Design and Development of Augmented Reality-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module PDF

 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) - ASSISTED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES LEARNING MODULE CAPSULE PROPOSAL Traditional learning often creates a gap between theory and practice; having learners engage with complex concepts more tan...

 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) - ASSISTED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES LEARNING MODULE CAPSULE PROPOSAL Traditional learning often creates a gap between theory and practice; having learners engage with complex concepts more tangibly and interactively is detrimental to bridging such a gap. In response, the design and development of an AR-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module is an innovative educational tool to advance understanding of renewable energy technologies. The module leverages Augmented Reality (AR) through a downloadable application to offer interactive 3D models of various renewable energy systems, including solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. A vital feature of this tool is the ability to visualize and explore in-depth constructions of internal components and processes that are typically hidden from the human eye. The AR implementation enables users to virtually disassemble and examine the intricate workings of renewable energy systems, providing a deeper understanding of their functionality and design. All of the features of the application are embedded within its localized cloud making it usable even without the need of the Internet. The study aims to provide a learning module for the supplementary lessons from Electives 1 and 2 with QR codes for AR integration. Alongside the module, the study proposes to provide an application that can be downloaded via virtual phone to scan the QR codes for AR models within the learning module. The module also involves the manual on how the application is to be operated. The development of this module focuses on creating an accessible and engaging learning platform that can be used by students, educators, and professionals alike. This paper discusses the design process, AR integration, and educational impact of the AR-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module.  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS AR - Augmented Reality PV - Photovoltaic PSH - Peak Sun Hour CIGS - Copper Indium Gallium Selenide CdTe - Cadmium Telluride DEA - Diethanolamine FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters FAEE - Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters FCC - Fluid Catalytic Cracker W/m² - Watts per square meter J/m² - Joules per square meter Wh/m² - Watt-hours per square meter SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences H - Height D - Diameter l - Length r - Radius dh - Dome height CH4 - Methane  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview of the study, including its background, which conveys the statement of the problem, research questions, and objectives. 1.1 Background of the Study Traditional books often provide a passive learning experience, lacking the interactivity needed to engage students fully. The static content and images found in books can hinder the perception of theoretical concepts and limit the development of analytical and critical thinking skills. While digital books address some of these challenges, paper-based materials remain popular due to their ease of use and portability(Subhashini et al., 2020). In the field of engineering, understanding complex systems and structures is essential but often difficult, especially when dealing with intricate 3D designs that may not be immediately visible or easily understood. Mastering such systems is critical for electrical engineering students, but it can be hindered by the complexity of laboratory equipment or the limited access to these tools due to scheduling or resource constraints(Cipresso et al., 2018). Traditional learning methods, such as following lab manuals or watching tutorial videos, do not always ensure long-term retention of information(Estrada et al., 2022). To address this, educators are increasingly turning to technological advancements to create immersive, hands-on learning experiences that enhance student engagement and understanding. Augmented reality (AR) is one such emerging technology with significant potential in the education sector, particularly in engineering. AR combines virtual elements with the real world through smartphone or tablet applications, creating an interactive learning environment. In higher education, AR has been used to enrich textbooks with 3D models and interactive content, improving motivation and comprehension, especially when dealing with complex topic (Álvarez-Marín & Velázquez-Iturbide, 2021). Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 2 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Due to its ability to create an immersive and captivating environment, virtual reality (VR) has gained quick recognition and adoption in China's construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years. According to the study, the VR technologies used for CEET change throughout time, ranging from immersive VR, desktop-based VR, and VR based on 3D games to VR supported by Building Information Modelling (BIM). In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR), a sibling technology for CEET adoptions, has also surfaced. These technologies have been used in structural analysis, equipment and operational task training, construction health and safety training, and architectural and design visualization. There have also been recommendations for future research directions, such as integrating VR with new paradigms in education and visualization technology(P. Wang et al., 2018). This study shows a promising overview of how AR can be implemented to different field of education. There also plenty of research internationally that they integrate AR in the filed of medicine. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have been used in medical education and practical student training in the United States of America since relatively early. multiple academics have demonstrated the apparent multiple advantages of introducing kids to 3D animations or even better simulations. The possibility of incorporating (VR) and (AR) into medical school courses is equally significant(Papadopoulou et al., 2019). The Batangas State University, The National Engineering University is in the forefront of innovation and educational system transformation that is why it is important that the institution integrate this type of technology and innovation. The university offers variety of textbook with a wide range of topics from different fields. Additionally, it features an E- Library that gives students access to computer units for computer-related assignments and/or internet resources. Teachers and students can use computers at the e-Library with a reliable internet connection to access worldwide information for free (BatStateU - Library, Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 3 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. n.d.). Pursuant to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, the proponents aim to address Sustainable Development Goal No.4: Quality Education to be part on substantially ensuring all learners acquire the knowledge and skills relevant for employment and decent jobs. The proponents saw a great opportunity to create a study to integrate AR in field of engineering education that main focuses in the topics related to BS Electrical Engineering Major in Renewable Energy For Sustainable Development. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Commented [JO1]: Use more polite terms like mga insufficient papaltan The challenge addressed in this study pertains to the fundamental hindrance such as Gawin na lang part ng paragraph ang sub headings the lack of interactivity and challenges in visualizing abstract concepts in engineering caused by the traditional learning material relies of textbooks and static resources, which is crucial for students majoring in Renewable Energy, particularly in Elective I and II courses. Cognitive development that fosters high-level critical thinking skills through visual and digital representations is essential. Additionally, Electrical Engineering students must possess the capability to articulate the principles and facts of renewable energy clearly, logically, and effectively. The characteristics of these students include diverse experiences, initiative, and a strong sense of independence. Therefore, this research aims to assess students' levels of visual thinking ability in solving complex integral problems. The students faced Challenges in Visualizing Abstract Concepts since the traditional engineering education which predominantly relies on textbooks and static resources, encounters significant challenges in engaging students effectively and fostering a profound understanding of complex theoretical concepts. The primary limitations of this approach include a lack of interactivity, challenges in visualizing abstract ideas, and inadequate support for active learning and diverse learning styles. Understanding learning theories is essential for educators, as these theories provide a foundation for developing effective teaching methodologies, learning materials, and assessment tools(Matovu et al., Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 4 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. 2023). Static texts and diagrams fail to capture the intricate nature of engineering subjects and do not facilitate student interaction with the content in a way that promotes deep comprehension. In addition the lack of interactivity in traditional learning resources is one of the concern of the students. Research indicates that traditional engineering textbooks often fall short due to their minimal interactivity, particularly when addressing complex and dynamic subject areas from Electives I and II. In the study revealing that interactive online engineering textbooks, which incorporate animations, questions, and 3D tools, significantly enhance student engagement compared to conventional textbooks. The inclusion of these interactive features allows students to actively participate in the learning process, rather than merely reading passively. The study also demonstrated that linking interactive textbook activities to course grades resulted in a 35% increase in content completion, underscoring the advantages of interactivity in enhancing the learning experience (16 Advantages and Disadvantages of YouTube for Students, 2024). Research indicates that traditional engineering textbooks often fall short due to their minimal interactivity, particularly when addressing complex and dynamic subjects such as circuit analysis, control systems, and thermodynamics. In the study revealing that interactive online engineering textbooks, which incorporate animations, questions, and 3D tools, significantly enhance student engagement compared to conventional textbooks. The inclusion of these interactive features allows students to actively participate in the learning process, rather than merely reading passively. The study also demonstrated that linking interactive textbook activities to course grades resulted in a 35% increase in content completion, underscoring the advantages of interactivity in enhancing the learning experience (16 Advantages and Disadvantages of YouTube for Students, 2024). Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 5 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Incorporation of multimedia resources in education, especially those featuring interactive components, facilitates deeper learning by enabling students to visualize theoretical concepts and simulate real-world applications (Zhang et al., 2021). These tools address the limitations of traditional textbooks, which often struggle to maintain student engagement due to a lack of real-time feedback and dynamic content. Visualization plays a crucial role in learning, encompassing both external and internal representations(Huang, n.d.). It defines visualization as the processes involved in constructing and transforming visual images and representations of a spatial nature, which are utilized in drawing figures or manipulating them using traditional tools. YouTube is widely acknowledged for its extensive educational content and accessibility; however, it also presents certain limitations regarding interactivity and potential distractions. While YouTube offers engaging visual learning experiences that simplify the comprehension of complex concepts, it lacks real-time feedback and personalized learning opportunities. This deficiency may impede deeper engagement with educational materials compared to platforms that provide simulations or interactive tools. YouTube is widely acknowledged for its extensive educational content and accessibility; however, it also presents certain limitations regarding interactivity and potential distractions. While YouTube offers engaging visual learning experiences that simplify the comprehension of complex concepts, it lacks real-time feedback and personalized learning opportunities. This deficiency may impede deeper engagement with educational materials compared to platforms that provide simulations or interactive tools. Furthermore, a primary concern with using YouTube as an educational resource is its propensity to distract users. The platform's vast array of entertainment content, advertisements, and unrelated videos can easily divert students' attention from their studies. Distractions from irrelevant content negatively affect students' focus and Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 6 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. information retention, ultimately diminishing academic performance. Consequently, while YouTube serves as a valuable resource, its design and diverse content can undermine effective learning experiences in engineering education (Flanigan & Titsworth, 2020). Online learners are more susceptible to multitasking, which adversely affects their academic performance. Students reported engaging in other activities, such as messaging or browsing social media, while using online educational platforms, leading to lower test scores in comparison to traditional classroom environments (Aivaz & Teodorescu, 2022). Although YouTube offers a wide range of content, the platform's lack of emphasis on strictly educational material can overwhelm students, resulting in information overload and contributing to distraction and reduced productivity(Ulum, 2022). These concerns underscore the necessity for educators and learners to utilize YouTube judiciously, balancing its benefits with other interactive and focused learning methods to optimize the educational experience. 1.3 Research Questions Commented [JO2]: Supported by obj The design and development of AR-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module has the potential to provide an avenue for a more significant and student-centered learning environment in the field of renewable energy systems. It is pivotal to provide insights into the following questions presented below: 1. What design requirements are needed in developing an AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module? 2. How can the AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module be learned for a more comprehensible and effective learning of renewable energy systems? 3. What are the laboratory activities that the students can perform with the augmented reality application to assess their learning experiences? Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 7 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. 1.4 Research Objectives The main objective of this research study is to create an AR-Assisted learning module where users can understand the processes and intricacies of renewable energy systems. Specifically, the study aims: 1. To design an AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module that aims to better illustrate the renewable energy systems considering the following specifications: 1.1 General Description of the Project; 1.2 Design Standards; 1.3 Design Computation and Analysis; 1.4 Design Layout; and 1.5 Circuit Diagram. 2. To develop an AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module for electrical engineering students taking up the major, renewable energy for sustainable development and the faculty of Batangas State University, The National Engineering University – Alangilan that consists of: 2.1 Lecture Modules 2.2 Augmented Reality Application 3. To assess the user’s learning experiences on the module and laboratory exercises using: Commented [JO3]: Experience 3.1 Pre-Test and Post-Test 3.2 Laboratory Experiments Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 8 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. 1.5 Research Hypothesis To answer the research questions, the following assumptions through hypothesis are formulated. There is significant difference between the user’s understanding of the AR- assisted module before and after its use. Specifically: 1. In designing the AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module, the design requirements and beneficiary curriculum are considered. 2. The AR-assisted renewable energy sources learning module can be learned for a more comprehensible and effective learning of renewable energy systems. 3. The students can learn significant learning outcomes and apply theoretical knowledge to augmented reality through laboratory experiments. 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study The scope of this study encompasses the design, development, and evaluation of an AR-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module. This research aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the field of renewable energy technologies. The research focuses on creating an interactive learning experience that leverages Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance understanding of several complex renewable energy systems, particularly solar and biomass technologies. The primary scope of this study includes the development of a comprehensive learning module with integrated QR codes for AR functionality. This module is designed to supplement lessons from Electives I and II in the Electrical Engineering program at Batangas State University – The National Engineering University particularly the solar and biomass technologies only. Additionally, the research encompasses the creation of a downloadable AR application that enables users to scan the QR codes and interact with 3D models within the learning module. A user manual for the application is also within the study's purview. Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 9 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. The module's content scope covers fundamental concepts and principles of renewable energy systems, detailed manuals and tutorials, post-lesson assessments, and laboratory exercises. The different topics that will be tackled by the laboratory experiments are solar PV system main concepts such as types, functions, and parts; application of solar PV system in residential area; design of solar PV system in commercial areas; identification and application of biofuels; different types and functionality of digesters; and construction and maintenance of biogas plant where all such laboratory experiments have augmented reality applied. These components are designed to provide a holistic learning experience that combines theoretical knowledge with practical application through AR technology. The delimitation of this research is confined to the specific curriculum and educational context of the Electrical Engineering program at Batangas State University, focusing on Commented [JO4]: Duration ng study and syllabus students specializing in renewable energy for sustainable development. While the findings may have broader implications, their direct applicability is limited to this particular educational setting as provided by Batangas State University. The study does not extend to comparing the AR-assisted module with other teaching methodologies or technologies beyond traditional learning approaches. It also does not address long-term knowledge retention beyond the immediate post-test evaluation. The study only focuses on the renewable energy sources discussed on the course syllabus of Electives I and II particularly solar and biomass technologies alone. Furthermore, the study is limited to the features and capabilities of the developed application and does not include real-time data or remote sensing of actual renewable energy systems. The application is also delimited to mobile phones and tablets that utilizes the Android operating system. Potential technical limitations or accessibility issues that may arise from using AR technology in various educational settings such as having data Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 10 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. outside of the target school, Batangas State University – The National Engineering University, are outside the scope of this research. 1.7 Significance of the Study The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into education represents a transformative approach to teaching complex concepts. This study develops the AR-Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in renewable energy technologies. The implications of this research extend to multiple stakeholders, including the university, students, faculty, researchers, and future scholars. To the University. This study enhances the university's commitment to innovative education, positioning it as a leader in modern teaching practices. By adopting AR technology, the university can attract prospective students and open doors to research funding and industry collaborations. To Students and Faculty. For students and faculty, the AR module provides an engaging platform that fosters deeper understanding and retention of renewable energy concepts. Students gain hands-on experience, enhancing critical thinking skills, while faculty benefit from new teaching methodologies that promote student participation. To the Electrical Engineering Students Majoring in Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development. This study holds particular significance for Electrical Engineering students focusing on renewable energy for sustainable development. The AR module allows these students to visualize and interact with complex energy systems, bridging theoretical knowledge with practical applications. This experiential learning prepares them for careers in a rapidly evolving field, equipping them with the skills and insights necessary for tackling real-world energy challenges. Design and Development of Augmented Reality – Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 1. Introduction | 11 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. To the Researcher. For the researcher, this study offers an opportunity to contribute to educational technology, exploring innovative teaching strategies and generating insights that can inform future research in this area. To Future Researchers. This study serves as a foundational reference for future investigations into AR in education, providing methodologies and findings that can inspire further research in various academic fields.  CHAPTER 2 Commented [JO5]: Please have this chapter started. LITERATURE REVIEW Commented [SM6R5]: AYAW This chapter presented some of the facts and relevant information to aid in improving the content of the study. These facts and relevant information will serve as a basis for analysis of the findings and conclusions. This chapter includes conceptual literature and research literature. 2.1 Conceptual Literature Augmented Reality. AR makes educational lessons more interesting for learners. There are however problems related to creating an educational AR application because of modern education standards and the use of devices such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. This online strategy improves the creativity in creating e-learning resources but also calls for creativity in preventing foreseeable disasters. Augmented Reality is a present-day phenomenon that extends the practical region through the incorporation with computer technologies/systems in combination with physical objects. The development of the device for AR applications primarily depends on the method of visualization of this virtual content. This sphere of AR turns out to be very wide and develops all the time, using the possibilities of new technologies, solving the problems of lack of completeness of information, and the emergence of new tendencies. Applications of AR can be grouped into four categories: training applications, assistance applications, design applications and planning and implementing applications (Murseli et al., 2022). This technological process augments the real environment by incorporating computer graphics, allowing users to participate in a more interactive way. It includes less immersion than the complete obliteration of the outside world as in virtual reality because there are additives and remotes to the external world. For combined reality, people must sink into their actual reality, while modeling techniques must be relayed by the appropriate AR Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 13 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. applications that engineers use in seeing layers of machines around the AR (Augmented Reality (AR), 2024). However, the most prominent feature of augmented reality is that it overcomes the limits of what people see and do in the real world, by augmenting their experiences with contextual information. It could be simple such as projecting navigational direction on the windshield of a vehicle, or complex technologies where engineers are presented with various models of the machines in their working space. With every passing year, the scope of the AR technology’s use is growing faster and faster, which is why it can be called a competitive advantage tool. A typical AR system is a combination of many peripheral systems that operate to accomplish an augmented experience. Some of those components include input devices that consist of cameras, sensors which receive input in a physical environment and send or process this information. There are also processing components such as mobile phones and computers which receive and interpret information to produce the corresponding digital images that relate to a given environment. These digital elements are displayed through devices such as AR glasses or mobile screens, projecting the augmented content into the user's view. The system is powered by software that ensures the seamless integration of digital and real-world content, aligning virtual elements with the physical environment to provide a cohesive and interactive experience. Types of Augmented Reality Projection-Based AR. An augmented reality system for assembly guiding and monitoring that is projection-based (PBARS). The system has a perspective tracking- based projection technique that modifies the projection images in accordance with the operator's head position. The process of assembly monitoring employs a technique for Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 14 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. identifying pieces. First, the traditional LBP operator and the pixel classification procedure are combined to create the pixel local binary pattern (PX-LBP) operator. The randomized decision forests classifier is then used to extract the PX-LBP features from the depth pictures and produce the pixel classification prediction image (PCPI). PCPI analysis is used for parts recognition and assembly monitoring (Chen et al., 2021). The operators always observe the three-dimensional guiding picture from diverse perspectives since the projected image adjusts to the human body's viewpoint, which enhances human-computer connection. By comparing the PCPIs, which allow for the online detection of incorrect and missing assembly, part recognition and assembly monitoring were accomplished. Super Imposition AR. This kind of augmented reality (AR) overlays an object's original appearance entirely or partially by placing additional features on top of it. The complete thing is recognized by it. It recognizes the entire object. The application can replace the original view with an augmented one by identifying the object. Although, Superimposition- Based AR has its limitations. Accurate object recognition depends on several variables, including the object's size, color, and surrounding circumstances. The technology can malfunction or provide an unstable augmented image if the object is hard to recognize. Moreover, one disadvantage of this was limited freedom of movement. The device's camera might not be able to capture every feature of an object while scanning it from various perspectives, which could result in an inconsistent or nonexistent augmented image (Poghosyan, 2019). Renewable Energy. Globally, the use of renewable energy for power generation has increased. This is due to societal apprehension about the environmental implications of the conventional method of electricity generation (Ang et al., 2022). The main types of Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 15 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. renewable energy sources include solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, and biomass. Several countries globally have adopted renewable energy sources to achieve energy independence (Gareiou et al., 2021). Different Types of Renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy. The sun releases solar energy (SE), which is one of the most widely used energy sources today (Alhamrouni et al., 2020). The device operates by capturing solar radiation and converting it into electrical energy, a concept rooted in a long and storied history spanning millennia. As early as the 7th century B. C., humanity utilized magnifying glass materials to ignite fires using sunlight. By the 3rd century B.C., the Greeks and Romans used mirrors, also known as "burning mirrors," to harness solar power for illuminating torches during religious rites. In 20 A.D., the Chinese civilization recorded similar activities. The concept of employing "sunrooms" in architecture to direct sunshine into designated spaces, as observed in Roman bathhouses and Anasazi cliff dwellings from the 1200s A.D., continues to hold significance today. During the late 18th and 19th centuries, scientists successfully utilized sunlight to power ovens on extended voyages and pioneered the creation of solar-powered steamboats. The utilization of solar energy was well-established centuries prior to the development of modern solar panels (Richardson, 2023). The development of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly known as solar panels, convert direct solar energy into electricity. When sunlight hits on solar PV cells, it generates electrical current, which can power structures, commercial enterprises, and various electronic devices. In addition, solar thermal systems generate heat from solar radiation, which is beneficial for industrial processes, water heating, and space heating. Solar collectors are important components of these systems, designed to capture and concentrate sunlight to generate heat energy. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 16 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. involve mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a tiny region, heating a fluid to generate steam that drives a turbine for electricity production (Shukir, 2022). As technology advances and economies of scale make solar energy more affordable, it is crucial in the global transition to greener and more sustainable energy solutions. It promotes actions aimed to reduce carbon emissions, mitigate global warming, and enhance energy security (Pandey et al., 2022). The Nature of Solar Energy. The sun. The sun is located at the center of the solar system and exerts gravitational influence over the objects that revolve around it. Although it is categorized as a medium- sized star in the vastness of the universe, it has an enormous mass that controls the motions of planets. For comparison, Jupiter, a colossal gas planet, is 318 times heavier than Earth, yet it constitutes only a minuscule portion of the sun's overall mass. Undoubtedly, the sun holds 99.86% of the entire mass in the solar system. The life-sustaining sun is believed to be around 4.6 billion years old. According to calculations considering its present mass and the length of ongoing fusion processes, it is anticipated to stay operational for approximately 12.5 billion years. The sun consists mainly of hydrogen (75%) and helium (23%). Deep within its core, where pressures reach about 200 billion times that of Earth's atmosphere, temperatures soar to roughly 15.6 million °C. Within this boiling core, the fusion of hydrogen and helium takes place, releasing abundant energy, providing illumination for our planet, and furnishing the heat essential for life on Earth (Sun - Central Star of the Solar System, n.d.). Light Energy. It encompasses different forms of energy in motion that enable the human eye to detect and perceive various types of light. Light energy is electromagnetic radiation discharged by heated entities such as lasers, light bulbs, and the sun. As a type of Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 17 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. electromagnetic radiation, light energy is detectable by the human eye. Beyond this, light energy finds extensive applications in both commercial and scientific domains, including food, vision, and the generation of colors. Light energy originates from various sources, including natural and artificially generated or harnessed forms of energy. The sun, an ancient and natural source of light energy, is vital for different processes such as the water cycle, photosynthesis, sterilization, and sanitation. These processes are made possible by the hydrogen fusion reactions occurring in the sun's core. The emitted sunlight reaches celestial bodies, including Earth. Artificial sources, such as electric bulbs, are also significant light providers. These bulbs produce light when an electric current passes through the metallic filament, typically made of tungsten, causing it to glow due to resistance-induced heating. Flames, generated by burning fuel, are historical sources of light used for illumination before the advent of electric bulbs. Classic examples include lanterns. Additionally, powerful explosions, like those resulting from atomic bomb tests, generate intense light and heat, illuminating vast areas (What Is Light Energy and Its Uses?, n.d.). Photovoltaic Effect. When light impinges upon a metal surface, it induces the liberation of electrons from said metal. It was noted that only particular light frequencies were capable of causing this electron emission. Insufficient frequency, such as red light, would render high brightness and prolonged exposure ineffective in liberating the electrons. Nevertheless, light of higher frequencies, such as green light, can liberate electrons even under low luminosity conditions or brief exposure. The frequency at which electron release occurs is the threshold frequency. Classical physics couldn't provide a clear explanation for this phenomenon. According to classical physics, electrons should eventually gain enough energy to be released, even with low-frequency light. Albert Einstein clarified the Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 18 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. photoelectric effect by applying the particle theory of light. Figure 2 illustrates that light with a low frequency, such as red light, cannot remove electrons from the metal surface. Figure 1. Particle Theory of Light When the frequency reaches or exceeds the threshold, as in the case of a green light, electrons are indeed emitted. Irrespective of the increased frequency of the incoming light, such as blue light, the number of electrons expelled remains the same, but their velocity rises (5.4, 2019). Radiometry. It is a branch of optical physics that deals explicitly with quantifying energy in light. This practice has a lengthy historical background, and the objects we quantify and the methodologies we employ have gradually changed over the years. Previously, we assessed the power of a light source based on its perceived brightness. It is crucial to acknowledge that the perceived brightness of an object is contingent upon the color or wavelength of the light it emits. This can vary significantly from the actual energy present Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 19 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. in the light. Radiometry is the scientific study of measuring the actual energy content of light rather than how humans perceive it subjectively (Radiometry, n.d.). Irradiance. It measures solar radiation power per unit area, expressed in watts per square meter (W/m²) in the international system of units. Conversely, solar irradiation refers to the amount of energy received per unit area from solar radiation within a given period. It is typically measured in joules per square meter (J/m²) or watt-hours per square meter (Wh/m²) (Solar Energy, n.d.). Solar radiation, also known as sunlight or the solar resource, encompasses the full range of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Various technologies can capture and convert solar radiation into valuable forms of energy, including heat and electricity (Solar Radiation Basics, n.d.). Solar Photovoltaic. Photovoltaic technology harnesses solar energy to produce direct current power through semiconductors. When sunlight interacts with the semiconductor material in a photovoltaic (PV) cell, it liberates electrons, producing an electric current. Photovoltaic cells are typically arranged in panels, and many panels are combined to create a module. These modules can be integrated into arrays that can be expanded or reduced to accommodate different power needs. Photovoltaic (PV) cells can be fabricated using various semiconductor materials, with silicon being the most used option. However, researchers are also investigating alternatives such as monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) to improve the efficiency of energy conversion. Although silicon is utilized in almost 90% of PV systems worldwide, the choice of material significantly impacts the technology's characteristics, uses, and efficiency. Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices have efficiency levels ranging from 6% to 18%. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight into electricity using semiconductors in PV cells, which are usually arranged in panels and Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 20 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. modules that may be combined to construct scalable arrays. The selection of a semiconductor material, predominantly silicon, has a significant impact on the technology's performance and application, resulting in efficiency levels ranging from 6% to 18% currently(Buonomano et al., 2019). Peak Sun Hour. The energy output generated by the solar cell varies in energy conversion daily. The variable energy output is attributed to the peak sun hour (PSH) factor (L.-L. Li et al., 2019). A lower PSH value demands a higher demand for solar cells. Additionally, PSH considers the solar irradiation period during which energy output rises by 60% and falls by 60% (Tito et al., 2020). The Peak Sun Hour (PSH) value can be calculated using the nominal peak power equation or the optimal tilt angle. Once the maximum output value is achieved, the PSH value can be calculated by substituting the peak power value into the equation (Megantoro et al., 2022). The formula is shown below: 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑝𝑣 = (1) 𝑃𝑆𝐻∗𝜂𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 Where: 𝑃𝑝𝑣 = Nominal peak power (W) 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = Total energy demand (W) PSH = Peak Sun Hours (PSH) 𝜂𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = System efficiency (%) The Solar Cell Solar Cell. Mainly, depending on their structures, solar cells are composed of metals (inorganic thin films), some nanomaterials (QD), some polymers (organic), etc. Due to the photoelectric effect of metals and inorganic semiconductors, solar cells were initially electronic devices targeted at turning sunlight into direct electrical energy. Sunlight energy Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 21 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. strikes the cell and generates electricity from the photons—light particles. The electrons (−) vanish from doped Si (n-type) and migrate over to the positive (+) doped Si (p-type) material. Figure 3 below shows a typical p-n junction silicon solar cell (Seroka et al., 2022). Figure 2. Schematic structure of typical a silicon solar cell The Solar Panel Solar panels. These are devices that generate power from solar radiation. It consists of solar cells, which are usually silicon-based and produce an electric current when sunlight excites electrons. This current is then used to power buildings, companies, and other electrical equipment by means of an inverter, which changes it from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). In addition to producing electricity for homes and businesses, solar panels are also utilized for remote power generation, water heating, off- grid living, grid-tied systems, solar farms, and portable power solutions. By providing a sustainable and clean substitute for fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and fostering energy independence, they are essential to the shift to renewable energy sources (X. Li et al., 2023). Among the renewable energy application methods, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology offers distinct benefits that are not found in other renewable energy technologies. Solar photovoltaic panels feature cheap maintenance costs in Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 22 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. addition to a lengthy system life. Consequently, it is considered that solar PV technology is essential to advancing the decarbonization of the electricity industry. Factors such as electrical connections and parameters must be made when installing solar panels. When solar panels are connected in series, their individual voltages increase but their total amperage stays constant. The voltage of the array is increased by installing solar panels in series. This is important because the inverter in a solar power system needs to run at a specific voltage to function properly. Thus, to satisfy the solar inverter's working voltage window requirements, the photovoltaic panels must be connected in series. Connect the positive terminal of the first panel to the negative terminal of the second, and so on, to wire solar panels in series. According to (Ghayad, 2022), consider that the system's total power output can be greatly decreased by even partially shading one panel in a series array. Every single panel in a series connection is extremely important. Monocrystalline solar panels, which are among the most efficient forms of photovoltaic (PV) panels that are currently available, are depicted in the figure. When opposed to polycrystalline or thin-film panels, these panels are made up of single-crystal silicon cells, which allow electrons to move about with greater freedom. As a result, these panels have higher efficiency and better performance. they are commonly used in solar installations that are of a commercial or residential nature, particularly in circumstances when space is restricted but maximum energy production is needed. The figure shows the Monocrystalline Solar Panels. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 23 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 3. Monocrystalline Solar Panels Their curving edges and rich black color make them immediately recognizable as monocrystalline or single crystalline cells. Their ability to convert sunlight into energy is attributed to the fact that they are made of a single type of silicon. Furthermore, monocrystalline solar cells are the most space-efficient solar cell technology accessible because they take up a significant amount of less area than other varieties. With an anticipated lifespan of more than fifty years, they also offer the greatest durability advantage. PV modules must be connected in a series-parallel configuration for big PV systems to reach the necessary power output range. To get the required current level, multiple strings of modules are joined in parallel after being created in series to achieve the correct voltage level. By setting up solar panels in an S-P configuration, you may take use of both series and parallel connections, which both have their own unique benefits. Partial shadowing circumstances, however, may negatively impact the S-P design, resulting in lower output voltage and higher system mismatch losses. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 24 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Solar PV Arrays Solar PV Arrays. An array is essentially a configuration of interconnected solar panels that form a larger solar power system. The greater the overall surface area of the array, the higher the amount of solar electricity it can produce(Photovoltaic Array or Solar Array Uses PV Solar Panels, 2023). Solar panels are commonly provided with a pair of output cables: one for positive and one for negative. This enables users to connect many panels and form an array. There are two primary approaches for linking these output connections. Figure 4. Three Solar Panels Connected in Series In a series connection, individuals link the first panel's negative output cable to the second panel's positive output cable. The process proceeds by connecting the second panel's negative output cable to the third panel's positive cable, and so on, for all the panels in the array. Ultimately, the affirmative cable of the start panel and then the negative cable of the final panel are linked to the solar charge controller. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 25 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 5. Three Solar Panels Connected in Parallel In a parallel connection, users utilize branch connectors to combine the positive output wires from the solar panels with the negative output cables. The branch connections combine the positive and negative wires into a single positive and negative line, which is then linked to the solar charge controller(Yu, 2022). Data Sheet. Solar materials and equipment are crucial in giving valuable information on the properties and performance of solar photovoltaic modules. It usually includes important information like the current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristics, which demonstrate the relationship between current, voltage, and power output of the module. Understanding the module's behavior and efficiency in different operational settings relies on these essential qualities. Moreover, the data sheet may include vital specifications such as the highest power output, the voltage when the circuit is open, the current when the circuit is short-circuited, and the efficiency. These specifications help assess the module's performance and determine its suitability for particular applications. In addition, details regarding the module's physical characteristics Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 26 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. and mechanical traits, such as size and mass, are provided to assist with installation and integration. The data sheet may also contain information about the temperature coefficient, which indicates how temperature changes affect the module's performance. This information is valuable for evaluating the module's ability to function well in diverse weather conditions(Shin et al., 2019). Short circuit current (Isc). The most significant current that may be obtained from a solar panel or electrical device occurs when its positive and negative terminals are directly linked, resulting in zero voltage. The maximum current that may be obtained from the device, known as the saturation current, is determined by characteristics such as the generation rate and the diffusion length. Isc is is a vital quantity that is depicted on a solar cell's current-voltage (IV) curve, serving as an indicator of the current-voltage properties. Measuring Isc entails establishing a connection between the panel's positive and negative terminals by using an ammeter arranged in a series circuit. Comprehending the I sc rating is crucial to ascertain the device's capability and guarantee that appropriate protective measures, such as fuses or circuit breakers, are installed to manage possible short circuits. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in establishing the maximum capacity of solar panels that may be connected to inverters or charge controllers without causing overload(What Is the Short Circuit Current (ISC)?, n.d.). Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 27 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 6. IV Curve of a Solar Cell Showing the Short Circuit Current Open-circuit voltage (Voc). Open-circuit voltage refers to the highest voltage output that a solar cell may produce when no external load is connected, causing no current to flow. It indicates the extent of positive bias on the junction of the solar cell caused by the current generated by light. Voc is a crucial parameter found on solar panel labels or in the specifications provided by the retailer or manufacturer. When a load is connected to the circuit, causing current to flow, there will be a decrease in voltage, and the voltage when the circuit is closed will not go beyond the maximum power voltage specified in the panel requirements. Voc is crucial in establishing the maximum number of solar panels connected to an inverter or charge controller without causing overload. Exceeding the voltage limit might result in immediate failure or affect the lifespan of these devices. Measuring Voc can be done easily by employing a voltmeter to assess the voltage difference between the positive and negative terminals of the solar panel(India, 2023) Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 28 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 7. IV Curve of a Solar Cell Showing the Open-Circuit Voltage Pmax. The maximum power output of a solar panel in a solar energy system is defined as the power generated under standard test conditions (STC), which includes a cell temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and sun irradiation of 1000W/m 2. The term refers to the point of maximum wattage, achieved by the ideal combination of volts and amps and measured in watts. Pmax represents the designated power output of a solar panel, commonly known as nameplate capacity, and is a vital feature for choosing solar panels and calculating the maximum power output of a system. The total power output of a solar system can be determined by multiplying it by the number of panels in the system. This calculation is important for evaluating the efficiency of a solar panel at different temperatures, which is measured by the temperature coefficient of Pmax (Charles, n.d.) Imp. The term "current at maximum power" (abbreviated as "IMP") refers to the amperage measured in amps at which a solar panel achieves its peak power output in a solar energy system. The specification is crucial in selecting solar panels for a system since it affects the maximum current output. The Imp is essential for estimating the maximum power output of a solar system by multiplying it by the number of panels. It also critically evaluates the capacity needed for linked equipment such as solar charge Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 29 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. controllers or inverters. To ensure the safe and efficient operation of connected equipment, it is important to be aware of the important value of solar panels. This figure indicates the highest current output that the panels can handle. It is crucial to acknowledge that the actual current can differ depending on the strength of sunlight. Additionally, when utilizing a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) controller, the received current may be marginally higher than the Imp measured under conventional test settings(Nominal Voltage, Voc, Vmp, Isc | Solar Panel Specifications, 2023) Vmp. "Voltage at Maximum Power" refers to the voltage at which a solar panel generates its maximum power output while connected to a load and functioning at peak performance under standard test conditions (STC) in a solar energy system. The specification is of utmost importance when selecting solar panels for a system since it directly impacts the maximum voltage output. Vmp is a crucial factor in establishing the maximum power output of a solar system. It is obtained by multiplying the number of panels in the system. Additionally, Vmp is essential in estimating the capacity required for linked devices like solar charge controllers or inverters. By determining the Vmp (maximum power voltage) of the solar panels, you can guarantee that the connected devices can efficiently and securely handle the highest voltage output. Vmp, which stands for Voltage at Maximum Power, is a crucial parameter in the design and functioning of solar panels. It is usually indicated on the module's information sheet and sticker. Maximizing the voltage at maximum power point (Vmp) is crucial for increasing energy generation and optimizing the return on investment in solar energy systems(Bolt, 2023) Power Output. A solar energy system can be classified into direct current (DC) power and alternating current (AC) power. Photovoltaic technology converts solar energy into electrical energy, capable of powering both DC and AC loads. A typical solar PV system consists of two stages for power conversion. The initial step involves harnessing the Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 30 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. utmost power from the solar panels. In contrast, the subsequent step entails transforming this power into a suitable direct current (DC) or alternating (AC) power(Poompavai & Kowsalya, 2020) Alternating Current. AC (alternating current) is the prevailing form of electrical current utilized in residential and commercial structures inside a solar energy system. Alternating current (AC) is produced by converting the direct current (DC) solar panels supply into AC electricity. This AC power may then be utilized to operate electrical appliances and can also be seamlessly incorporated into the electrical grid. An inverter is commonly used to convert the DC electricity generated by the solar panels into high-quality AC power. Utilizing alternating current (AC) in solar energy systems has numerous benefits. Firstly, it conforms to the conventional format of electrical power commonly employed in most residential and business environments, enabling smooth incorporation with pre-existing electrical systems. Furthermore, AC electricity is highly suitable for effective transmission over long distances, making it the optimal choice for supplying excess solar power back to the grid. Moreover, AC electricity may readily be adjusted to different voltage levels, providing versatility in harnessing solar energy for various uses(Jayanna Kanchikere Et Al., & TJPRC, 2018) Direct Current. DC (direct current) in a solar energy system denotes explicitly the form of electrical current produced by solar panels. Solar panels generate direct current (DC) electricity by harnessing the interaction between sunlight and the semiconductor material included within the panels. The DC power generated by solar panels must be converted into AC (alternating current) to be compatible with most appliances and incorporated into the electrical grid(Jayanna Kanchikere Et Al., & TJPRC, 2018) Load. Within a solar energy system, a load refers to the amount of electricity that devices in operation consume, including the electrical energy required to carry out Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 31 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. operations. Loads refer to various electrical devices, such as lighting, appliances, and electronics. The load is a crucial component of a solar energy system as it determines the power needed to meet the energy demands of these devices. Accurately determining load consumption is vital, especially for sizing off-grid power systems that depend on batteries for storing energy, where ampere-hours specify battery capacity. Calculating the load in ampere-hours is crucial for accurately determining the size of the system. Loads can be classified as either continuous, meaning they operate continuously for 24 hours a day, or intermittent, where they require significant power for shorter periods of time(“Understanding Loads,” n.d.) Types of Solar Photovoltaic System A solar power system has several components. The knowledge about basic components' functions and essential uses are crucial. Knowledge of various solar power system components and how they operate will help one make the most appropriate decision regarding financial outlay. Furthermore, there are three types of PV systems: grid-tied, off-grid, and hybrid. The fundamental concepts and components of a solar power system remain constant; however, the quantity and type of components can be changed to meet specific needs. The solar power system's modular structure allows for easy expansion as power demands vary. The figure below depicts the illustration of Grid-Tied Solar PV System. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 32 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 8. Displays Grid-Tied Solar PV Systems Grid-tied Solar PV systems. Photovoltaic systems, often known as on-grid or utility- interactive systems, offer a variety of benefits. It is also known as a grid-connected PV system due to the PV solar panels or array are electrically connected to the local mains power grid and feed electrical energy back into the grid. These systems are connected to the utility power grid and allow homes to save money through a process known as net metering, decrease the costs associated with equipment and installation, and improve overall efficiency. Net metering allows homeowners to offset their electricity usage charges by feeding surplus electricity from their solar panels back into the grid. Grid-tied systems are attractive because they do not require expensive battery installations, which makes them more economical and easier to install. In addition, this is the most popular among household and business owners. It is ideal for someone already connected to the grid but wants to lower their carbon footprint and energy expenses. The key benefits of a grid-connected PV system are its simplicity, low Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 33 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. operating and maintenance expenses, and lower power bills. When the grid fails, the solar PV system also fails, and a sufficient number of solar panels must be placed to create the appropriate quantity of surplus power and energy. Moreover, they utilize the utility grid as a virtual battery, minimizing energy wastage and enhancing the overall efficiency of the electrical grid. Grid-tie inverters are essential for synchronizing the electricity produced by solar panels with the power grid. Although more expensive, microinverters are often more efficient and can be a better option if your roof contains shaded sections. To optimize the utilization of these systems, homeowners typically have to replace their current power meter with one compatible with net metering. This enables electricity to flow in both directions and potentially results in compensation from the utility company for any surplus electricity generated. On the other hand, figure 10 shows Off-Grid Solar PV System. Figure 9. Displays Off-Grid Solar PV Systems Off-grid Solar PV system. Operating independently from the utility grid, off-grid systems offer an alternative to grid-tied systems but are typically not suited for homes with grid Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 34 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. access. It is also known as a stand-alone solar PV system because it is not connected to the power grid. A basic stand-alone PV system is an autonomous solar system that generates power during the day to charge banks of batteries for use at night when the energy from the sun is insufficient. Off-grid solutions necessitate significant battery storage and backup generators to guarantee uninterrupted electricity. Battery management is a complicated and expensive process, as the need for replacements every ten years negatively impacts efficiency. Off-grid inverters efficiently transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) to power equipment independently from the electrical grid without requiring synchronization. Significant expenditures in battery storage systems and backup generators are required to manage periods when there is no sunshine or access to the power grid. These systems usually operate on diesel, propane, or gasoline fuels. Backup generators provide alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be utilized immediately or transformed into direct current (DC) to store it in batteries. Figure 11 illustrates how the Hybrid Solar PV System works. Figure 10. Display Hybrid Solar PV Systems Hybrid Solar PV systems. Integrate components from grid-tied and off-grid systems, providing benefits such as reduced expenses and enhanced adaptability. These systems Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 35 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. can be classified as off-grid systems with utility backups or grid-tied systems with supplementary battery storage. If you possess a grid-tied solar system and an electric vehicle, you effectively utilize a hybrid configuration, as the vehicle functions as a portable battery. Hybrid solar systems offer cost savings compared to off-grid solutions by eliminating the need for backup generators and allowing for smaller battery capacity. If your battery discharges at night, you can purchase less expensive off-peak electricity from the utility company. Hybrid systems facilitate intelligent energy management by capitalizing on fluctuations in utility electricity rates. This allows homeowners to store surplus solar power in batteries during peak rate periods. Hybrid solar systems commonly have many essential components, including a charge controller, battery bank, DC disconnect, battery-based grid-tie inverter, and a power meter. These components work together to effectively regulate the flow of electricity between solar panels, batteries, and the utility grid (Team, 2021). Parts of Photovoltaic System Solar panels. It utilized photons from sunlight to disassociate electrons from atoms. The photovoltaic effect produces electricity. The panels comprise silicon-based photovoltaic cells that directly transform sunlight into electricity rather than generating heat. These solar cells produce direct current upon exposure to sunlight. In addition, the energy output of a solar panel is contingent upon variables such as geographic location and seasonal changes. The panels may be configured in series or parallel to accommodate the distinct energy requirements of a residence or commercial establishment (Namazov & Popal, 2023). Figure 12 presents the three different types of solar panels. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 36 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Figure 11. Three Types of Solar Panels Types of Solar Panels MonocrystallineSolar Panel. Most of these have 60 or 72 silicon solar cells and feature black cells with trimmed corners. The newest designs have around the exact panel dimensions but increase efficiency using 120 or 144 half-cells. The cost of solar panels like these is the highest in the market. In terms of efficiency and power rating, monocrystalline was highly efficient, typically over 19%. Polycrystalline Solar Panel. The blue cells on these solar panels feature sharp corners. Similar to mono panels, they typically come in 60 or 72-cell variants (or, in more recent versions, 120 or 144 half-cells). This slipped toward the intermediate of the price range. The polycrystalline's efficiency and power rating ranged from 15% to 17%. Thin-film Solar Panel. Replace discrete solar cells with a homogeneous surface covered in layers of solar photovoltaic material. Their color varies depending on the nature of the substance; black, blue, or even gray thin film is obtained. It has the lowest price of Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 37 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. the three types of solar panels. This type of solar panel has an efficiency and power rating below 15%. Inverters. In any solar energy system, the inverter serves a critical role, akin to the system's brain. Its primary function is to convert the DC power generated by the solar array into AC power, which is usable in our daily lives. Additionally, it enables system monitoring, allowing operators to track its performance. When contemplating installing a solar panel system for your residence, one of the pivotal choices to be made is selecting the inverter type. Inverters are instrumental in converting solar panel-generated DC energy into the AC energy we use, making them a vital component in the solar power setup. Inverters provide valuable data for assessing system operations and maintenance, aiding issue identification and resolution (Agarwal, 2020). Solar Mounting System. Solar mounting structures play a crucial role in solar photovoltaic systems, as they offer the necessary structural support to secure solar panels at the ideal orientation for optimal energy production. These structures affix solar panels on surfaces like rooftops, building exteriors, or the ground. Selecting the right mounting structure for a solar energy system is a critical decision since it guarantees the solar panels' stability and ability to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. To achieve maximum sunlight exposure, these structures are typically tilted at 18 to 36 degrees ((10) Exploring the Different Types and Importance of Solar Mounting Systems for Maximum Energy Efficiency | LinkedIn, n.d.). Wiring and electrical components. It is a crucial component within a solar energy system, safely connecting solar panels to the inverter and the electrical grid. These electrical components encompass wiring, fuses, disconnects, and protective devices. Wiring and connectors are pivotal in linking solar panels and other system parts while Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 38 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. facilitating electricity transmission. To ensure system durability, the wires must be high quality and capable of withstanding outdoor elements like rain and UV rays. The design of the electrical components in a solar energy system must be tailored to match the system's specific requirements and the installation surface. Handling wiring and protection components requires the expertise of professionals who are well-versed in the regulations governing power generation systems, ensuring that all components adhere to stringent codes and guaranteeing the safe and efficient operation of the installed solar panel system (katelyn, 2019). Batteries (for Off-Grid Systems). The study conducted by (Khamisani et al. - Design Methodology of Off-Grid PV Solar Powered Sy.Pdf, n.d.) highlights the crucial function of batteries in off-grid solar energy systems, as they store the energy generated by solar panels for later usage. The battery bank is the fundamental component of an off-grid solar system. Such devices are restricted to daytime operation without these batteries, especially on days with ample sunlight. A reliable and suitably dimensioned battery bank enables users to utilize their off-grid solar system at all times, irrespective of weather conditions. These batteries function as storage units for solar energy, acting as a vital backup power source for households. They allow homeowners to light up their houses at night or during extended periods of limited sunlight. The selection of battery type in an off-grid solar energy system is contingent upon the system's design and specific needs, underscoring the importance of choosing the most appropriate alternative to guarantee optimal performance and efficiency. Lead-acid batteries are traditionally used in off-grid solar systems, but lithium-ion batteries are becoming more popular because of their benefits, such as higher energy density, longer lifespan, and lower maintenance requirements (Amin & Mitra, 2023). Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 39 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Batteries (for Hybrid-Grid Systems). Within the hybrid solar energy systems domain, a battery assumes a vital function by enabling the storage of energy for utilization during periods devoid of sunlight or in the occurrence of power interruptions. Usually associated with a specialized hybrid inverter, this component efficiently synchronizes the solar panels and batteries, effectively controlling both simultaneously. The hybrid inverter performs multiple functions, such as converting the electrical output from solar panels or battery systems from direct current (DC), managing the charging cycles of the solar battery, and synchronizing with the local power grid voltage to ensure smooth operation in grid-tied mode. The battery technology typically used in hybrid solar systems centers on lithium batteries, selected for their exceptional capacity and the capability to condense more energy storage into a single battery backup unit compared to traditional off-grid systems. The battery enables customers to achieve energy independence, flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness by storing excess energy produced by the solar panels. Hybrid solar systems are an attractive option for households who want to switch to solar energy sustainably and cost-effectively (What Is A Hybrid Solar System?, 2024) Solar Charge Controllers (for Battery Systems). The solar charge controller is a vital element of every solar power system as it controls the transmission of electrical charge from the solar panels to the battery bank. It acts as a custodian, supervising the interaction between these two components to guarantee appropriate battery charge without excessive charging or inflicting harm. The primary functions of a solar charge controller include protecting the battery bank from excessive charging or discharging, maximizing the efficiency of the solar power system, and prolonging its overall lifespan. Excessive charging can damage the battery bank, decreasing lifespan and performance, while insufficient charge leads to incomplete charging and a decrease in battery capacity ((9) Solar Charge Controllers: The Ultimate Guide | LinkedIn, n.d.) Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 40 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Monitoring and control systems. It encompasses essential components of a solar energy system, facilitating the ability to monitor and control its performance from a distance. These systems are designed to ensure the efficient functioning of the solar energy system and the utilization of the energy it produces. Their primary duties include monitoring the solar panels' energy generation, documenting the system's energy usage, and providing real-time statistics on the system's operation. These devices can be utilized to detect and diagnose malfunctions in solar energy systems, enabling prompt and efficient repairs (Awasthi, 2022). Designing a Photovoltaic System. Accurate calculations and computations are essential for the design process of any system or model. Analysis must be thoroughly conducted to ensure optimized performance and reliability, minimize energy consumption, and mitigate environmental impact. Accurate calculations and computations are essential for the design process of any system or model. Analysis must be thoroughly conducted to ensure optimized performance and reliability, minimize energy consumption, and mitigate environmental impact. PV modules are used in solar photovoltaic systems, also known as solar power systems, which are renewable energy systems that use sunlight to generate electricity. The electricity produced can be coupled with one or more additional electricity producers, more renewable energy sources, or stored or consumed directly. It can also be fed back into the system. Solar PV System Sizing. The process of sizing a solar PV system begins with determining the power consumption demands of all connected devices. This involves calculating the daily Watt-hours needed for each appliance and summing these values to find the total energy demand. To account for system losses, this total is multiplied by 1.3 Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 41 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. to establish the required Watt-hours from the PV modules. Next, the sizing of the PV modules is determined by calculating the necessary Watt-peak rating, which is achieved by dividing the total Watt-hours needed from the modules by the panel generation factor, specific to the site’s climate (e.g., 3.43 for Thailand). The number of PV panels is then calculated by dividing this Watt-peak rating by the output of available modules, rounding up as necessary to ensure adequate supply. Following this, inverter sizing is crucial, as the inverter must convert DC power to AC, requiring a rating that meets or exceeds the total wattage of all appliances. For standalone systems, the inverter should be sized 25-30% larger than the total load, with additional considerations for motors or compressors requiring three times the capacity to handle surge currents. In grid-tied systems, the inverter rating should match the PV array output. Battery sizing is next, with deep cycle batteries being recommended for their ability to endure repeated discharges. The required battery capacity is determined by first calculating the daily Watt-hours used, adjusting for losses, and then accounting for depth of discharge and autonomy days to find the necessary Ampere-hour capacity. Lastly, the solar charge controller should match the voltage of the PV array and batteries, ensuring it can handle the input current. Standard sizing practices involve using the short-circuit current (Isc) of the PV array and multiplying it by 1.3 to ensure sufficient capacity for optimal system performance (How to Design Solar PV System - Guide for Sizing Your Solar Photovoltaic System, n.d.). Determine Power Consumption Demands. In determining power consumption demands the first step is designing an efficient solar PV system, as it establishes the total energy requirements of all connected appliances that the system needs to support. Total appliance use = (18W x 4hrs) + (60W x 2hrs) + (75W x 24 x 0.5hrs) (2) Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 42 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. = 1,092 Wh/day Total PV panels energy needed = 1,092 x 1.3 (3) = 1,419.6 Wh/day Size the PV panel. It ensures that the selected panels can adequately meet the energy demands calculated for optimal performance and efficiency. Total Wp of PV panel capacity needed = 1,419.6 / 3.4 (4) = 413.0 Wp Number of PV panels needed = 413.9 / 110 (5) = 3.76 modules Actual requirement = 4 modules Therefore, this system needs to be powered by a minimum of four 110 Wp PV modules. Inverter sizing. It ensures that the inverter can handle the total power load of all connected appliances, while also accounting for potential surges and maintaining system stability during operation. Total Watt of all appliances = 18+60+75 = 153W (6) The inverter should be regarded as being 25–30% larger in size for safety. An inverter of at least 190 W should be used. Battery sizing. Aspect of solar PV system design, as it determines the capacity needed to store sufficient energy for use during periods of low sunlight, ensuring reliable power supply for the connected loads. Total appliances use = (18W x 4hrs) + (60W x 2hrs) + (75W x 12hrs) (7) Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 43 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Nominal battery voltage = 12V Days of autonomy = 3 days [(18 𝑊 𝑥 4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (60 𝑊 𝑥 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) + (75 𝑊 𝑥 12 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)] 𝑥 3 Battery capacity = (8) (0.85 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 12) Total Ampere-hours required 535.29 Ah For a three-day autonomy, the battery should be rated at 12 V 600 Ah. Solar charge controller sizing. For regulating the flow of electricity from solar panels to batteries, ensuring optimal charging while preventing overcharging and enhancing battery life. As such the PV module specification are defined as: Pm = 110Wp Vm = 16.7 Vdc Im = 6.6A Voc = 20.7A Isc = 7.5A Rating for solar charge controller: (4 strings x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 39 A Therefore, at 12 V or higher, the solar charge controller needs to be rated for 40. Optimal Solar Production Tilt angles. The tilt angle is the angle at which the photovoltaic modules are fixed away from the horizontal surface in fixed (non-tracking) installations. In relation to this, it is advisable to align the tilt angle of photovoltaic systems to the latitude of the installation location (Božiková et al., 2021). The energy balance of the photovoltaic system is influenced by many factors. In this article the effect of tilt and azimuth angle changes of the photovoltaic system energy production is analyzed. These parameters have a significant impact on the amount of solar radiation which hits on the photovoltaic panel Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 44 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. surface and therefore also on the energy absorbed by the module surface. The main aim of research was identification of the optimal position of photovoltaic system installation in the southern Slovakia regions. The experimental apparatus had two setups consisting of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules. The first setup was used for identification of the tilt angle changes in the range (0–90°). The second one was focused on the detection of the azimuth angle effect to the energy production. The measurement results were statistically processed and mathematically analyzed. Obtained dependencies are presented as two- dimensional and three-dimensional graphical relations. Regression equations characterize time relations between the tilt or azimuth angle and the energy produced by the photovoltaic system in Southern Slovakia. Obtained simplified mathematical model was verified by analytical model. Presented models can be used for the dimensioning and optimization of the photovoltaic system energy production. This specific angle, referred to as tilt angle, is changed for the solar panels to be effectively oriented to the sun. For solar cells to utilize the maximum amount of sun, this tilt angle must be well calculated. To increase efficiency of the system, fixed as well as seasonal tilt angles are used (Kumar Vashishtha et al., 2022). Azimuth. The solar azimuth angle (z) represents the shift angle of the sun rays with respect to the horizontal plane and expresses the actual position about the south direction as in the case with the northern hemisphere and vice-versa with the southern hemisphere. Positive angles are taken to include westward directions(Solar Azimuth Angle - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, n.d.). In fact, southern hemisphere azimuth angle is calculated about the north in a rotational manner in the direction of the solar collector and is taken to be negative in the direction of the east. This angle, next to latitude, is the most important factor in solar energy collection activity. It is important to note that the position Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 45 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. of the sun varies from true south to true north from the month of January and June, whereas the position of the sun reverses from the month of July to December. Figure 13 below presents an illustration of tilt angle, solar azimuth angle, and azimuth orientation. Figure 12. Tilt angle, solar azimuth angle, and azimuth orientation The Figure explains the orientation of a solar panel with respect to the sun; specifically, the tilt angle (β) and azimuth angle (γ) of the panel. Tilt angle is the angle lying between the solar panel and the horizontal plane. It is of particular importance when it comes to optimizing the energy available from the sun because it is the angle that is customized to help the panels capture the most energy from the sun in respect to their location on Earth and time of year. For example, in equatorial regions, panels would not require much of a tilt while panels at higher latitudes would appreciate a greater tilt to receive more direct sunlight than the rays of the sun. Azimuth elapses the direction solar panels adopt with reference to the four cardinal points (North, South, East, West) the panel is located. In the northern hemisphere Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 46 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. assumptions, solar panels are the direction of South to trap as much solar energy as possible while in the southern hemisphere orientations then the panels direction should be north for the same purpose. Moreover, the zenith angle (θz) measures the angle between the direction of the solar rays and the vertical to Earth’s’ surface and the elevation angle indicates how high in the sky the sun is situated. All these angles describe how to angle solar panels to maximize solar radiation collection during the day and throughout the year. Proper alignment of both tilt and azimuth angles is important for maximizing solar energy efficiency. Solar Economic. The growing construction and expansion of solar energy systems may very well be a justified thing economically. It has already been established for long periods of time in most cost studies that the solar energy costs are on the decrease making it more palatable as compared to energy from other conventional sources. Economies of scope, policy support, and all other cutting-edge technological updates factor into the reduction in the cost. Solar power generating technologies are installed for several years producing green and renewable electricity, which greatly reduces or totally does away with the energy costs (Solar Energy Economics, 2023). Additionally, excess electricity may also be fed back to the grid, thus bringing in more profit-making options like net metering. Since the price of solar panels has declined and due to government programs, such as tax credits and grants, solar power has gained favor from individuals and especially the commercial and state organizations. Also, it harnesses solar energy in a very efficient way and therefore has considerable solar energy potential. To help cut down on further trying to combat climate change, we should try to make use of the high solar energy potential that has some cordial benefits. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 47 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. The economics of solar energy will continue to appreciate over time thus making the prospect of a rich and clean future with the use of solar technology and the related laws more enticing as more progress is made in this field. Solar Maintenance and Monitoring. Solar energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions, lowers energy costs, and increases the resilience of buildings and communities, it is a significant component of sustainable design. Frequent maintenance and observation are necessary to optimize a solar power system's longevity and efficiency. Important actions include making sure batteries are correctly monitored for voltage, temperature, and charge levels to prevent damage or a shorter lifespan, and inspecting and cleaning solar panels to eliminate debris, filth, or damage that could impair performance. Furthermore, routinely testing the inverter guarantees that it efficiently transforms energy for use and analyzing system performance aids in determining the advantages and potential areas for development. To ensure a secure setup, safety precautions are essential. Some of them include turning off the system during maintenance and adhering to local codes. Finally, adding new technology to the system like smart gadgets or more energy-efficient panels can improve sustainability and performance even further. Incorporating safety procedures and adhering to legal requirements are also essential for safeguarding users and the environment (Maintenance and Monitoring | Energy Con, n.d.). In addition, the framework needs to promote ongoing enhancement by supporting new developments and advancements in solar technology, which can improve system performance and flexibility. Through the implementation of a thorough strategy that tackles the technical as well as the safety aspects of solar power systems, we may advance a resilient and adaptable sustainable energy future. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 48 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. Biomass Energy. This is one kind of renewable energy, which is any organic material that experiences photosynthesis. It utilizes the sun’s irradiance to convert water and carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbohydrates; therefore, carbohydrates store energy in chemical energy that results in biomass energy (Paletto et al., 2019). For instance, primary energy sources are crop straw, forestry waste, agricultural products and residues, livestock and poultry manure, waste cooking oil, municipal solid waste, industrial wastewater/domestic sewage, and cottonseed oil. Biomass energy has the characteristics of being clean and safe, low-cost, abundant reserves, and sustainable development (T. Wang et al., 2024). Biofuels. Biofuels are sustainable fuels that replace fossil fuels with renewable energy produced from biomass, including plant and animal resources. They are marketed as able to stabilize energy prices and cut greenhouse gas emissions. There are many types of biofuels, such as wood and liquid biofuel; ethanol has the greatest production. (Biofuel | Definition, Renewable Energy, Types, & Pros and Cons | Britannica, 2024). However, there are issues with how their manufacture affects the economy and the environment, especially regarding land use and the refining process. Therefore, biofuels are a source of renewable energy since they are generated from organisms that have recently been alive or the metabolic byproducts of those organisms. Biofuels have the potential to drastically reduce our dependency on non-renewable energy sources, which are essential contributors to climate change. These sources include crops, algae, and even animal waste. Biofuels can be produced by using resources such as these. Additionally, the production of biofuels has the potential to improve local economies by creating new markets for agricultural products. Additionally, it can provide energy security by lowering reliance on imported fossil fuels. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 49 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. The picture below represents the carbon cycle, showing how carbon dioxide (CO₂) is taken up by plants during photosynthesis, released back into the atmosphere by respiration and decay, and then stored in fossil fuels. This continuous cycle emphasizes the relationship between human activity and ecosystems. Figure 13. The Carbon cycle in the production of biofuel Biofuel feedstock classification. Biomass feedstock for energy production can also be derived from leftover crops, plant residues, processing residues, and renewable energy related to humans or animals. These broad classes of such feedstocks consist of initiators or bare sugars/starch, fibers/ grass, oil, crop residues, livestock waste, organic waste, and wood or woody biomass. It is easy to convert starch and natural sugar to grains and tubers into bioethanol. Among fibrous crops, because fibrous crops are more abundant in cellulose and lignin’s, they can be used for methane production, cellulosic ethanol, or gasification. Oily seeds and fruits can also be processed to extract biochemicals and produce biodiesel. On the other hand, wood is a material that belongs to one of the oldest Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 50 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F.I., Macase, S.M.A., Oloteo, J.B.M. energy sources with higher energy content for electricity and heat than herbaceous biomass (Feedstocks for Biofuel Production – Farm Energy, n.d.). In all these considerations, however, it is worth noting that some feedstocks above are adequate substitutes for fossil fuels. Chemical Composition of the Different Types of Biofuels Bio alcohol. (Types of Biofuels, Energy Conversion Routes From Biomass – Energy and Environment, n.d.)The process of hydrolyzing complex sugars to glucose, which is subsequently fermented by yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide, is used to manufacture bioethanol, propanol, and butanol. A concentrated form of the resultant ethanol is obtained through distillation, making an efficient biofuel. This procedure emphasizes hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation in biofuel creation by using wheat, corn, and sugarcane feedstocks. Biodiesel. Alcohols like methanol or ethanol are used in transesterification to turn fats or oils into biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or ethyl esters (FAEE) are produced throughout the procedure; methanol is favored due to its accessibility and low cost. Using alkaline catalysts to speed up the reaction, biodiesel either pure or combined with regular diesel can be utilized in diesel engines (Types of Biofuels, Energy Conversion Routes From Biomass – Energy and Environment, n.d.). Biobutanol. Biobutanol, made from algae and bacteria, is a promising biofuel with a higher energy density than methanol and ethanol and can be utilized in regular gasoline engines without modification(The Different Types of Biofuel - AmSpec, n.d.). Though it has great potential, producing biobutanol is difficult and expensive, which makes it less well-known than more well-known biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Design and Development of Augmented Reality - Assisted Renewable Energy Sources Learning Module Chapter 2. Literature Review | 51 Ariola, J.G., Gamboa, K.F