New Citizenship Education Grade 7 Student Textbook PDF

# Citizenship Education Grade 7 Student Textbook ## Introduction For many years, the FDRE government has incorporated civics and ethical education into all levels of education in order to produce good citizens with civic knowledge, skills and attitudes. They also include citizens' ability to obser...

# Citizenship Education Grade 7 Student Textbook ## Introduction For many years, the FDRE government has incorporated civics and ethical education into all levels of education in order to produce good citizens with civic knowledge, skills and attitudes. They also include citizens' ability to observe and influence government policy. Civics and ethical education in have yet to produce the necessary behavioral and attitudinal changes in students’ minds. In addition, the outcomes of research demonstrated a decline in students’ friendliness, integrity and teamwork spirit. Hence, irresponsible media has influenced the majority of today’s youngsters. Therefore, many students nowadays act in ways that are in direct opposition to established norms and values. Thus, the civics and ethical education curriculum is being redesigned again, taking into consideration the study findings as well as the practical issues that arose during the implementation of the subject. As a result of the redesigned curriculum, the subject has been divided into two categories: Moral Education and Citizenship Education. Moral education is a major component of the framework for 21st-century competencies and student learning outcomes. Therefore, from grade one to grade six, students are expected to acquire such character. Citizenship Education, on the other hand, is taught in middle and secondary schools and emphasizes values in order to produce citizens who are actively involved in social, political, and economic issues. ## UNIT 1: Citizenship ### Introduction As you may recall, in your lower grade you have learned about moral education and the values that make a good citizen. In this grade level, you will be aware of the connection between moral and civic education. ### Unit Outcomes At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: * Comprehend the essence of citizenship; * Identify features of citizenship; * Explain the importance of good citizenship; * List ways of acquiring and losing citizenship; * Explain the key elements of citizenship law in Ethiopia. ### 1.1 Citizenship #### 1.1.1 The Essence of Citizenship At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Describe what citizen is; * Realize the rights and responsibilities of citizens; * Differentiate citizen and citizenship. Before discussing about the essence of citizenship, it is necessary to define what it means to be a citizen. A citizen is a person who has specific rights and responsibilities under the law. Citizens are granted specific rights and benefits by the state. Citizens are expected to follow their country’s rules and defend it against its enemies in exchange. As citizens, we have the right to express ourselves, to be protected by the law, and to bear responsibilities such as obeying the law and paying taxes. As a result, a citizen is someone who has the right to be called a citizen. ##### Remember A citizen is someone who has the right to be called a citizen. Citizenship in turn refers to full and responsible membership of the state. In this situation, membership refers to a political society in which members have a reciprocal obligation of duty to the State and the State has an obligation of protection to the member. Therefore, citizenship is a legal status and an identity. ##### Remember Citizenship is both a legal status and a sense of identity. **Case Study** In a small village, there were two . They helped their parents with various tasks and were . Teachers who arrived in that small village realized it was time for the children to return to school. The teachers approached the children’s parents and asked them to send their children to school the following school year. After carefully listening to the teachers’ ideas, the parents stated that they did not agree with the suggestion and did not want to send their children to school. The parents of the children claimed that rather than sending their to receive much more assistance in their daily activities . **Based on the above case study answer and discuss the questions below with a group of five students:** * What do you think will be the end of this story? * How convincing is the parents’ justification for not sending their children to school? * Do you believe that a child’s right to attend school is only dependent on his or her parents’ goodwill? * In your what are the rights and obligations of the children? #### 1.1.2 Features of Good Citizenship At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * List the characteristic features of good citizenship; * Demonstrate the characteristics features of good citizenship; * Acquire the characteristics features of good citizenship. * What exactly does it mean to be a good citizen? Discuss with your partners; write down your ideas in your exercise book; and then reflect on them in your classroom. * Consider a person in your community who you believe is a good citizen and list three of his or her characteristics. Nobody is born as either a good or a bad citizen. Good citizenship is taught to us by our families, communities, friends, and teachers. A good citizen is someone who: * respects others; * is helpful of others; * listens to other people’s opinions; * helps people who can’t help themselves; * lives in harmony with other members of society; * is always willing to learn; and * is aware of his or her societal responsibilities and rights. **Case Study** During the annual , a student who performed exceptionally ranked first in . Of course, that was not the only honor granted , and other students. The school has also established to reward their students who have exemplary performance in co-curricular activities each year. Most students at the school have always hoped to receive this special award and bring joy to . Despite the fact that the time had come to reveal the name of the , the program host chose to . The award-winner is known for of the school. **Discussion Questions** * What do you understand from the story presented? * Is the student in the story presented, a good citizen? If yes, try to list those characters that qualify him/her for an award * What is holding you back from doing the good deeds that the student in the story did? Based on the preceding story, we will examine a few of the characteristics of a. **A.) Obey the law:** is one of the most important public duty of a good citizen is to obey the law. A law is a set of rules established , and behave. A good citizen follows the rules, obeys parents, , and uphold democratic principles. A good citizen is also required to follow the laws of the country, such as , and treating people with respect. As a result, in was stated as of the school's rules and regulations. **B). Responsibility:** is the other important characteristic of. Responsibility entails taking action and encompasses many aspects of what to be good citizenship. You might want to emphasize that one , to learn. At home, you are expected to complete your homework, and at school, to respect. You also have the responsibility if you witness it. For instance, as a. You have a responsibility if you see or hear about it. Furthermore, , obtaining an education, and participating in community service are all responsibilities of a good citizen. When you in the preceding story, you will notice that he/she is extremely responsible **Discussion Questions:** * Are you a responsible student? * How do you know whether you are responsible or not? **C). Tolerance:** is the critical of a good citizen that allows us to It also teaches us that from ours. Tolerance is the ability to accommodate differences . A good citizen is expected to for other people's religions, cultures, languages, and other value systems. This principle is related to the who was honored , allowing . **Discussion Question:** * Do you prefer that your friends or classmates speak beliefs as you, or do you believe that diversity is beneficial? **D). Patriotism:** is also of a good citizen. A patriot should have a genuine for his or her, as well as a sense of participation . A good citizen is one who is willing to make sacrifices for. For example, Ethiopia who have given their and the ability to live in peace and dignity. ##### Remember A good citizen is one who is willing to . Of course, patriotism can be expressed in a variety of ways other than military service. For example, we can demonstrate our love for in diplomacy, education, medicine, agriculture, trade, and a . Artists, athletes, and other on a global stage are also patriots for us. You have probably figured out why the in the preceding story was named . The award was not only for , but also for of raising , as athletes Haile G/ Selassie and Derartu Tulu have done. **Discussion Questions** * Can you mention some attributes of patriotism? * What are the factors that weaken patriotic feelings? * In your opinion, what should be done to increase Ethiopians’ patriotic feelings? In general, the qualities of a good citizen that above are necessary for of every citizen’s rights and responsibilities. As a result, you must possess and exercise those . ### 1.1.3 Importance of Good Citizenship At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Identify what constitutes good citizenship; * Describe the importance of good citizenship; * Measure the significance of good citizenship in comparison to its absence. * **Consider** your school. What do you think would happen if all of the students, teachers, and administrators lacked good citizenship character? * **What kind of relationship** would exist between students and teachers, students and administration, and within teachers themselves? * **Examine the image** below closely and discuss with the student sitting next to you what you believe it represents. Good citizenship qualities are important , but also for fostering a safe and supportive society while ensuring of a democratic system. A healthy and long-lasting depends on good citizenship. Good citizenship also benefits , making our country a better place. our country’s success, and we are all responsible and maintaining its strength. **Discussion Question:** * Do you believe that by out your responsibilities, you can have a positive impact on your community? Good citizenship is also essential for fostering among people with opposing viewpoints. Good citizenship teaches students how to find with people who from them. Good citizenship character mutual respect and understanding, . This students to broaden , think more deeply about societal injustices and oppression, and engage in constructive debates in order to resist all forms of extremism. ##### Remember Mutual respect and understanding are fostered by good citizenship character. Being able to challenge injustice and promote fairness is an important aspect of being a good citizen. One example is someone informing the authorities about a drug dealer or a theft in the . One of the benefits of doing so is that of the judicial system. A good citizenship constantly upholds the concepts of justice and equality and encourages others to do the same. Violence will be reduced if works to promote fairness and confront injustice because people will not and will not have negative opinions of others everyone is working together. **Discussion Question:** * **What would you do** if you saw a student in your classroom? Good citizenship allows you to develop a sense of respect for other students, as well as to accept responsibility. this, others you, and violence based on will be reduced. Specifically, the importance of good citizenship include but not limited to: * instilling a strong moral code in individuals; * fostering a safe and supportive society; * making our country a better place; * fostering constructive debate among people with opposing viewpoints; * fosters mutual respect and understanding; * collaborate toward a common goal; * encourage students to broaden their perspectives; * think more deeply about societal injustices and oppression; * challenge injustice and promote fairness; * develop a sense of respect and care for other students; and accept responsibility. ### 1.2 Ways of Acquiring and Losing Citizenship At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Make a list of ways for obtaining citizenship; * Compare ways of acquiring of citizenship by birth and descent; * Write ways of acquiring citizenship through natural-ization. * How does someone become a citizen of a country? * Do you think that anyone, at any time, can to any country and become a citizen ? Citizenship is a legal status earned by being a registered member of a country. Anyone can become a member of the state if they meet the legal conditions of the country. Citizenship is the virtue of being a citizen of a country . As a result, different states have distinct rules and procedures in granting and loss of citizenship. #### A) Ways of Acquiring Citizenship A person may obtain the nationality of a state , with the state’s rules, as in the section’s opening remark. As a result, each country. However, the most prevalent methods of obtaining citizenship are follows: 1. **Citizenship by Place of Birth:** is the most prevalent method of , and many use it. Right of soil is the to . According to this idea, everyone is born of automatically becomes a citizen of that state. It simply means that you are eligible to if you were born there. 2. **Citizenship by Descent:** A person can also become a based of his parents. This is referred to as the notion of blood right. asserts that regardless of where children are born, their citizenship . 3. **By Naturalization:** is the legal process by which becomes eligible to become a citizen of A person who wishes to must fill request for citizenship by naturalization. Naturalization in a of methods, level, we will concentrate on only two of them: and adoption. * **a) Citizenship by Marriage:** a foreign national who marries a citizen of a is granted citizenship of that country. * **b) Citizenship by Adoption:** A recognized as legal parents can adopt a kid born in and him or her citizen. Before this may be given, however, certain steps must be The following are some of the most prevalent eligibility criteria: * The parents must be citizens of a state, by birth or naturalization; * the child must be under the age of 18; and * the child must be of the state he/she is adopted. **Discussion Questions:** * Can you list the different ways of citizenship? * What is between acquiring citizenship by birth and by naturalization? #### B) Ways of Losing Citizenship At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Identify ways of losing citizenship; * Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary ways of losing citizenship; * Examine the grounds for involuntary citizenship loss. * How can a person lose his/her . Citizenship can be lost in a of ways, just as it can be gained in a variety of ways. A in which is no longer recognized a lawful citizen of is . The process of like the process of gaining citizenship, differs depending on where you live. Individuals who lost their citizenship, on the other hand, had one thing in common: they either did so voluntarily or were forced do so forcefully without their. 1. **Voluntary loss of citizenship:** The act of one’s citizenship is referred to as “voluntary loss of citizenship.” The decision taken by a person who to his or her status freely is . Almost every country has its for citizens who wish to formally renounce their . **Discussion Questions:** * Make a list of reasons why someone voluntarily give up their citizenship and compare it , your partner is making next to you. * Do you or have you heard of anyone who has given up their citizenship voluntarily? 2. **Involuntary loss of citizenship:** Each state has its own set of rules governing . A may be revoked if he/she does not . This might occur for a However, immediately; must go through a in order to be revoked. **Discussion Questions:** * Make a list of plausible reasons why someone might be invol- untarily, and it to your partner’s list. * Do you or have you heard of anyone who whether locally or? ### 1.3 Citizenship Law in Ethiopia At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Examine ways of acquiring and losing Ethiopia citizenship; * Explain the requirements for acquiring Ethiopian citizenship through naturalization; * Recognize ways of losing citizenship in. * Are you an Ethiopian citizen? If you yes, how did you come to be citizen? was enacted the first written law in G.C. Prior to it, citizenship was mostly defined and tradition. The (FDRE) constitution of 1995 G.C. provides certain ideas about citizenship in Ethiopia moment. According to Article 6 of the any person of has both or either Ethiopian parents is an Ethiopian citizen. As a result, the recognizes on descent or blood. A on attaining Ethiopian citizenship through naturalization is also in the FDRE constitution. Ethiopian Nationality Proclamation No. 378/2003, the other hand, specified the specifics . Ethiopian nationality inherited primarily by descent, according to Proclamation No. 378/2003 on Ethiopian Nationality. In the case of Ethiopia, are no broad rights to citizenship based on bir-thplace on the land. The Proclamation also offers measures for after birth. A foreigner seeking Ethiopian nationality must, , meet the following requirements: * have reached the age of majority and be legally capable under Ethiopian law; * have established his domicile in and lived in of four years prior the submission of his application; * be able to communicate in any of the country's nations’ nationalities’ languages; * have a sufficient and lawful source of income to support himself and his family; * be a of character; * have no criminal record; * be able to that he has been released from his previous nationality or that acquiring Ethiopian nationality will result a stateless person; and * be required to take the oath of allegiance stated in Article 12 of the Proclamation. The declaration authorizes naturalization in “exceptional cases” in addition to conventional procedures. citizenship as to foreigners who made an exceptional contribution to appears to be launched by or the state. As a result, above, a foreigner who has made in Ethiopia be granted Ethiopian citizenship by law. ##### Remember Foreigners who have significant contributions to may be granted as a form of special recognition. The modalities of loss of were also established in Proclamation No. 378/2003. According to the nationality proclamation, no Ethiopian may be of his or her Ethiopian citizenship by a government decision unless he acquired another nationality a method that the law considers Article 33 (1) of the FDRE Constitution additionally that no Ethiopian national against his choice. This means that under Ethiopian law, involuntary is not permitted. Assume mother and an American father have a child in France. Answer the following questions the Ethiopian citizenship law: * What do you think a citizenship would be? * Is the newborn to become an citizen? If the answer is how can the become an Ethiopian citizen? Why not, the answer is no? ### Unit Summary A citizen is a person who has specific rights and obligations under the laws of a country. citizens certain rights and rewards . Citizens are expected to of in exchange for protecting it its adversaries. Citizenship is both a legal status and a personal identity. Our family, , and teach us about good citizenship. A good citizen is someone who respects others, is helpful and considerate of to other , helps members of society, and is always open learn. Students who practice good citizenship learn to find common ground with those who are not As a result, must be a good citizen in to make your school and community for everyone. Citizenship is a legal status earned by being a registered member of a country. Anyone can become a member of if . As , international law leaves it up to each to who its citizens are; as a result, citizenship different countries handle . was a pioneer in African citizenship law, enacted the first written law in 1930 G.C. of (FDRE) constitution of 1995 G.C. establishes some principles citizenship in Ethiopia. According to 6 of the FDRE constitution, any person who has both or parent who is Ethiopian is an Ethiopian citizen. The thus enshrines the concept of the right of descent or blood to Ethiopian citizenship. ### Glossary * **Citizen:** is the person an individual . * **Citizenship:** is the legal status or it is of an individual member to of a particular state or . * **Citizenship law:** is the law of of its jurisdictions, which determines citizenship rights and responsibilities within the jurisdiction. * **Constitution:** the fundamental law liberties. * **Patriotism:** is the quality of one country. * **Responsibility:** the state or fact of over someone. * **Tolerance:** the ability or willingness behavior that one dislikes or disagrees with. ### Unit Review Questions **Part I: Write “TRUE” if is correct “FALSE” if is incorrect.** 1. A citizen is a person . 2. Citizens are required to of and protect enemies. 3. To be a citizen one irresponsible. 4. All countries follow the same procedures in granting and loss of citizenship. 5. Citizenship is a legal standing that comes with being a recognized member . **Part II: Each of the is followed by four suggested answers. one that is CORRECT in each case.** 1. Which of the following is CORRECT about citizenship? * is a status * refers to full and of the state * a is a person who holds the title of * all of above 2. Which one of the following is NOT the feature of a good citizen? * expose wrongdoing * who is to make sacrifices for his country’s benefit * does show respect towards others * upholds democratic principles 3. In society, is important peaceful coexistence? * misunderstanding * tolerance * mistreating * disregarding **Part III: In column ‘A' you will find various forms of acquiring citizenship and its descriptions in column 'B'. Match column ‘A' with column ‘B’** | A | B | |---|---| | 1 Citizenship by descent | A Acquire of an individual that recognized as legal parents. | | 2 Citizenship by adoption | B The principle of right of blood. | | 3 Citizenship by birth | C a foreign national who marries a national of country and acquire citizenship. | | 4 Citizenship by marriage | D Involuntary of citizenship | | | E Is usually referred to as right of soil. | ## UNIT 2: State And Government ### Introduction As you may recall, the essence, characteristics, and importance of being a good citizen were discussed in unit. You also learned citizenship laws. Next, in order to one's and fulfill one’s responsibilities, one must have a basic understanding of the state and government. ### Unit Outcomes At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: * Define the concept of state; * Distinguish the elements of the state; * List the functions of government; * Explain the differences state and government. ### 2.1 The Concept of State This section will teach you about the essence of citizenship, the characteristics of good citizenship, and the significance of good citizenship. However, before diving into each section, will try to discuss the following questions based on your prior knowledge. At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Explain what the term means; * Appreciate Ethiopia as the oldest state. * What do you understand we say State? * Can you name a few African states that come to your mind? The term "State" refers to an organized political community governed by a single authority. In this context, a state is a formally political community by . As a result, a state is a group of , who live permanently on a specific territory, have their own , which the majority of the population submits, and are from outside interference. The existence of the state is required because it arises from the fundamental needs of life. The of establishing a state is . Now states exist in the world. ##### Remember A State is a formally established community that operates under the authority of a. **Discussion Questions** * Why do we need a State? * What makes Ethiopia unique from others? ### 2.2 Elements of the State At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * List the of the state; * Assess those essential elements of the are seen as necessary for the of the state; * Consider what happen of the state’s basic elements were missing. * Is Ethiopia a State? Why? It is common to identify the State by elements, which include territory, government, and sovereignty, as defined by the above definitions. The is an important element of the state. The of the required to a state cannot be fixed. The people of a state do not have to be of a single , language, or culture. state claims to be of the interests of various groups . As a result, for the existence of the population is required. ##### Remember The of a state do not have to be of a single race, religion, language, or culture. **Discussion Question:** * Do you have any idea how diverse the Ethiopian population is? A defined territory regarded another critical element of the State. No State exist without a . Territory is for people live and organize and politically. of a State’s , like its population, cannot be fixed. We can find a state small territories, , which covers an area , as well as states a large territories, such as which 17,098,242 kilometers square. States operate a territory delimited by borders, the flow of , money, and across those boundaries. Possession of a fixed territory is, therefore, regarded an attribute of the international law. ##### Remember No State exist without a fixed territory. **Discussion Question:** * Can you list the countries bordering Ethiopia to the north, south, east, and west? Ethiopia is by Eritrea north, Djibouti on the northeast, Somalia on the east, Kenya on the south, and and on the west. The third and most important component a state is government. There can be no State without government. government is of the state as well as political organization. The is in carrying out authority and tasks. government makes, enforces, and interpret state laws. ##### Remember The Government . **Discussion Questions** * In a who has the to make, enforce, and interpret laws? * What do think happen in a country if there is no or if that is in does not carry its responsibilities? Do you, for example, believe that like you obtain a good education? ### Sovereignty * Why is sovereignty important? Sovereignty is thought to have distinct aspects: and external. sovereignty refers sovereignty with- in the jurisdiction of a state. with sovereignty has to exercise over . The relationship between a power other is referred as external sovereignty. The relations other allows it engage in in- dependent with countries. That is the supremacy of the state all wills, whether of individuals or states. Sovereignty is, regarded as vital and necessary component of the State. is a sovereign state, complete with its own and . ##### Remember Sovereignty is thought to have distinct aspects: internal and external. **Discussion Questions** * List the of National Flag and its meaning? * Do you the anthem of Ethiopia? For a long time, Ethiopia's sovereignty protected only by law, by the of our forefathers and mothers, grandparents, and great-grandparents. Ethiopian heroes have foreign who to and violate our country’s sovereignty battles history. As a result, has kept and celebrates Victory Day. **Discussion Questions:** * Can you name at least three Ethiopian heroes have defending Ethiopian sovereignty? * What, in your opinion, are the main of the generation preserving Ethiopian sovereignty? ### 2.3 Functions of Government At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Describe the of ; * Recognize the of a government in social stability; * Appreciate the of , to the needs of its citizens. * What is the purpose of government? * What are the of government? Citizens in any state government to perform functions. Although government functions vary by the following are some of the most common: * Maintain social stability; * Provide public services; * Provide security; * Making decisions. In fact, to out these the government must make decisions are binding all citizens the state. In the that follow, go over each the aforementioned functions in detail. #### i. Maintaining Law and Order * What role a government play in ensuring social stability? One of most functions and goals of government is the maintenance of law and order. Governments accomplish this passing laws that govern activities of members of society. result, governments provide for conflicts members of groups and maintaining social stability. Government laws help to the peace and people’s rights, property, lives. Furthermore, the provides like to assist in disputes in a and manner. To control contain , the imposes restrictions individuals are are not permitted to do. ##### Remember One of the most functions and goals of all governments is the of law and. #### ii. Providing Public Services * Could you name some of the available your area? Another important function of government is to provide essential public services that enable community life and general. A service one that the provides to those live within its either directly . Public services are those so to life that their provision should be guaranteed for reasons. They have the potential be associated with human . Public services include , law enforcement, , and transportation among others. ##### Remember A service is that the provides to those who live its borders. #### iii.Providing National Security * is invaded by another country, who do you believe defend the country? One of the functions of government is . Governments must against both and internal . As a result, national security is for each state. The government creates and maintains defense forces, which include , , and operations, as well missions, to defend . governments should maintain good relations countries in addition to national security. ##### Remember One of the most important functions of government is common defense and security for its citizens. #### iv. Making Economic Decisions No country meet of its needs desires. Normally, the government works to economic growth and stability inflation, stimulating and regulating natural resource development. Additionally, the government enacts that shape the economic . result, making economic decisions another important function of government. ### 2.4 Forms of the Government At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Identify the forms of government; * the between the monarchical and forms ; * the basic essence of forms the government. Governments come in a variety of forms. At level, we use the number of people wielding sovereign power as a for clearly understanding . As a result, the forms government can be based on number people exercising powers as follows: I. **Monarchy:** monarchy is a form of government in which sovereign power is vested a single individual, the monarch, who has hereditary rights rule as the . The monarch may be a king or a queen. The throne . **Discussion Questions:** * Could you give some examples of countries that still have monarchies? * Have you ever heard about Ethiopia’s monarchy? If this is case, please tell your partners. II. **Aristocracy:** another of government which sovereign is vested in a class of people who are to be and best to rule is aristocracy. power is concentrated in the of a few, while administration is carried for the benefit of the many. III. **Dictatorship:** person a group of people wields power. is used to . The majority of rule authoritarian regimes. IV. **Democracy:** is form government which are chosen the . The attributes a democratic government set it other of government. In democracy, government to equality that everyone an to. Free open elections are in true democracies. All citizens have say in is run . This merely an remark democracy; the next will into detail it. ### 2.5 Differences between State and Government At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: * Identify the between the and the state; * Recognize government as one of the essential elements of the state. * Could you some of the differences between the and the state? The terms state and government are used . However, is difficult find between the and the government. The in of the is known the , whereas is a for the country. For example, we say the State of Ethiopia, we mean the country . contrast, when we refer Ethiopia’s we the branches of government namely: , , and organ. The following are the distinctions found between the State and the Government: I. **Government is only element of the State** As previously stated, a consists of four essential components: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. As a result, is an of the state that acts on its behalf. II. **State is abstract government is concrete** State is an concept cannot be seen. on the other hand, is : it can be viewed as a group people cooperating to State . The government made up of who are by the people. It has a structure and form. III. **Government is organized by a portion of the population of the State** The encompasses the entire population. on the other hand, is by the of the people. The of the state is made up of a few who elected serve as people’s . IV. **Membership of a State is compulsory not of government** Everyone is considered a citizen the state. Citizens constitute of the state’s population. In cases, every individual is granted , on the other hand, (citizenship) in state. membership, the hand, is not automatic. No one be forced into joining . One the requirement the state can run office, be elected a people’s representative, join of choice. **Discussion Question:** * Recalling the topic covered in unit one, talk your partners about how to obtain citizenship in Ethiopia. V. **Each has the essential but the and features government vary from state to state** Each State a characteristics feature population, territory, and sovereignty. Governments, on the other hand, can take systems, as , presidential, a of the two. It could be democratic, monarchical, aristocratic, dictatorial nature. VI. **State permanent government temporary** Governments and all the time. An election, even a revolution, could in change of The State exists indefinitely. will as as it maintains its sovereignty. The following summarizes the key distinctions between state and government | No. | Difference between state and government | |---|---| | 1 | state | government | | 2 | A state is made up of people, territory, government, and sovereignty. | The government is only one component of the state. | | 3 | The concept of state is abstract and invisible. | Government visible and concrete. | | 4 | Membership in a state is compulsory. | Membership a government is entirely voluntary. | | 5