Nervous System PDF

The Nervous System Unlocking of Terms 1. Nervous system- Is the body’s communication and control system. 2. Central Nervous System- made up of the brain and spinal cord;it analyzes information and makes decisions. 3. Peripheral Nervous system- made up of the nerves that branch from the brain and spi...

The Nervous System Unlocking of Terms 1. Nervous system- Is the body’s communication and control system. 2. Central Nervous System- made up of the brain and spinal cord;it analyzes information and makes decisions. 3. Peripheral Nervous system- made up of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord; it collects information needed to make decisions. 4. Nerves- à bundle of fibers composed of neurons to transmit information from one body part to another. 5. Neurons- basic working unit of the nervous system, information messenger. 6. Cerebellum- Controls our physical coordination. 7. Cerebrum - controls our voluntary movements, thinking, and decision making processes. Unlocking of Terms 8. Brain stem - help sort messages and channel them to the correct part of your brain, It also has à section that controls breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. 9. Spinal cord - à column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back. 10. Sensory receptors- gather information from the environment. 11. Stimulus - any change in our internal or external environment. 12. Reflex actions - an automatic(involuntary) and rapid response to stimulus. What is the nervous system? The nervous system consists of two divisions: the central nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which is a network of nerves and neural tissues branching out throughout the body. General Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input – gathering information ∙ To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2. Processing ∙to interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed. 3. Motor output ∙ A response to integrated stimuli ∙ The response activates muscles or glands Functions Control center for all body functions(actions of muscles and other tissues) Responds and adapts to changes both inside and outside of the body. Controls breathing, blood circulation, and other body functions. Actions of organs, sensations Thinking, learning, memory, and many human behaviors. Components of the nervous system ○ Neurons ○ Nerves ○ Brain ○ Spinal Cord Structural Classification of the Nervous System - Central nervous system (CNS) ∙ Brain ∙ Spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system (PNS) ∙ Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Classification of Nerves ∙ Sensory (Afferent) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS ∙ Interneurons – only found in the CNS. Process info from PNS to decide response. ∙ Motor (Efferent) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS Central Nervous System It is made up of the brain and spinal cord It analyzes information and makes decisions. Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) Divided into four major parts– the cerebrum – the cerebellum – the brain stem – the thalamus and hypothalamus The brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system receive impulses, process the information, and respond with the appropriate action. Brain 3 Main Parts ○ Cerebrum ○ Cerebellum ○ Brainstem Cerebrum Largest part of brain Involved with ○ Sensory Functions ○ Motor Functions ○ Higher Level Thinking Cerebral Cortex Outer layer of cerebrum Responsible for motor and sensory processing Cerebellum Located below the cerebrum Responsible for ○ Balance ○ Posture ○ Movement Brain Stem Base of Cerebellum Responsible for Vital life functions 3 Parts ○ Midbrain (upper) ○ Pons (middle) ○ Medulla Oblongata (lower) Medulla Oblongata Responsible for ○ Breathing ○ Blood Pressure ○ Heart Rate Diencephalon Rests on top of Brainstem 4 Main Parts ○ Thalamus relay system for sensory information Directs information to the correct part of cerebral cortex Diencephalon Hypothalamus ○ Below Thalamus Controls autonomic functions temperature hunger thirst Diencephalon Pineal Gland ○ Small Gland Behind Eyes ○ Responsible for Day/Night Cycle Diencephalon Pituitary Gland ○ Hangs off Diencephalon ○ Looks like ball on string ○ Master Gland Controls Hormones Integral part of endocrine system Spinal Cord Dense Bundle of nerves ○ Runs through vertebral column The spinal cord - The spinal cord has 31 segments: 8 cervical segments that correspond to the C1-C8 vertebrae; 12 thoracic segments corresponding to the T1-T12 vertebrae; 5 lumbar segments corresponding to L1-L5 vertebrae, 5 sacral segments corresponding to S1-S5 vertebrae, and 1 coccygeal (cock SĬJ ee ul) segment. The spinal cord… At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right pairs of sensory and motor nerves branch out and connect to the peripheral nervous system. Impulses travel back and forth to the brain and back to the muscles. Peripheral Nervous System Connects Brain and Spinal Cord to rest of the body 2 main parts ○ Sensory Division ○ Motor Division Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord – Bundles of nerves throughout the body – The network of nerves branching out throughout the body from the brain and spinal cord is called the peripheral nervous system Neuron Function Impulses are sent due to changes in electrical charge between cells Membrane Potential = the difference in charge Resting Potential = charge at rest Action Potential = charge during an impulse see graph on next slide Neurons Nerve Cells Basic Unit of the Nervous System Each neuron receives and sends electrical messages called IMPULSES Classification of Nerve Cells according to functions: – Sensory neurons receive information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord. Nerve cells that carry impulses to CNS. – Motor neurons conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands throughout your body. Nerve cells that carry impulses from CNS to muscles or organs to carry out actions. – Association neurons Nerve cells that carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons. Motor Division 2 Main Components ○ Somatic ○ Autonomic Somatic Nervous System Motor response in ○ Skeletal Muscles under conscious control Reflexes Skeletal muscle contraction that can’t be consciously controlled Occur very quickly Importance in Reflexes Maintain Balance Regulate Muscle tension Avoid Painful Stimuli Autonomic Nervous System Motor division NOT under conscious control 2 Parts ○ Parasympathetic Normal Conditions ○ Sympathetic Times of Stress Path of Message Nerve Impulses in à regular reaction follow this Path 1. 2. 3. 4. The nerves carry information or message about the environment from your sense organs to your spinal cord. Your spinal cord sends the message to your brain. Your brain receives the message, process it, and makes à decision on the required action. Your brain sends à message to the parts of your body to carry out the required action. SUMMARY CHART Health Problems Associated with the Nervous System Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges covering the brain or the spinal cord that is caused by a certain type of bacteria. A person affected with meningitis suffers from severe headache, slow respiration, low pulse rate, and or shall unconsciousness. Doctors usually prescribe antibiotics to treat meningitis a vaccine is also recommended for chilling to prevent them from acquiring the disease. Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. Stroke A stroke is a condition that occurs when the supply of oxygen in the brain is cut off issued to a blockage in the arteries. It is one of the leading causes of death in the Philippines, especially among adults. À stroke victims experience difficulty in speaking, numbness in the face, weakness of one side of the body, or temporary blindness in one eye. Medical treatments may be used to prevent stroke. Therapy is also recommended for those recovering from stroke to regain the functioning of the affected body part. I have a diet that is low in fats and is always recommended to prevent the blockage of the arteries. Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer's disease is caused by abnormal tissue in the brain. This can lead to confusion, memory loss, restlessness, and thinking and reasoning. It has no known treatment but good nutrition may slow its progress. It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment. Alzheimer's disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to brain cells. It is a slowly growing disorder with symptoms that include a mask like face, trembling hands, and loss of control over the whole body. Treatment is to correct the imbalance in some brain substances. Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition that involves damage to the neurons with may be caused by a brain defect that originates at birth. It may also be caused by brain trauma due to brain tumors, toxic chemical exposure, or other brain illnesses. People with epilepsy experience sudden convulsions, abnormal muscle jerks, seizures, and unconsciousness. They should undergo surgery to repair the injured neurons. Regular medication is also recommended by doctors to lessen the seizure. POLIOMYELITIS POLIOMYELITIS for infantile paralysis is a disease caused by polio virus that attacks the nerve cells. The signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis include headache, sore throat, vomiting, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, poliomyelitis may cause paralysis that may eventually lead to shriveled or disfigured limbs. A child with his disease takes medicines for fever needs a lot of rest, and does slight exercise. A polio vaccine is an effective way to prevent the onset of the disease. Amnesia AMNESIA is a condition commonly caused by head injuries, physical trauma, shock, repression, Or even anesthesia. People who suffer from amnesia experience a temporary or permanent loss of memory. A person with amnesia undergo occupational therapy to help him or her cope with the condition. Occupational therapy is a form of therapy given to the those. recovering from physical or mental illness. It engages the patients in activities that will enable him or her to eventually perform normal daily activities Brain Tumor A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain/a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain. Many different types of brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors are noncancerous (benign), and some brain tumors are cancerous (malignant). The patient suffers from headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Having a brain tumor is a serious condition, surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy are some methods used to treat a brain tumors. Cerebral Palsy Partial or complete brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth is generally called cerebral palsy. A person with cerebral palsy experiences speech difficulties, convulsions, and a lack of muscular coordination. To improve the patient's conditions and life quality, he or she to undergo therapy and take medicines that a doctor prescribes. Caring for the Nervous System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Drink plenty of water. Eat healthy foods/having à balanced diet. Exercise regularly. Getting Enough rest. Protect your brain and spinal cord from falls and accidents.