NEW Exam Review 1 Fall 2024 (1).docx

**BSC 2010 Exam 1 Review Worksheet. Dr.Taglia FALL 2024** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Chapter 1: Key Words** | **Chapter 3: Key Words** | | | | | - Biology...

**BSC 2010 Exam 1 Review Worksheet. Dr.Taglia FALL 2024** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Chapter 1: Key Words** | **Chapter 3: Key Words** | | | | | - Biology | - Functional groups | | | | | - DNA | - Polymers and monomers | | | | | - Biological Organization | - Dehydration synthesis, | | Levels | hydrolysis | | | | | - Genomic vs. Proteomic | - Polymerization and | | | depolymerization | | - Analogous vs. Homologous | | | | - Carbohydrate structure | | - Charles Darwin | | | | - The 4 macromolecules | | - Evolution | | | | - Peptide bonds | | - Natural Selection | | | | - Phospholipids | | - Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya | | | | **Chapter 4: Key Words** | | - Deductive vs. Inductive | | | Reasoning | - Cytosol | | | | | - Scientific Method | - Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes | | | | | - Prediction, Hypothesis, | - Nucleoid, nucleus, nucleolus | | Theory | | | | - Cytoplasm | | - Independent, Dependent | | | Variables | - Plasma membrane | | | | | - Control Variable | - Nuclear envelope | | | | | - Control Group | - Chromatin | | | | | - Cell Theory | - Ribosome | | | | | - Endosymbiotic Theory | - Endomembrane system | | | | | - Characteristics of life | - Vesicles | | | | | **Chapter 2: Key Words** | - Smooth, rough endoplasmic | | | bodies | | - Compound | | | | - Golgi apparatus | | - Essential elements | | | | | | - Neutrons | | | | - Fluid Mosaic Model | | - Protons | | | | - Selective Permeability | | - Electrons | | | | - Active transport | | - Isotopes | | | | - Passive transport | | - Energy | | | | - Osmosis | | - Covalent Bonds | | | | - Diffusion | | - Molecule | | | | - Facilitated Diffusion | | - Electronegativity | | | | - Concentration gradient | | - Nonpolar Covalent Bond | | | | **Chapter 5: Key Words** | | - Polar Covalent Bond | | | | - Membrane | | - Ions, Cations | | | | - Cell Signaling | | - Ionic bond, hydrogen bond | | | | - Fluid Mosaic Model | | - Chemical reactions | | | | - Selective Permeability | | - Adhesion, cohesion | | | | - Active transport | | - Surface tension | | | | - Passive transport | | - Solution, solvent, solute | | | | - Osmosis | | - Aqueous solution | | | | - Diffusion | | - Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic | | | | - Facilitated Diffusion | | | | | | - Concentration gradient | | | | | | - Hypotonic (cell/solution) | | | | | | - Hypertonic (cell/solution) | | | | | | - Isotonic (cell/ solution) | | | | | | - Tonicity | | | | | | - Osmoregulation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[Chapter 1: Foundations of Biology]** 1\. Jimmy does a study that reveals that students that sleep full 8 hours perform well in their classes. So he says to his friend "you sleep a full 8 hours. Therefore, you must do well in your classes". What type of reasoning is this ? a. Deductive Reasoning b. Cumulative Reasoning c. Inductive Reasoning d. Incomplete Reasoning 2\. A student designs the following experiment: He wants to test how effective 3 versions of a new sleeping pill are on patients which have insomnia. He creates 5 groups of patients all presenting with similar levels of insomnia. Group \#1 receives a pill without any medicine in it (a placebo), Group \#2, 3 and 4 each receive the the pill, and Group \#5 receives a pill that is known to treat insomnia well. He will measure the effectiveness of the pill by how much sleep each patient is able to get. 2a. Which of the following is the positive control of this experiment ? a. Group \#5 b. Group \#1 c. Groups \#2 and \#3 and 4 2b. Which of the following is **NOT** a control for this experiment ? a. Group \#5 b. Group \#1 c. Groups \#2 and \#3 and 4 2c. **Fill in the blank.** If I were to graph the data of hours slept vs taking insomnia medicine, the number of hours each patient sleeps is the \_\_\_\_\_ variable and the taking the medicine is the \_\_\_\_\_\_ variable. a. Independent, Dependent b. Dependent, Independent c. Dependent, Negative Control d. Dependent, Positive Control 3\. Which of the following gives the **weakest** indication of life ? a. The presence of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur b. An observable organism seen to react to stimuli but lacks the ability to self reproduce c. Unknown object that seems to grow over time d. An observable organism with the ability to metabolize and self reproduce 4\. Match the following concepts: A. Theory 1. A possible explanation for an observation B. Hypothesis 2. An hypothesis that has been tested many times and has NEVER been disproven C. Natural 3.Knowledge or information obtained about the world via senses or scientific instruments D. Observation 4. Occurring in nature 5\. **True or False.** Inductive reasoning is taking a specific instance and applying it as a general principle. a. True b. False 6\. The one factor that a scientist manipulates during an experiment.. 7\. Ben makes five paper helicopters with different wing lengths. He drops them the same way from a height of two meters for five trials each. He records the amount of time it takes for each helicopter to fall to the ground. What is the dependent variable? 8\. When graphing data in a bar graph (a.k.a. column graph), the independent variable is presented on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the dependent variable is presented on the\_\_\_? a.) x axis; y axis b.) y axis, x axis 1\. The smallest basic unit of matter is the A. molecule B. atom C. compound D. cell 2\. Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons? A. element B. compound C. molecule D. ion 3\. Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make A. covalent bonds B. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bonds D. polymers 4\. Which of the following solutions has the highest H ion concentration? A. a solution with a pH of 1 B. a solution with a pH of 4 C. a solution with a pH of 7 D. a solution with a pH of 10 5\. Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during A. chemical equilibrium B. chemical reactions C. ion formation D. hydrogen bonding 6\. The nucleus of an atom contains A. protons and neutrons B. only electrons C. only protons D. protons and electrons E. only neutrons 7\. What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? A. Covalent bonding involves only the outer electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next inner electron shell. B. In a covalent bond, the partners have identical electronegativity; in an ionic bond, one of them is more electronegative. C. Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds, between atoms of different elements. D. In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner captures an electron from the other. E. In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. 8\. Water molecules stick to other water molecules because A. Water molecules are neutral, and neutral molecules are attracted to each other. B. Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. C. The hydrogen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. D. The oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. E. Covalent bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. 9\. A solution with a pH of 7 is A. neutral B. weakly basic C. strongly basic D. strongly acidic E. weakly acidic 10\. Atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact with certain other atoms in such a way that each partner completes its valence shell: The atoms either share or transfer valence electrons. These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called chemical bonds. The table below describes these interactions. Fill in the missing blanks. **   Type of bond Definition** ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- Form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms. The attraction between two oppositely charged ions e.g Na+ and Cl- Polar covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11\. The part of the atom containing a positive charge is the A. Proton B. Neutron C. Electron D. Positron 12\. When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule A. gains or loses a proton B. gains or loses an electron C. is an ion D. forms a covalent bond with another atom 1. Determine the function and monomers of the macromolecules in the table below. Provide an example for each. ------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- **Macromolecule** **Monomer** **Function** **Examples** Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids ------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- 2. You will recognize the pic here to be demonstrating the polymerization of DNA. Explain, in your own words, what exactly is happening. 3. Using your knowledge of unsaturated and saturated fats, describe how different they look, and what causes this difference. Using the image below, describe the phospholipids labeled (a) and (b) when at room temperature.  4. Which of the following regarding the chemical bases are FALSE? a. There are four chemical bases in DNA b. Adenine pairs with Thymine in RNA c. Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA d. Adenine and Thymine have two hydrogen bonds between them 5. Label the three components of a nucleotide. 6. How many covalent bonds can Carbon form? 7. Identify the reactions given below: 8. What is the name of the covalent bond joining two monosaccharides? 9. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. 10. For the phospholipid bilayer image given below, label each section and indicate whether it is hydrophobic (non-polar) or hydrophilic (polar). 11. Label all the components of the amino acid given below. 12. What is the name of the covalent bond joining two amino acids? 13\. Fill in the table describing the differences between Purines and Pyrimidines. ------------- ------------------- --------------------------- Nitrogenous Bases No. of rings in structure Purines Pyrimidines ------------- ------------------- --------------------------- 14\. In DNA, the sugar is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , in RNA the sugar is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 15\. What is the name of the covalent bond joining two nucleotides? 16\. Adenine always pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and they have \_\_\_\_\_\_ Hydrogen bonds between them. 17\. Cytosine always pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and they have \_\_\_\_\_\_ Hydrogen bonds between them. 18\. The two DNA strands are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to each other. 19\. Give two similarities and two differences between DNA and RNA. 20\. Label the 3'end and 5' end of the nucleotide given below. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ → 21\. Complete the following table of functional groups and their structural formulas. -------------------------------- ------------------------ Functional Group Structural Formula Hydroxyl \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Carboxyl \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  Sulfhydryl \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Methyl -------------------------------- ------------------------ 22. a. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are classes of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. b. These molecules are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which means they contain carbon. c. Subunits of these molecules are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and are connected together by strong\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bonds. 23\. The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels. a. Lipid b. Protein c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic Acids 24\. You are studying a newly discovered species and want to analyze its genetic information. What type of molecule would you analyze? a. Nucleic Acid b. Lipid c. Protein d. Carbohydrate 25\. Macromolecule Function and Structure ---------------- ---------- ----------- Macromolecules Function Structure Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids ---------------- ---------- ----------- 26\. Which part of an amino acid\'s basic structure gives it its unique functional characteristics? a. Amino Group (-NH2) b. R- Group c. Carboxyl Group (COOH) d. Central "Alpha" carbon. 27\. Select all of the following functions in which you would expect to find Lipids. a. Storage of Genetic Information b. Energy Storage c. Steroid Hormones d. Cell Membranes e. Cholesterol f. Nitrogenous Bases g. Glucose h. Polypeptides 28\. Which part of the nucleotides\' structure is responsible for the incredible variation that exists amongst all types of organisms? a. Deoxyribose sugar b. Nitrogenous Base c. Phosphate Group d. Amino Acids 1\. In the table below, indicate the characteristics that are present/absent for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. -- -- -- -- -- -- 2\. Explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells using the endosymbiotic theory. a. State facts that help support this theory. (Hint: Refer to your textbook for extra content/ help) 3\. For the following organelles, identify their function and explain what would happen within the cell if the organelle stopped functioning correctly. 4\. Discuss what will happen if these organelles become nonfunctional: Lysosomes - Smooth ER - Vacuoles -- 5\. Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A\) lysosome B\) vacuole C\) mitochondrion D\) Golgi apparatus E\) peroxisome 6\. Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? A\) lysosome B\) vacuole C\) mitochondrion D\) Golgi apparatus E\) peroxisome\ \ 7. Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules? A\) cilia B\) centrioles C\) flagella D\) A and C only E\) A, B, and C 8\. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A\) lipids B\) starches C\) proteins D\) steroids E\) glucose 9\. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? A\) rough ER B\) lysosomes C\) plasmodesmata D\) Golgi vesicles E\) tight junction **[\ ]** **[Chapter 5: Cell Signaling]** 1\. Label the parts of the cell membrane and describe their function:  A B C D E F G H 5\. List 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane. \- \- \- \- 6\. True/False: All prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus. a. True b. False 7\. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the "highway" of the cytoskeleton. a. Actin filaments b. Microtubules c. intermediate filaments d. Micro filaments 8\. Draw and label the phospholipid bilayer, both the structural and hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions: 9\. A protein that is being made and processed for export from the cell follows which correct sequence: A. ER → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane B. Golgi apparatus → ER → cell membrane → secretory vesicle C. Mitochondrion → Golgi apparatus → ER → cell membrane D. Nucleus → secretory vesicle → ER → cell membrane E. Secretory vesicle → ER → cell membrane → Golgi apparatus 10\. In the figure above, which represents a hypotonic solution? A. a B. b C. c D. none 11\. Adjacent cells can signal others by direct contact, while nearby cells that are not touching can communicate by the release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ signals. A. paracrine B. peptide C. neurosecretory D. autocrine 12\. The phospholipid of the plasma membrane A. Is a lipid monolayer B. Exposes hydrophobic heads outside C. Is compound of a polar "head" and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains D. has cross-connection between them. E. Is permeable to polar molecules 13\. Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: A. Osmosis B. phagocytosis C. Active transport D. pinocytosis E. Diffusion 14\. Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane: A. Osmosis B. phagocytosis C. Active transport D. pinocytosis E. Diffusion 15\. The process of taking in material in bulk to a cell: A. Osmosis B. Phagocytosis C. Active transport D. pinocytosis E. Diffusion 16\. Which of the following is not a part of the sodium-potassium pump? A. Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein. B. Three sodium ions are translocated out of the cell. C. Two potassium ions are transported into the cell. D. ATP binds to the protein which becomes phosphorylated (ADP is released). E. Phosphate facilitates potassium ion binding to transport protein. 17\. For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached. B. remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to be reached. C. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium. D. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached by active transport. E. move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached. 18\. If you were a very thirsty cell, which process would you use to take in some nutrients secreted by one of your neighbors? A. receptor-mediated endocytosis B. pinocytosis C. phagocytosis D. exocytosis 19\. A biological molecule that adds phosphates to other molecules is called a(n): A. peptide. B. kinase. C. second messenger. D. enzyme. 20\. Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. Such opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through bonds called A. covalent bonds. B. unstable bonds. C. ionic bonds. D. hydrogen bonds. E. radioactive bonds. 21\. Some enzymatic receptors and most G protein-coupled receptors utilize other substances to relay the message within the cytoplasm. These other substances are small molecules or ions called A. G proteins B. Steroid hormones C. Enzymatic receptors D. Second messengers 22\. As a scientist you perform an experiment in which you create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. You put a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and you place that into a beaker of water. What observations do you expect to see? A. Glucose moves out of the cell. B. Water moves into the cell. C. No net change in cell weight. D. Water moves out of the cell. E. Glucose moves into the cell.