source. Opal is highly disordered and is the most reactive form of silica. Aggregates D alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR) -occurs when certain carbonates react with alkalis to cause expansion and cracking (Gil lot & Swenson, 1969). Potentially deleterious carbonates are dolomitic, especially those with a high clay content. The most common rocks utilized in the processing of rock aggregates are basalt, andesite and metavolcanic rocks, which are widely distributed in the Philippines. used as binder in road pavement bitumen impregnations during the MiocenePliocene epoch shale and sandstone Rock asphalt Villaba, Leyte Villaba rock asphalt -lenticular body in a shale-sandstone series -composed of interbedded, medium to coarse-grained sandstone with layers that show abundant fragments of limestone impregnated with tar and bitumen Classification: -based on occurrence and associated lithologic types, which serve as the reservoir: 1. Base deposits- associated with calcareous sandstone 2. Fragmental tar- overlies the bitumen-impreganated sandstone; composed of coarse and granular sandstone. 3. Tar sand- youngest; composed of cobbles and pebbles of different rock types. basic raw materials for construction Reserves are enormous but unevenly distributed. Qualities required for present specifications that can be economically excavated are definitely limited. Sand and gravel • • • bar and channel deposits terrace gravel alluvial fans {flooding replenishes the supply) Classification {based on origin) 1. residual deposits - form rock mantle over the parent formation; formed by the mantle weathering in place of the parent rock or superimposed formations; intermixed with clay {lessens their commercial importance) 2. fluvial deposits- sand and gravel, picked-up, transported and deposited by fluvial action 3. marine and lacustrine- well-sorted materials with segregated coarse and fine particles adobe Tuff deposits, which exhibit considerable variation in texture and color, are products of Quaternary explosive volcanism. Volcanic Tuff • The adobe quarried in Quezon City and its immediate vicinity belongs to the Diliman Tuff Member of the Guadalupe Formation and to the Taal Tuff and their equivalents in the neighboring provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal. • Use of volcanic tuff as a dimension stone dates back to the Spanish era: construction of churches, fortifications and houses • Now: used as a decorative material because of its varied texture and ease with which it can be formed into various shapes • The local adobe may be classified as to its color. Principally, it may be classified as gray-white, brown, red and black adobe. Volcanic Tuff • The main supply of adobe comes from Luzon, especially in Bulacan province where adobe is quarried almost continuously throughout the year. • Tuff deposits also occur in Aklan Antique Batangas Cavite Ilocos Sur Laguna Rizal Quezon City Samar Surigao Fertilizer minerals Guano Phosphate rock Limestone Dolomite These materials serve as: • natural raw fertilizers • soil conditioners • essential fertilizer raw materials • ingredients in the n1anufacture of inorganic and chemical fertilizers Magnesite Peat Pyrite Sulfur Fertilizers natural raw fertilizers- added to correct nutrient deficiencies and to neutralize unwanted acidity or extreme alkalinity in certain types of soils. PLANTS carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ➔ water and air nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, • • • magnesium, iron manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron and chlorine ➔ soil CJ) Q) O> ro E Q) O> 0 0 CJ @ Guano is the accumulated excrement and remains of birds and bats which provide the most important organic source of ___ & ■ Cuano Occurrence: l:!.I in relatively arid conditions in regions where upwelling of cold, deep ocean waters provide the nutrients to supply a marine biological population ~ (ideal conditions) rate of deposition - 8 to 10 cm peryear [!] Archaeological and stratification studies show that the ancient Peruvian deposits have accumulated at an average rate of 2 to 3 cm per year, thus, a 1-m thick guano deposit would require a minimum of 50 years Cuano The initial search for and investigation of guano deposits dated back in 1922 in Dumarao, Capiz. Good potential for guano and phosphate rock: Pangasinan, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Al bay, Sorsogon, Masbate, lloilo, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Northern Leyte, and Davao del Norte Cuano Local guano deposits are confined to limestone caves and caverns ---natural habitat or breeding ground of birds (swallows) and bats light to dark brown, fluffy or feather-like in touch, and show wide variability from average of 1.50 to 36.00 percent in phosphorous pentoxide content Cuano Classification: l. 2. 3. Fresh guano - dark chocolate brown, soft, oblong, and about the size of a grain of palay, which eventually disintegrates. N: less than 1-6%; phosphorus pentoxide: 0.25-7% Phosphatic soil -transported soil+ droppings and remains of bats and birds; loose; light orange to yellowish brown and enriched with lime (limestone); phosphorus pentoxide: 4 to 12% Phosphatized guano- underlies the phosphatic soil; porous, friable, hard, compact; variable colors, depending on the amounts of impurities; phosphorus pentoxide: 39.70% main source of phosphate in chemical ferti Iizers (/) (]) 0: ro made up primarily of chloride, fluoride, carbonate, or hydroxyl forms of apatite E (]) 0: 0 0 CJ © Phosphate rock -most widespread and considered the most important, geologically and economically, are those of marine origin The P2 O 5 may reach exceptional concentrations of 20 to 30 percent (equivalents to 54 to 80 percent apatite) in extensive zones, l to 3 m thick Deposits so far explored in the country, however, are associated with the old guano deposits (/) Q) O") ro E - Q) O") 0 0 C) © carbonate rock consisting mainly of calcite or aragonite For fertilizer and soil conditioner purposes, limestone furnishes raw materials particularly for the manufacture of agricultural lime Limestone CLASSIFICATION High-calcium lime -50 to 55% calcium oxide -40 to 55% carbonic acid Magnesian lime -5 to 20% magnesia -70 to 85% calcium oxide Oyster-shell lime -crushed oyster she II that has been calcined and used as agricultural lime (aglime) Hydrated lime -hydrated calcium oxide, Ca(OH) 2 , with 24% water (/) Q) a> co E Q) a> 0 0 C) @ carbonate of calcium and magnesium ideally composed of 21.70% magnesia, 30.40% lime and 47.90% carbon dioxide Dolomite [!] Dolomitization: transformation of normal limestone to dolomitic limestone or dolomite [!]Seawater in contact with calcium carbonate when heated in a sealed tube produces dolomite (Dana, 1957) [!] Limestone rich in magnesia is called dolomitic limestone. It has found successful application as agricultural lime with a lasting neutralizing power or value per unit weight than calcium carbonate. [!] It is effective in neutralizing acidic soils Dolomite Major dolomite/dolomitic Ii mestone deposits a re situated in the provi nee of r • • • • • • Cebu Batangas Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Leyte Davao Oriental (/) Q) 0) ell E Q) 0) 0 0 (9 © a natural form of magnesium carbonate with ideal magnesia content of 47.60 percent an important source of magnesium for fertilizer Magnesite [!] Magnesium -essential element in plant and animal metabolism -added to fertilizers in the form of causticcalcined magnesia -produced by calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide at l,000°C or lower temperature Magnesium sulfate is also used in fertilizer manufacture. Two ways on how magnesites are formed 1. 2. Magnesite -normal product of tropical weathering ultramafic rock .J,, MgO and Si02 almost completely removed residual soils enriched in iron (Fe}, nickel (Ni}, alumina (Al203), manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) + leached Mg and Si are redeposited along fractures in the rock below the soil profile or may be carried by groundwater into the open • • Magnesite another potential source of MgO and CO2 is seawater precipitate magnesite from seawater: v A pH exceeding 7 ✓ a decrease in concentration of MgSO4 " saturation with NaCl v presence of NH3 or organic salts ✓ presence of CO2 ✓ rise in temperature brain-like: weathering nodular: seawater Magnesite Most of the magnesite deposits in the Philippines are within the province of Davao Oriental Unconfimed occurrences are reportedly in the peridotite areas of Ilocos Norte, Zambales, Mindoro, Palawan, Bohol and Lanao. (all are products of weathering) Magnesite CLASSIFICATION: l. Cluster nodules or concretions on both walls. Coalesced nodules exhibit deformed ovoid and spherical shapes 2. Massive deposit- occupying the full width of the fracture 3. Folded sheets - folded mass of magnesite resembles intestines, and on a section parallel to the plane of the vein, it appears to have a brain-like arrangement dark brown to black carbonaceous residuum produced by the partial disintegration of mosses, sedges, trees, and other plants that have grown or accumulated in shallow lakes, marshes, and tidal flats Peat USES: as soil conditioner- peat contains a large fraction of fibrous and porous organic matter: improves the physical constitution of the soil as ingredient or filler in mixed fertilizer- peat acts as a carrier for the primary nutrients- nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash as fuel and raw material for producing mountain wax, peat coke or char, gas, and tar products as litter material for breeding livestock due to its moistureabsorbing property as deodorizer in stable and poultry yards Peat Liberty, Ormoc City, Leyte - the singly explored peat deposit combined area of 103 hectares, average thickness of 0.40 to 0.50 meter yields a total estimated reserve of 2,105,600 wet metric tons heating values ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 BTU 0.96 percent nitrogen, 19.81 percent phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) 5.10 percent available phosphoric acid, l.93 percent total potash and 2.61 percent organic matter, on oven-dry basis CJ) (l) 0) C'O E (l) 0) 0 0 C) @ Pyrite (FeS 2) is a common mineral associated with copper, lead, zinc, gold and other metallic minerals PYRITE AND SULFUR principal sources of sulfur in the Philippine: -pyrite concentrate recovered as by-product from • • various copper mines -natural sulfur deposits For the country's sulfur requirement, only the pyrite concentrate is produced and yet in a shortlived period (1983-1990) but renewed after eight years PYRITE AND SULFUR In all the fourteen kno\Nn deposits, native sulfur occurs either as disseminations, impregnations or incrustations in highly fractured or thermally altered andesitic rocks. CLASSIFICATION Based on origin PRIMARY -found in places where they were originally formed (in situ), together with the associated rocks -occur as dissemination, veins, dikes, lenses or beds within various rock types SECONDARY -found away from where they were originally formed -occur as alluvial or riverbed, flood plain, or beach deposits -may be in the form of narrow patches, lenses of various sizes or as evenly distributed materials in the alluvial deposits CLASSIFICATION Based on market values PRECIOUS -Diamond, ruby, sapphire, and emerald SEMI-PRECIOUS -remaining gemstones -known in the country Cl) Q) en C'tS E Q) en 0 0 CJ © Cemstones Correlating the various types of gemstone and decorative materials according to their geologic environment and rock associations, the country is endowed with the following: l. "Zam bales Jade" {uvarovite), mauve, blue schist {glaucophane schist); jasper/chert; jadeite and nephrite; serpentine and spinel in ultramafic/ophiolitic suites; © Google Images © Google Images Jadeite vs Nephrite Cemstones Traits of the Gemstone Jadeite Characteristics Nephrite Characteristics Mineral group Pyroxene Amphibole Hardness 6.5 - 7 on the Mohs scale 6 - 6.5 on the Mohs scale Specific Gravity 3.30 - 3.50 2.90 - 3.02 Chemical Characteristics Made of sodium and aluminum Made of calcium and magnesium Color Many color combinations in addition to green including yellow, pink, and lavender. Typically green or dark green but can be found as white jade or even reddish jade. Cemstones 2. "Mindoro Jade" (sericite schists), schist, hornfels, bull quartz and gneiss in metamorphic regions; © Google Images Cemstones 3. Jasper/chert, opal, obsidian, bloodstone and agate in volcanic regions; © Google Images Cemstones 4. Garnet, feldspar, quartz, amethyst and epidote in plutonic rocks and/or near the intrusive contacts of older formations; © Google Images Cemstones 5. Petrified wood, agate, jasper, flint clays and opal in sedimentary rocks; and © Google Images Gemstones 6.Rhodonite, pyrite, malachite, azurite, amethyst and quartz in deposits of hydrothermal origin. © Google Images Any questions?