Networking Midterm PDF

NETWORKING MIDTERM  Advantages of CN  HighSpeed:- In Network files are transfer form one computer to another with high speed.  Reduce cost:- Computer network allow the user to Share devices such as printers which saves money.  Easyto backup:-Data is easy to backup as all the da...

NETWORKING MIDTERM  Advantages of CN  HighSpeed:- In Network files are transfer form one computer to another with high speed.  Reduce cost:- Computer network allow the user to Share devices such as printers which saves money.  Easyto backup:-Data is easy to backup as all the data is stored on the file server.  Easyto communicate:- users are easily communicate each other using e-mail and video conferencing.  Internet Access Sharing: Small computer Types of Computer Networks Computer network is divided into three networks 1. Local area Networks (LAN). 2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). 3. Wide Area Networks(WAN)  Local area Networks (LAN) Alocal area network (LAN) is a computer network in which all the networking devices are interconnects in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.  LANs are typically controlled and managed by a single person or organization.  Twistedpair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.  LANUses different networking devices like hub, switch, router etc.  LAN Uses different network topology such as bus, star, ring mesh etc.  LANs have a high data transfer rate(100mbps).  LAN Covers 90 to 150 meters distance.  OneLAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and  Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Metropolitan Area Network, is a data network that is designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide- area networks (WANs). A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter. A MAN is not generally owned by a single organization.  MANs are extremely efficient and provide fast communication via high- speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables.  WAN (Wide Area Network) Wide Area Network, WAN is a collection of computers and network resources that covers a large geographic area, such as a state, country and world.  WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).  Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system.  The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.  WANs have a lower data transfer rate(10mbps20mbps).  In WAN Low bandwidth available for transmission.  Network Architecture Network architecture is the design of a communications network  The network architecture provides a full picture of the established network with detailed view of all the resources accessible. It includes hardware components used for communication, cabling and device types, network layout and topologies. In computer network different types of network architecture are available. 1. Peer to Peer. 2. Client-Server. 3. Hybrid. 4. Intranet 5. Internet 6. Extranet  Peer to Peer architecture (P2P) Inpeer to peer architecture two or more computers are connected and transfer the data without the need of a central server.  Each computer, has the same capabilities and responsibilities.  It is a type of decentralized architecture in which individual nodes in the network (called "peers") act as both server and client of resources.  Advantages of P2P It is easy to install and configure. All the resources and contents are shared by all the peers P2P is more reliable because failure of one peer doesn’t affect the functioning of other peers. The over-all cost of building and maintaining this type of network is comparatively very less.  Disadvantages of P2P  Inthis network, the whole system is decentralized thus it is difficult to administer  Security in this system is very less viruses, spywares , trojans, etc malwares can easily transmitted over this P-2-P architecture. Data recovery or backup is very difficult.  Client –Server Architecture A network architecture in which each computer in the network is either a client or a server.  Servers are powerful computers dedicated to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers ).  Client-server architecture, Architecture of a computer network in which many clients request and receive service from a centralized server (host computer).  Clientcomputers provide an interface to allow a computer user to request services of the server and to display the results the server returns. Advantages of Client–Server Architecture (1) Centralization : in this architecture there is a centralized control. Servers help in administering the whole set- up. (2) Proper Management : All the files are stored at the same place. (3) Back-up and Recovery possible : As all the data is stored on server its easy to make a back-up of it. (4) Upgradation and Scalability in Client-server set- up : Changes can be made easily by just upgrading the server (5) Security : Rules defining security and access rights can be  Disadvantages of Client–Server Architecture 1. Congestion in Network :Too many requests from the clients may lead to congestion. 2. Client-Server architecture is not as robust. 3. Cost : It is very expensive to install and manage this type of computing. Hybrid network architecture Hybrid network architecture combines the best attributes of peer to peer and client server architecture.  Intranet network architecture  Intranetas an organization's private, secured computer network system that uses the same concepts, technologies and protocols (standards) as The Internet, but operates on a Local Area computer Network (LAN).  Internet architecture Internet Architecture refers to the structure and design of the interconnected networks on the Internet, which allows routers to route packets based on the destination network.  EXTRANET An extranet is an organization’s private network and its available only for selected users. It’s a way to connect to third parties like vendors, customers, and partners in a secure and controlled way. Youcan access an extranet only if you have a valid username and password, and your identity  Network topology  Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements like links, nodes, etc. of a computer network.  Network topology can be physically or logically  Physical topology Physical topology refers to the placement of the network's various components, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology shows how data flows within a network. Different Network topologies are as follows 1. Bus 2. Ring 3. Star 4. Tree 5. Mesh 6. Hybrid  Bus topology Bus topology uses a common backbone cable to connect all devices. A single backbone cable is a shared communication medium.  Advantages 1. It is Easy to set up. 2. It is Simple network topology. 3. Less cable is required. 4. Failure of one node does not affect the rest of the bus network.  Disadvantages Ifthere is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down.  Ring topology Aring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes  Node Anode can be a computer or some other device, such as a printer.  Token passing  Tokencontains a piece of information which along with data is sent by the source computer.  Advantages of Ring Topology Each computer has equal access to resources. Even when the load on the network increases, its performance is better than that of Bus topology.  Disadvantages of Ring Topology Because all stations are wired together, to add a station you must shut down the network temporarily. Total dependence upon the one cable.  Star Topology Astar topology in which all nodes are connected to a central device (hub, switch)  Advantages of Star Topology Easy to connect new nodes or devices. Failure of one node or link doesn’t affect the rest of network.  Disadvantages of Star Topology Ifthe central device is fail , then whole network goes down. Requires a large amount of cable to be connected.  Tree Topology  Tree topology is combination of bus topology and star topology.  This main cable seems like a main stem of a tree, and other star networks as the branches. It is also called Expanded Star Topology.  Hierarchy-hi·er·ar·chy  Advantages of Tree Topology Expansion of Network is possible and easy. It can be easily managed and maintained.  Disadvantages of Tree Topology ifthe backbone cable is break ,then whole network is fail.  Mesh topology  In mesh topology, each node (workstation or other device) is connected directly to each of the others.  Advantages of Mesh topology Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes.  Disadvantages of Mesh topology Overall cost of this network is very high as compared to other network topologies. Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult.  Hybrid Topology Hybrid topology is a combination of any two or more topologies. Advantages of Hybrid Network Topology  Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new components. Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology  Complexity of Design is the biggest drawback of hybrid topology.