National Education Policy 2020 PDF

National Education Policy 2020 Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India  National Education Policy 2020 INDEX No. Contents Page No...

National Education Policy 2020 Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India  National Education Policy 2020 INDEX No. Contents Page No Introduction 3 I SCHOOL EDUCATION 6-30 1 Early Childhood Care and Education: The Foundation of Learning 5 2 Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: An Urgent & Necessary Pre-requisite to 7 Learning 3 Curtailing Dropout Rates and Ensuring Universal Access to Education at All 9 Levels 4 Curriculum and Pedagogy in Schools: Learning Should be Holistic, Integrated, 10 Inclusive, Enjoyable, and Engaging 5 Teachers 18 6 Equitable and Inclusive Education: Learning for All 23 7 Efficient Resourcing and Effective Governance through School Complexes/ 26 Clusters 8 Regulation and Accreditation of School Education 27 II HIGHER EDUCATION 30-49 9 Quality Universities and Colleges: A New and Forward-looking Vision for India’s 30 Higher Education System 10 Institutional Re-structuring and Consolidation 31 11 Towards a More Holistic Education 33 12 Optimal Learning Environments and Support for Students 35 13 Motivated, Energised, and Capable Faculty 38 14 Equity and Inclusion in Higher Education 39 15 Teacher Education 40 16 Re-imagining Vocational Education 41 17 Professional Education 43 18 Promoting high quality research : National Research Foundation 44 19 Effective Governance and Leadership for Higher Education Institutions 46 20 Transforming the Regulatory System of Higher Education 47 III OTHER KEY AREAS OF FOCUS 49-56 21 Adult Education 49 22 Promotion of Indian Languages, Arts, and Culture 51 23 Technology Use and Integration 54 IV MAKING IT HAPPEN 56-60 24 Establishing an Apex Advisory Body for Indian Education 56 25 Financing: Affordable and Quality Education for All 58 26 Implementation 59 Page 2 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 Introduction 0.1. Education is fundamental for achieving full human potential, developing an equitable and just society, and promoting national development. Providing universal access to quality education is the key to economic growth, social justice and equality, scientific advancement, national integration and cultural preservation; and for India’s continued ascent, progress, and leadership on the global stage. India will have the highest youth population in the world over the next decade, and our ability to provide high-quality educational opportunities to them will shape the future of our country. 0.2. The world is undergoing rapid changes in the knowledge landscape. With the rise of big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, many unskilled jobs worldwide may be taken over by machines, while the need for skilled labour, particularly involving mathematics, computer science and data science, in conjunction with multi-disciplinary abilities across the sciences, social sciences and humanities, will be in rapidly increasing demand. With climate change and rapid depletion of natural resources, there will be a sizable shift in how we meet the world’s energy, water, and sanitation needs, again resulting in the need for new skilled labour, particularly in biology, chemistry, physics, and climate science. There will be a growing demand for humanities and art, as India moves towards becoming a developed country and among the three largest economies in the world. 0.3. Indeed, with the quickly changing employment and global ecosystem, it is becoming increasingly important that children not only learn but learn how to learn. Education must thus, move towards less content, and more towards learning about how to think critically and solve problems, how to be creative and multi-disciplinary, and how to innovate, adapt, and absorb new material in novel and changing fields. While learning by rote can be beneficial in specific contexts, pedagogy must evolve to make education more experiential, holistic, integrated, discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-based, flexible, and, of course, enjoyable. The curriculum must include basic arts, crafts, humanities, games, sports and fitness, languages, literature, culture, and values, in addition to science and mathematics, to develop all aspects of learners’ brains and make education more well-rounded, useful, and fulfilling to the learner. Education must build character, enable learners to be ethical, rational, compassionate, and caring, while at the same time prepare them for gainful, fulfilling employment. 0.4. The aim must be for India to have an education system that ensures equitable access to the highest-quality education for all learners regardless of social and economic background. To achieve this, actions must be taken now and with urgency. 0.5. The gap between the current state of learning outcomes and what is desirable must be bridged through undertaking major reforms to bring the highest quality and integrity into the system, from early childhood education through higher education. 0.6. This National Education Policy is the first education policy of the 21st century, and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of this country. This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century education, while remaining consistent with India’s traditions and value systems. The National Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual, in all its richness and complexity. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive skills - both ‘foundational skills’ of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive skills such as critical thinking and Page 3 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 problem solving – but also social and emotional skills - also referred to as ‘soft skills’ - including cultural awareness and empathy, perseverance and grit, teamwork, leadership, communication, among others. 0.7. The rich heritage of ancient Indian Knowledge has been a guiding light for this Policy. The aim of education in ancient India was not just the acquisition of knowledge, as preparation for life in this world or life beyond schooling, but for complete realisation and liberation of the self. World-class institutions of ancient India, such as Takshashila, Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi set the highest standards of multidisciplinary teaching and research and hosted scholars and students from across backgrounds and countries. The Indian education system produced scholars like Charaka and Susruta, Aryabhata, Bhaskaracharya, Chanakya, Madhava, Patanjali, Panini and Thiruvalluvar, among numerous others. They made seminal contributions to world knowledge in diverse fields, such as mathematics, astronomy, metallurgy, medical science and surgery, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, yoga, fine arts, chess, and more. Indian culture and philosophy has had a strong influence on the world. These rich legacies to world heritage must not only be nurtured and preserved for posterity but also researched, enhanced and put to new uses through our education system. For instance, they can be integrated into a holistic education to help develop the creativity and originality of students and to encourage them to innovate. 0.8. The teacher and the teacher’s condition must and will be at the centre of these changes. The new education policy must help reinstate teachers, at all levels, as the most respected and essential members of our society, because they truly shape our next generation of citizens. It must do everything to empower teachers, and help them to do their job as effectively as possible. The new education policy must help recruit the very best and brightest to enter the teaching profession at all levels, by ensuring teachers their livelihood, respect, dignity, and autonomy, while also installing in the system basic methods of quality control and accountability. 0.9. The new education policy must provide to all students, irrespective of their place of residence, a quality education system, with particular focus on historically marginalised, disadvantaged, and under-represented groups. Education is a great leveller and is the best tool for achieving economic and social mobility, inclusion and equality. Initiatives must be in place to ensure that all students from such groups, despite inherent obstacles, are presented with (and are made aware of) various targeted opportunities to enter and excel in the educational system. 0.10. These elements must, of course, be incorporated in an Indian manner and style, taking into account the local and global needs of the country, and with a respect for and deference to its rich diversity and culture. An instilling of knowledge of all of India and its varied social, cultural, and technological needs, its inimitable artistic, language, and knowledge traditions, and its strong ethics in India’s young people is considered critical for purposes of national pride, self-confidence, self-knowledge, cooperation, and integration – and thus, consequently, its continued progress and ascent. Previous policies 0.11. The implementation of previous policies on education has focused mainly on issues of access and equity, with a lesser emphasis on quality of education. The unfinished agenda of the National Policy on Education 1986, Modified in 1992 (NPE 1986/92), is appropriately dealt with in this Policy. A major development since the last Policy of 1986/92 has been the Page 4 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 which laid down the legal underpinnings for achieving universal elementary education. Principles of this Policy 0.12. The foundational pillars of this Policy are access, equity, quality, affordability and accountability. It believes that the purpose of education is to develop good human beings - capable of rational thought and action, possessing compassion and empathy, courage and resilience, scientific temper and creative imagination, with sound ethical moorings and values. It aims at producing engaged, productive, and contributing citizens for building an equitable, inclusive, and plural society as envisaged by our Constitution. 0.13. The principles on which this Policy is based are: flexibility, for learners to choose their learning trajectories and programmes, and thereby choose their paths in life according to their own talents interests; no hard separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra-curricular activities, between vocational and academic, etc., to ensure the integrity and unity of knowledge and eliminate harmful hierarchies among, and silos between, different areas of learning; multi-disciplinary and a holistic education (across the sciences, social sciences, arts, humanities, and sports) for a multidisciplinary world; emphasis on conceptual understanding (rather than rote learning and learning-for-exams), on creativity and critical thinking (to encourage logical decision-making and innovation), on ethics and human & Constitutional values (e.g., empathy, respect for others, cleanliness, etiquette, courtesy, democratic spirit, spirit of service, scientific temper, liberty, responsibility, pluralism, equality and justice), and on life skills (e.g., cooperation, teamwork, communication, resilience); regular formative assessment for learning rather than the summative assessment that encourages today’s ‘coaching culture’; a respect for diversity and respect for the local context in all curriculum, pedagogy, and policy, always keeping in mind that education is a concurrent subject; full equity and inclusion as the cornerstone of all educational decisions, to ensure all students are able to thrive in the education system; resource efficiency without any compromise on equity and quality; teachers and faculty as the heart of the learning process – their rigorous recruitment and preparation, continuous professional development, positive working environments and service conditions must be assured; a ‘light but tight’ oversight and regulatory system to ensure integrity and transparency of the educational system (through audit and public disclosure) while simultaneously encouraging innovation and out-of-the-box ideas through autonomy, good governance and empowerment; outstanding research as a prerequisite for outstanding education and development; continuous policy-making based on regular assessment of realities on the ground by educational experts; a rootedness and pride in India and its rich, diverse, ancient and modern culture and knowledge systems and traditions, and its forward- looking aspirations, to be incorporated where relevant in an accurate manner, and form an anchor and source of inspiration for all education; finally, education is a public service and not a commercial activity or a source of profit; access to quality education must be considered a fundamental right of every citizen; substantial investment in a strong, vibrant public education system - as well as the encouragement and facilitation of true philanthropic private participation. The vision of this Policy 0.14. This National Education Policy aims at building a global best education system rooted in Indian ethos, and aligned with the principles enunciated above, thereby transforming India into a global knowledge superpower. Page 5 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 I. SCHOOL EDUCATION 1. Early Childhood Care and Education: The Foundation of Learning 1.1. Over 85% of a child’s cumulative brain development occurs prior to the age of 6, indicating the critical importance of appropriate care and stimulation of the brain in a child’s early years for healthy brain development and growth. It is, therefore of the utmost importance that every child has access to quality early childhood care and education (ECCE). Presently, quality ECCE is not available to most young children, particularly children from economically disadvantaged families. Investment in ECCE has the potential to give all young children such access, enabling all children to participate and flourish in the educational system throughout their lives. ECCE would be the greatest and most powerful equaliser. Universal provisioning of quality early childhood development, care and education must be thus be achieved by 2030, to ensure that all children entering Grade 1 are school ready. 1.2. ECCE ideally consists of flexible, multi-faceted, multi-level, play-based, activity- based, and discovery-based learning about, e.g., alphabets, languages, numbers, counting, colours, shapes, indoor and outdoor play, puzzles and logical thinking, problem-solving, drawing, painting and other visual art, craft, drama and puppetry, music and movement. It also includes a focus on developing social capacities, sensitivity, good behaviour, courtesy, ethics, personal and public cleanliness, teamwork and cooperation. The overall aim of ECCE will be to attain optimal outcomes in the domains of physical and motor development, cognitive development, socio-emotional-ethical development, cultural/artistic development, and the development of communication and early language, literacy, and numeracy. 1.3. An excellent curricular and pedagogical framework for early childhood education for children up to the age of 8 will be developed by NCERT, in two parts, namely, a sub- framework for 0-3 year olds, and a sub-framework for 3-8 year olds, in accordance with the above guidelines, the latest research on ECCE, and national and international best practices. In particular, the numerous rich local traditions of India developed over millennia in early childhood care and education, involving art, stories, poetry, songs, and more, will also be suitably incorporated. The framework will serve as a guide both for parents as well as for early childhood education institutions. 1.4. The overarching goal will be to ensure universal access to high-quality early childhood care and education across the country in a phased manner. Special attention and priority will be given to districts and locations that are particularly socio-economically disadvantaged. ECCE shall be delivered through a significantly expanded and strengthened system of early- childhood educational institutions consisting of (a) stand-alone Anganwadis; (b) Anganwadis co-located with primary schools; (c) pre-primary schools/sections covering at least age 5 to 6 years co-located with existing primary schools; and (d) stand-alone pre- schools - all of which would employ workers/teachers specially trained in the curriculum and pedagogy of ECCE. 1.5. For universal access to Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), the Anganwadi Centres will be strengthened with high quality infrastructure, play equipment and well- trained Anganwadi workers/teachers. Every Anganwadi must have a well-ventilated, well- designed, child-friendly and well-constructed building with an enriched learning environment. Funds for this programme will be provided by the Central and State governments. Page 6 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 1.6. To prepare an initial cadre of high-quality ECE teachers, current Anganwadi workers/teachers will be trained through a systematic effort and as per the curricular/pedagogical framework developed by NCERT. Those Anganwadi workers/teachers with qualifications of 10+2 and above shall be given a 6-month certificate programme in ECE; and those with lower educational qualifications shall be given a one-year diploma programme covering early literacy, numeracy and other relevant aspects of ECE. These programmes may be run through digital/distance mode using DTH channels as well as smart phones, allowing teachers to acquire ECE qualifications with minimal disruption to their current work. The ECE training of the Anganwadi workers/teachers will be mentored by the Cluster Resource Centres of the School Education Department who shall have at least one monthly contact class with the Anganwadi teachers for continuous assessment. 1.7. On completion of education up to the age of 5 in Anganwadi, every child shall move to a “Preparatory Class” (that is, before Class 1) in the primary school which has an ECE qualified teacher, deployed by rationalising existing human resources, or specially appointed for this purpose. The learning in the Preparatory Class shall again be based primarily on play- based learning with a focus on developing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities and early literacy and numeracy. The mid-day meal programme shall be extended to the Preparatory Class along with other primary school children. The health check-ups and growth monitoring that are available in the Anganwadi system shall also be made available to Preparatory Class students. 1.8. ECE will also be introduced in Ashramshalas in tribal-dominated areas in a phased manner. The process for integration and implementation of ECE in Ashramshalas will be similar to that detailed above. 1.9. The responsibility for ECCE curriculum and pedagogy will lie with the MHRD to ensure continuity of curriculum and pedagogy from pre-primary school to primary school, and to ensure due attention to the foundational aspects of education. The implementation of early childhood education will be carried out jointly by the Ministries of HRD, Women and Child Development (WCD), Health and Family Welfare (HFW) and Tribal Affairs. A special joint task force will be constituted for continuous guidance of the integration. 1.10. In the longer term, State Governments shall prepare cadres of professionally qualified educators for early childhood education, through stage-specific professional training, mentoring mechanisms, and career mapping. Necessary facilities will also be created for the initial professional preparation of these educators and their Continuous Professional Development (CPD). In order to generate demand for ECCE among all stakeholders-, including policymakers, parents, teachers, and community members-, large-scale advocacy shall be undertaken. 2. Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: An Urgent & Necessary Prerequisite to Learning 2.1. The ability to read and write, and perform basic operations with numbers, is a necessary foundation and an indispensable prerequisite for all future school and lifelong learning. However, various governmental, as well as non-governmental surveys, indicate that we are currently in a severe learning crisis: a large proportion of students currently in elementary school estimated to be over 5 crores - have not attained foundational literacy and numeracy, i.e., the ability to read and comprehend basic text and the ability to carry out basic addition Page 7 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 and subtraction with Indian numerals. If action is not taken soon, over the next few years, then we could lose 10 crores or more students from the learning system to illiteracy. 2.2 Attaining foundational literacy and numeracy for all children must receive an urgent national attention, with immediate measures to be taken on many fronts and with clear goals that will be attained in the short term (including that every student must attain foundational literacy and numeracy by Grade 3). The very highest priority of the education system will be to achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary school and beyond by 2025. The rest of this Policy will be largely irrelevant for such a large portion of our students if this most basic learning requirement (i.e., reading, writing, and arithmetic at the foundational level) is not first achieved. To this end, all State/UT governments will immediately prepare an implementation plan for attaining universal foundational literacy and numeracy in all primary and middle schools, identifying stage-wise targets and goals to be achieved by 2025, and closely tracking and monitoring progress of the same. 2.3. Teacher vacancies will be filled as soon as possible, in a time -bound manner - especially in disadvantaged areas and areas with large pupil-to-teacher ratios, or high rates of illiteracy - with special attention given to employing local teachers and female teachers. At least one teacher per class/grade and a pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) of under 30:1, will be ensured at the level of each school; socio-economically disadvantaged areas will aim for a PTR of under 25:1. Teachers will be trained, encouraged, and supported - with continuous professional development for the purpose - to impart foundational literacy and numeracy to students who have fallen behind. 2.4. On the curricular side, it will be extremely vital to introduce an increased focus on foundational literacy and numeracy - and generally, on reading, writing, speaking, counting, arithmetic, and mathematical thinking - throughout the primary school curriculum. The dedication of specific hours daily and regular events over the year, to activities involving these subjects, will be implemented to encourage and excite students to pursue these areas. Teacher education and the early grade school curriculum will be redesigned to have a renewed emphasis on foundational literacy and numeracy. A national repository of high- quality resources on foundational literacy and numeracy will be made available on the National Teacher’s Portal. Technological interventions to serve as aids to teachers will be piloted and implemented, and public and school libraries expanded to build a culture of reading and communication. Digital libraries will also be encouraged to be set up in all public and school libraries. 2.5 Due to the scale of the current learning crisis, all viable methods will be explored to support teachers in this all-important mission. Studies around the world show one-on-one peer tutoring to be extremely effective for learning - not just for the learner, but also for the tutor. Thus, peer tutoring can be taken up as a voluntary and joyful activity for fellow students under the supervision of trained teachers and by taking due care of safety aspects. Third, it will be made far easier for trained volunteers - from both the local community and beyond - to participate in this large-scale mission of the schooling system. Trained and qualified social workers from civil society organizations/departments of Social Justices and Empowerment could be connected to the schools through various innovative mechanisms to be adopted by State/UT Governments. If every literate member of the community could commit to teaching one student/person how to read, it would change the country’s landscape very quickly; this mission will be highly encouraged and supported. States may consider establishing innovative models to foster such peer-tutoring and volunteer activities, as well as launch other programmes to support teachers, in this urgent mission to promote foundational literacy and numeracy during this learning crisis. Page 8 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 2.6. As, at the current time, with lack of universal access to ECCE, a large proportion of children fall behind already within the first few weeks of Grade 1, an interim 3-month play- based ‘school preparation module’ for all Grade 1 students, consisting of activities and workbooks around the learning of alphabets, sounds, words, colours, shapes, and numbers, and involving collaboration with peers and parents, will be developed by NCERT and SCERTs in order to ensure that all children are school-ready. 2.7. Children are unable to learn optimally when they are undernourished or unwell. Hence, the nutrition and health (including mental health) of children will be addressed, through healthy meals and the introduction of well-trained social workers, counsellors and community involvement into the schooling system, as well as through various continuing measures for addressing poverty that may lie beyond the education system. All school children shall undergo regular health check-ups organised by the schools and for this health cards will be issued to them. Research shows that the hours of the morning after a nutritious breakfast can be particularly productive for the study of subjects that are cognitively more demanding; these hours may be leveraged by providing a simple but energising breakfast in addition to midday meals. Expenditure on meals will be linked to food costs and inflation in order to ensure the quality of food served and its nutritional content. 3. Curtailing Dropout Rates and Ensuring Universal Access to Education at All Levels 3.1. One of the primary goals of the schooling system must be to ensure that children are enrolled in and attending school. Through initiatives such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the Right to Education Act, India has made remarkable strides in recent years in attaining near-universal enrolment in elementary education. However, the data for later grades indicates some serious issues in retaining children in the schooling system. The GER for Grades 6-8 was 90.7%, while for Grades 9-10 and 11-12 it was only 79.3% and 51.3%, respectively - indicating that a significant proportion of enrolled students begin to drop out after Grade 5 and especially after Grade 8. As per the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) an estimated 6.2 crores children of school age (between 6 and 18 years) were out of school in 2013. It must be a top priority of the country to bring these children back into the educational fold as early as possible, and to prevent further students from dropping out, with a goal to achieve 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio in pre-school through secondary school by 2035. A concerted national effort by both the Centre and States/UTs will be made to ensure access and afford opportunity to all children of the country to obtain quality education from pre-school to Grade 12, including vocational education. 3.2. There are two overall initiatives that will be undertaken in order to bring children who have dropped out back to school and to prevent further children from dropping out. The first is to provide effective and sufficient infrastructure so that all students have access to safe and engaging school education at all levels from pre-primary school through Grade 12. This will be attained by upgrading and enlarging the schools that already exist, building additional quality schools in areas where they do not exist, and providing safe and practical conveyances, especially for the girl children, and/or hostels so that all children have the opportunity to attend a quality school of the appropriate level. Alternative and innovative education mechanisms and systems would be put in place to ensure that children who are dropping out of school will be brought back into mainstream education. 3.3. The second is to achieve universal participation in school by carefully tracking students, as well as their learning levels, in order to continually work towards ensuring that they a) are Page 9 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 enrolled in and attending school, and b) have suitable opportunities for remediation and re- entry in case they have fallen behind or dropped out. For providing equitable and quality education until Grade 12 to all children up to the age of 18, suitable facilitating systems shall be put in place. Counsellors recruited to schools/school complexes or well-trained social workers and teachers will continuously work with students and their parents, and will travel through and connect with communities to ensure that all school-age children are attending and learning in school. 3.4. Once infrastructure and participation are in place, ensuring quality across the board will indeed be key in retaining students, so that students (particularly girls and under-represented groups) and their parents do not lose interest in attending school. This will require a strong channel and system of incentives for the best teachers to be deployed to areas where dropout rates are particularly high, as well as an overhaul of the curriculum to make it more engaging and useful for all students. 3.5. To facilitate learning for all students, with special emphasis on SEDGs, the scope of school education will be broadened to facilitate multiple pathways to learning involving formal and non-formal education modes. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Programmes offered by the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) will be expanded and strengthened for meeting the learning needs of young people in India who are not able to attend a physical school. NIOS will offer the following programmes in addition to the present programmes: education at A, B and C levels that are equivalent to Grades 3, 5, and 8 of the formal school system; secondary education programmes that are equivalent to Grades 10 and 12; vocational education courses/programmes; and adult literacy and life-enrichment programmes. States will be encouraged to develop State analogues of these offerings in regional languages by establishing State Institutes of Open Schooling (SIOS). 3.6. To make it easier for both governments as well as non-governmental philanthropic organisations to build schools, to encourage local variations on account of culture, geography, and demographics, and to allow alternative models of education, such as gurukulas, pathshaalas, madarasas, and home schooling, the requirements for schools will be made less restrictive. The focus will be to have less emphasis on input and greater emphasis on output potential concerning desired learning outcomes. Regulations on inputs will be limited to ensuring safety of children (both physical and psychological), access and inclusion, the non- profit nature of schools, and minimum standards for learning outcomes. Other models for schools will also be piloted, such as philanthropic-public partnerships, public –private partnerships (PPP) etc. 4. Curriculum and Pedagogy in Schools: Learning Should be Holistic, Integrated, Inclusive, Enjoyable, and Engaging Restructuring school curriculum and pedagogy in a new design 5+3+3+4 4.1. The curricular and pedagogical structure of school education will be reconfigured to make them responsive and relevant to the developmental needs and interests of learners at different stages of their development, corresponding to the age ranges of 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years, respectively. The curricular and pedagogical structure and the curricular framework for school education will therefore be guided by a 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 design, consisting of the Foundational (3 years of preschool + Grades 1-2), Preparatory (Grades 3- 5), Middle (Grades 6-8), and High school (Grades 9-12 in two phases, i.e. 9 and 10 in the Page 10 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 first and 11 and 12 in the second) stages respectively, with an option of exiting at Class 10 and re-entering in the next phase. 4.2. The Foundational Stage will consist of play/activity-based learning and the aforementioned curriculum and pedagogy of ECCE. It will also include a focus on good behaviour, courtesy, ethics, personal and public hygiene/cleanliness, teamwork and cooperation, etc. The Preparatory Stage will transition gradually from play-based learning to more formal but interactive classroom learning, with the introduction of some (light) textbooks, in order to lay a solid groundwork across subjects, including reading, writing, speaking, physical education, art, languages, science, and mathematics. The Middle Stage will see the introduction of subject teachers for learning/discussion of the more abstract concepts in each subject that students will be ready for at this stage, across the sciences, mathematics, arts, social sciences, and humanities. The High School (or Secondary) Stage will comprise of four years of multidisciplinary study, building on the subject-oriented pedagogical and curricular style of the Middle Stage, but with greater depth, greater critical thinking, greater attention to life aspirations, and greater flexibility and student choice. The High School Stage may also allow exposure to more subjects and enable greater flexibility, and more frequent assessment of modules. 4.3. The above-described stages are purely curricular and pedagogical, designed to optimize learning for students based on cognitive development of children; they will inform the development of national and state curricula and teaching-learning strategies at each stage, but it will not be necessary to make parallel changes to physical infrastructure. 4.4. All four stages, in accordance with what may be possible in different regions, may also consider moving towards a semester system, or a system that allows the inclusion of shorter modules - or courses (such as arts or sports) that are taught on alternate days - in order to allow an exposure to more subjects and enable greater flexibility with more frequent formative assessment for learning. States may look into innovative methods to achieve these aims of greater flexibility and exposure to and enjoyment of a wider range of subjects, including across the arts, sciences, humanities, languages, sports, and vocational subjects. 4.5. To close the gap between the current state of learning outcomes and what is truly needed, classroom transactions may shift in certain subjects, as appropriate towards competency- based learning and education. The assessment tools (including assessment “as”, “of” and “for” learning) must also be aligned with the learning outcomes, capabilities and dispositions as specified for each subject of a given class. To achieve this, in all stages, experiential learning must be adopted, including arts integrated and sports integrated education, story- telling based pedagogy, among others, as standard pedagogy within each subject, with explorations of relations among different subjects. Holistic development of learners 4.6. The key overall thrust of curriculum and pedagogy reform across all stages will be to move the education system towards real understanding and learning how to learn - and away from the culture of rote learning as is present today. The goal will be to create holistic and well-rounded individuals equipped with key 21st-century skills. All aspects of curriculum and pedagogy will be reoriented and revamped to attain these critical goals. 4.7 Curriculum content will be reduced in each subject to its core essentials, to make space for critical thinking and more holistic, discovery-based, discussion-based, and analysis-based learning. The mandated contents will focus on key concepts, ideas, applications, and problem Page 11 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 -solving. Teaching and learning will strive to be conducted more interactively; questions will be encouraged, and classroom sessions will regularly contain more fun, creative, collaborative, and exploratory activities for students for deeper and more experiential learning. 4.8. Students will be given increased flexibility and choice of subjects to study, particularly in secondary school - including subjects in physical education, the arts, and vocational crafts – so that they may be free to design their own paths of study and life plans. Holistic development and a wide choice of subjects and courses year to year will be the new distinguishing feature of secondary school education. There will be no hard separation among ‘curricular’, ‘extra-curricular’, or ‘co-curricular’ areas, among ‘arts’, ‘humanities’, and ‘sciences’, or between ‘vocational’ or ‘academic’ streams. Subjects such as physical education, the arts, and vocational crafts, in addition to science, humanities, and mathematics, will be seriously incorporated throughout the school curriculum, with a consideration for what is interesting and safe at each age. Multilingualism and the power of language 4.9. It is well-understood that young children learn and grasp non-trivial concepts more quickly in their home language/mother tongue. Wherever possible, the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, will be the home language/mother-tongue/local language. Thereafter, the home/local language shall continue to be taught as a language wherever possible. This will be followed by both public and private schools. High-quality textbooks, including in science, will be made available in home languages. In cases where home-language textbook material is not available, the language of the transaction between teachers and students will still remain the home language wherever possible. Teachers will be encouraged to use a bilingual approach, including bilingual teaching-learning materials, with those students whose home language may be different from the medium of instruction. All languages will be taught with high quality; a language does not need to be the medium of instruction for it to be learned well. 4.10. As research clearly shows that children pick up languages extremely quickly between the ages of 2 and 8 and that multilingualism has great cognitive benefits to young students, children will be exposed to languages early on (but with a particular emphasis on the mother tongue), starting from the Foundational Stage onwards. All languages will be taught in an enjoyable and interactive style, with plenty of interactive conversation, and with plenty of early reading and subsequently writing in the mother tongue in the early years – with skills developed for reading and writing in the other two languages in Grade 3 and beyond. All language learning will aim to be experiential and enhanced through art, such as music, poetry, and theatre. There will be a major effort from both the Central and State governments to invest in large numbers of language teachers in all regional languages around the country, and in particular all Schedule 8 languages. States, especially states from different regions of India, may enter bilateral agreements to hire teachers in large numbers from each other, to satisfy the three-language formula in their respective states, and also to encourage the study of Indian languages across the country. 4.11. The three-language formula will continue to be implemented while keeping in mind the Constitutional provisions, the need to promote multilingualism and national unity while providing for greater flexibility. 4.12. Students whose medium of instruction is the local/home language will begin to learn science and mathematics, bilingually in Grade 6 so that by the end of Grade 9 they can speak Page 12 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 about science and other subjects both in their home language and English. In this regard, all efforts will be made in preparing high-quality bilingual textbooks and teaching-learning materials. 4.13. The home/local language and/or the second Indian language will be enhanced with the reading of and analysis of uplifting literature from the Indian subcontinent, ancient to modern, and by authors from all walks of life, as well as through other arts, such as by playing and discussing music or film excerpts, or engaging in theatre in these languages. 4.14. As so many developed countries around the world have amply demonstrated, being well educated in one’s language, culture, and traditions is indeed a huge benefit to educational, social, and technological advancement. India’s languages are among the richest, most scientific, most beautiful, and most expressive in the world, with a huge body of ancient as well as modern literature (both prose and poetry), film, and music written in these languages that help form India’s national identity and wealth. For purposes of cultural enrichment as well as national integration, all young Indians should be aware of the rich and vast array of languages of their country, and the treasures that they and their literature contain. 4.15. Thus, every student in the country will participate in a fun project/activity on ‘The Languages of India’ sometime in Grades 6-8. In this project/activity, students will learn about the remarkable unity of most of the major Indian languages, starting with their common phonetic and scientifically-arranged alphabets and scripts, their common grammatical structures, their origins and sources of vocabularies from Sanskrit and other classical languages, as well as their rich inter-influences and differences. They will also learn what geographical areas speak which languages, get a sense of the nature and structure of tribal languages, and they would learn to say a few lines in every major language of India and a bit about the rich and uplifting literature of each. Such an activity would give them both a sense of the unity and the beautiful cultural heritage and diversity of India and would be a wonderful icebreaker their whole lives as they meet people from other parts of India. This project/activity would be a joyful activity and would not involve any form of assessment. 4.16. The importance, relevance, and beauty of the classical languages and literature of India also cannot be overlooked. Sanskrit, while also an important modern (Schedule 8) language, possesses a classical literature that is greater in volume than that of Latin and Greek put together, containing vast treasures of mathematics, philosophy, grammar, music, politics, medicine, architecture, metallurgy, drama, poetry, storytelling, and more, written by people of various religions as well as non-religious people, and by people from all walks of life and a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds over thousands of years. Sanskrit will thus be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an important, enriching option for students. It will be taught in ways that are interesting and experiential as well as contemporarily relevant. Sanskrit textbooks at the foundational and middle school level may be rewritten in Simple Standard Sanskrit (SSS) to teach Sanskrit through Sanskrit (STS) and make its study truly enjoyable. 4.17. India also has an extremely rich literature in other classical languages, including classical Tamil, as well as classical Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia, in addition to Pali, Persian, and Prakrit; these classical languages and their works of literature too must be preserved for their richness and for the pleasure and enrichment of posterity. When India becomes a fully developed country, the next generation will want to be able to partake in and be enriched as humans by India’s extensive and beautiful classical literature which contains great intellectual and cultural treasures. Page 13 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 4.18. In addition to Sanskrit, the teaching of all other classical languages and literature of India, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Pali, Persian, and Prakrit, will also be widely available in schools as options (possibly as online modules), through experiential and innovative approaches, including by integration of technology, to ensure that these languages and literature stay alive and vibrant, especially in those states where they may be best taught and nurtured. 4.19. For the enrichment of our children, and for the preservation of these rich languages and their artistic treasures, all students in all schools, public or private, may have the option of learning at least two years of a classical language of India and its associated literature, through experiential and innovative approaches including by integration of technology, in Grades 6-12, with the option to continue from middle level through secondary education and university. 4.20. In addition to high quality offerings in Indian languages and English, foreign languages, such as Korean, Chinese, Japanese, Thai, French, German, Spanish, or Russian will also be widely offered at the secondary level, for students to learn about the cultures of the world and to increase their global knowledge and mobility according to their own interests and aspirations. 4.21. The teaching of all languages will be enhanced through innovative and experiential methods, such as gamification and apps, and by weaving in the cultural aspects of the languages, with the teaching-learning of various subjects and with real-life experiences through films, theatre and storytelling, art and music, local literature, etc. Thus, the teaching of languages will also be based on experiential learning pedagogy. 4.22. Indian Sign Language (ISL) will be standardised across the country and National and State curriculum materials developed, for use by students with hearing impairment. Local sign languages will be respected and taught as well, where possible and relevant. Curricular integration of essential subjects and skills 4.23. While students must have a large amount of flexibility in choosing their individual curricula, certain subjects and skills should be learned by all students to become good, successful, innovative, adaptable, and productive human beings in today’s rapidly-changing world. In addition to proficiency in languages, these skills include: scientific temper and evidence-based thinking; creativity and innovativeness; sense of aesthetics and art; oral and written communication; health and nutrition; physical education, wellness, fitness and sports; collaboration and teamwork; problem solving and logical reasoning; vocational exposure and skills; digital literacy, coding and computational thinking; ethical and moral reasoning; including knowledge and practice of human and Constitutional values (such as patriotism, sacrifice, non-violence, truth, honesty, peace, righteous conduct, forgiveness, tolerance, mercy, sympathy, helpfulness, cleanliness, courtesy, integrity, pluralism, responsibility, justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity); gender sensitisation; fundamental duties, citizenship skills and values; knowledge of India (including Indian knowledge systems); environmental awareness, water and resource conservation; current affairs and knowledge of critical issues facing local communities, states, the country, and the world. It is recognised that mathematics and mathematical thinking will be very important for India’s future and India’s leadership role in the numerous upcoming fields and professions that will involve artificial intelligence, machine learning and data science. Page 14 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 4.24 Concerted curricular and pedagogical initiatives, including the introduction of contemporary subjects, such as Artificial Intelligence, Design Thinking, Holistic Health, Organic Living, etc. at relevant stages will be undertaken to develop these various important skills in students at all levels. 4.25. Every student will take a fun year-long course, during Grades 6-8, that gives a survey and hands-on experience of a sampling of important vocational crafts, such as carpentry, electric work, metal work, gardening, pottery making, etc., as decided by States and local communities and as mapped by local skilling needs. 4.26. Basic training in health, including preventive health, mental health, nutrition, personal and public hygiene, and first-aid will also be included in the curriculum, as will be scientific explanations of the detrimental and damaging effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. National Curriculum Framework 4.27. The NCF 2005 outlines many excellent strategies that are still relevant for accomplishing a more constructivist type of learning. This document will be revisited and updated by the end of 2020, taking into account the changing context of education today and, in particular, all the above Policy points, and will be made available in all regional languages. This document shall henceforth be revisited and updated once in every five years. National textbooks with local content and flavour 4.28. The reduction in, and increased flexibility of, school curriculum content - and the renewed emphasis on constructivist rather than rote learning - must be accompanied by parallel changes in school textbooks. All textbooks shall aim to contain the essential core material (together with discussion, analysis, examples, and applications) deemed important on a national level, but at the same time contain any desired nuances and supplementary material as per local contexts and needs. Where possible, teachers will also have choices in the textbooks they employ - from among a set of textbooks that contain the requisite national and local material - so that they may teach in a manner that is best suited to the achievement of learning outcomes, and their students’ and communities’ needs. 4.29. The aim will be to provide such quality textbooks at the lowest possible cost - namely, the cost of production/printing - in order to mitigate the burden of textbook prices on the students and on the educational system. This may be accomplished by using high-quality textbook materials developed by NCERT in conjunction with the SCERTs; additional textbook materials would be funded by public-private partnerships and crowd sourcing that incentivise experts to write such high-quality textbooks at-cost-price. States will prepare their own curricula (which may be based on the NCERT National Curriculum Framework to the extent possible) and prepare textbooks (which may be based on the NCERT textbook materials to the extent possible), incorporating State flavour and material as needed. The availability of such textbooks in all regional languages will be a top priority so that all students have access to high-quality learning. All efforts will be made to ensure timely availability of textbooks in schools. Access to downloadable PDF printable version of all textbooks will be provided by all States/UTs and NCERT to help for it conserve the environment and reduce the logistical burden. 4.30. Concerted efforts, through suitable changes in curriculum and pedagogy, will be made by NCERT, SCERTs, schools and educators, to significantly reduce the weight of school bags and textbooks that students are asked to carry to and from school on a daily basis. Page 15 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 Transforming assessment for student development 4.31. The aim of assessment in the culture of our schooling system will shift from one that primarily tests rote memorisation skills to one that is more formative, is more competency- based, promotes learning and development for our students, and tests higher-order skills, such as analysis, critical thinking, and conceptual clarity. The primary purpose of assessment will indeed be for learning - it will help the teacher and student - and the entire schooling system continuously revise teaching-learning processes to optimise learning and development for all students. This will be the underlying principle for assessment at all levels of education. 4.32. The current nature of secondary school exams, including Board exams and entrance exams - and the resulting coaching culture of today - are doing much harm, especially at the secondary school level, replacing valuable time for true learning with excessive exam coaching and preparation. These exams also force students to learn a very narrow band of material in a single stream, rather than allowing the flexibility and choice that will be so important in the individualized education system of the future. 4.33. The existing system of entrance examinations shall be reformed to eliminate the need for undertaking coaching for ‘cracking’ the examination. To reverse these harmful effects of the current assessment system, Board exams will encourage holistic development; students will be able to choose many of the subjects in which they take Board exams, depending on their individualised interests. Board exams will also be made ‘easier’, in the sense that they will test primarily core capacities rather than months of coaching and memorisation; any student who has been regularly attending and making a basic effort in a school class will be able to pass the corresponding subject Board Exam without much additional effort. To further eliminate the ‘high stakes’ aspect of Board Exams, all students will be allowed to take Board Exams on up to two occasions during any given school year, one main examination and one for improvement. 4.34. In addition to introducing greater flexibility, student choice, and best-of-multiple- attempts assessments that primarily test core capacities, Boards may over time develop further viable models and qualities of Board Exams that reduce pressure and the coaching culture, such as: annual/semester/modular Board Exams could be developed that each test far less material, so that the pressure from exams is better distributed, less intense, and less high- stakes across the High School stage; as suggested by NCF 2005, all subjects, beginning with mathematics, could be offered at two levels, with students doing some of their subjects at the standard level and the remaining at a higher level; each Board exam could have two parts – one part of an objective type with multiple-choice questions and the other of a descriptive type. 4.35. With regard to all of the above, guidelines will be prepared by NCERT, in consultation with major stakeholders, such as Boards of Assessment (BoAs), National Assessment Centre for School Education (NACSE) etc., and teachers prepared, for a transformation in the assessment system by 2022-23 academic session, to align with the NCF 2020. 4.36. To track students’ progress throughout their school experience, and not just at the end of Grades 10 and 12 - for the benefit of students, parents, teachers, principals, and the entire schooling system in planning improvements to schools and teaching-learning processes - all students will take State School examinations in Grades 3, 5, and 8 in addition to Board Examinations in Grades 10 and 12. Again, these examinations would test achievement of learning outcomes through assessment of core concepts and knowledge from the national and local curricula, along with relevant higher-order skills and application of knowledge in real- Page 16 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 life situations, rather than rote memorisation. The Grade 3 examination, in particular, would test basic literacy, numeracy, and other foundational skills. The results of the State School examinations will be used only for developmental purposes of the school education system - including for public disclosure by schools of their overall (and anonymized) student outcomes, and for continuous monitoring and improvement of the schooling system. 4.37. The National Assessment Centre for School Education (NACSE) shall be a standard- setting Body under the Ministry of Education (MoE), to fulfil the basic objectives of setting norms, standards and guidelines for assessment and evaluation for all recognised school boards of India, guiding the State Achievement Survey (SAS) and undertaking the National Achievement Survey (NAS), monitoring achievement of learning outcomes in the country, and encouraging and guiding school boards to shift their assessment patterns towards meeting the skill requirements of the 21st century and in consonance with the stated objectives of this Policy. This Centre will also advise the school boards regarding new assessment patterns and latest researches, promote collaborations between the school boards, and become an instrument for sharing of best practices between school boards, etc. 4.38. The principles for university entrance exams will be similar; the National Testing Agency (NTA) will work to offer high-quality common aptitude test, as well as specialised common subject exams in the sciences, humanities, languages, arts, and vocational subjects, at least twice every year. The exams shall test conceptual understanding and abilities to apply knowledge, and shall aim to eliminate the need for taking coaching for these exams. Students will be able to choose the subjects that they are interested in having tested, and each university will be able to see each student’s individual subject portfolio and admit students into their programmes based on individual interests and talents. The NTA will serve as a premier, expert, autonomous testing organisation to conduct entrance examinations for undergraduate and graduate admissions and fellowships in higher educational institutions. The high quality, range, and flexibility of the NTA testing services will enable most universities to use these common entrance exams - rather than each university conducting their own entrance exam- thereby drastically reducing the burden on students, universities and colleges, and the entire education system. Support for gifted students / students with special talents 4.39. Every student has innate talents, which must be discovered, nurtured, fostered, and developed. These talents may express themselves in the form of varying interests, dispositions, and capacities. Those students that show particularly high performing strong interests and capacities in a given realm must be encouraged to pursue that realm beyond the general school curriculum. Teacher education will include methods for the recognition and fostering of such student talents and interests. The NCERT and NCFTE will develop guidelines for the education of gifted children. B.Ed. programmes may also allow a specialisation in the education of gifted children. 4.40. Topic-centered and Project-based Clubs and Circles will be highly encouraged and supported at the levels of schools, school complexes, districts, and beyond. Examples include Science Circles, Math Circles, Music Performance Circles, Chess Circles, Poetry Circles, Language Circles, Drama Circles, Debate Circles, Sports Circles, and so on. Funds will be made available for transportation of teachers to take their students to these circles or clubs when these are not meeting at their own schools. Along these lines, high quality national residential summer programmes for secondary school students in various subjects will also be funded, with a rigorous merit-based but equitable admissions process to attract the very best Page 17 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 students and teachers to these programmes from across the country including from socio- economically disadvantaged group. 4.41. Teachers will aim to encourage students with singular interests and/or talents in the classroom by giving them supplementary enrichment material and guidance and encouragement and will help them to organise such Topic-centered Clubs and Circles through specific funding allocated for this purpose , and will recommend them to appropriate summer programmes. 4.42. Olympiads and competitions in various subjects will be strengthened across the country, with clear coordination and progression from school to local to state to national levels, with the necessary funding to ensure that all students may participate at all levels for which they qualify. Efforts will be made to make available Olympiads in rural areas and in regional languages to ensure widespread participation. Public and private universities, including premier institutions like the IITs and NITs, would be encouraged to use results from Regional, National, and International Olympiads, as well as results from and work in regional and national topic-based programmes, as part of the criteria for admissions into their undergraduate programmes. 4.43. Once internet-connected smart phones or tablets are available in all homes and/or schools, online apps with quizzes, competitions, assessments, enrichment materials, and online communities for shared interests will be developed, and will work to enhance all the aforementioned initiatives (as group activities for students, with appropriate supervision of parents and teachers).Every classroom will be developed into a smart classroom in a phased manner, for using digital pedagogy and thereby enriching the teaching-learning process, with online resources and collaborations. 5. Teachers 5. 1. Teachers truly shape the future of our children - and, therefore, the future of our nation. It is because of this noblest role that the teacher in India was the most respected member of society. Only the very best and most learned became teachers. Society gave teachers, or gurus, what they needed in order to pass on their knowledge, skills, and ethics optimally to students. Today, however, the status of the teacher has undoubtedly and unfortunately dropped. The quality of training, recruitment, deployment, service conditions and empowerment of teachers is not where it should be, and consequently, the quality and motivation of teachers does not reach the standards where it could be. The high respect for teachers and the high status of the teaching profession must be revived and restored for the very best to be inspired to enter the profession, for teachers to be well-motivated and empowered to innovate, and for education to therefore reach the heights and levels that are truly required to ensure the best possible future for our children and our nation. Recruitment and deployment 5.2. To ensure that truly excellent students enter the teaching profession - especially from rural areas - a large number of merit-based scholarships shall be instituted across the country for study at outstanding 4-year integrated B.Ed. programmes. In rural areas, special merit- based scholarships will be established that also include preferential employment in their local areas upon successful completion of their B.Ed. programmes. Such scholarships will provide local job opportunities to outstanding local students (especially female students), so that these students may serve as local-area role models and as highly-qualified teachers who speak the local language. Incentives will be provided for outstanding teachers to take Page 18 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 teaching jobs in rural areas, especially in areas that are currently facing the greatest teacher shortages and the greatest needs for outstanding teachers. A key incentive for teaching in rural schools will be the provision of local housing near or on the school premises or increased housing allowances to help in procuring local housing in rural areas. 5.3. The harmful practice of excessive teacher transfers will be halted, to ensure that teachers can build relationships with and become invested in their communities so that students have continuity in their role models and educational environments. Transfers will occur in very special circumstances, e.g., for promotions of outstanding teachers and administrators to leadership positions, as suitably laid down in a structured manner by State/UT governments. 5.4. Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) will be strengthened to better test material correlated to being outstanding teachers, both in terms of content and pedagogy. The TETs will also be extended to cover teachers across all stages (Foundational, Preparatory, Middle and Secondary) of school education. For subject teachers, suitable TET or NTA test scores in the corresponding subjects will also be taken into account for recruitment. To gauge passion and motivation for teaching, a classroom demonstration or interview will become an integral part of teacher hiring at schools and school complexes; these interviews would also be used to assess comfort and proficiency in teaching in the local language, so that every school/school complex has at least some teachers who can converse with students in the local language. 5.5. To ensure an adequate number of teachers across subjects - particularly in subjects, such as art, physical education, vocational education, and languages - teachers could be hired to a school/school complex and sharing of teachers across schools can be considered in accordance with the grouping of schools format adopted by State/UT governments. 5.6. To promote local knowledge and expertise, schools/school complexes will be encouraged and indeed will be supported with suitable resources to hire local eminent persons or experts as ‘specialised instructors’ in various subjects, such as in traditional local arts, vocational crafts, entrepreneurship, agriculture, or any other subject where local expertise exists and would benefit students and help preserve and promote local knowledge. 5.7. A comprehensive teacher-requirement planning exercise will be conducted across India and in each State to assess expected teacher and subject vacancies over the next two decades. All the above-described initiatives in recruitment and deployment will be scaled as needed over time, with the aim to fill all vacancies with outstanding teachers, including outstanding local teachers. The practice of hiring new `para-teachers' (teachers on short-term contracts) will eventually be phased out. Service environment and culture 5.8. The primary goal of overhauling the service environments and cultures of schools will be to maximise the abilities of teachers to do their jobs effectively, and to ensure that they are part of vibrant, caring, and inclusive communities of teachers, students, parents, principals, and other supporting staff, all of whom share a common goal: to ensure that our children are learning. 5.9. A very first requirement in this direction will be to ensure decent and pleasant service conditions at schools. Adequate and safe infrastructure, including working toilets, clean drinking water, clean and attractive spaces conducive to learning, electricity, computing devices, and internet, library and sports and recreational resources will be important to provide to all schools in order to ensure that teachers and students including children of all Page 19 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 genders and children with disabilities, receive a safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environment and are comfortable and inspired to teach and learn in their schools. 5.10. The State/UT Government may adopt innovative formats, such as school complexes, rationalization of schools, (without in any way reducing accessibility for children) etc. for effective school governance, resource sharing and community building. The creation of school complexes, for example, could go a long way towards building vibrant teacher communities. The hiring of teachers to school complexes could automatically create relationships between schools across the school complex; it would also help ensure optimal subject-wise distribution of teachers, creating a more vibrant teacher knowledge base. Teachers at very small schools may not remain isolated any longer and may become part of and work with larger school complex communities, sharing community best practices with each other and working collectively and collaboratively to ensure that all children in the system are learning. School complexes could also share counsellors, technical and maintenance staff etc. to further support teachers and help create an effective community environment for learning. 5.11. In collaboration with parents and other key local stakeholders, teachers will also be more involved in the governance of schools/ school complexes, including as members of the School Management Committees/School Complex Management Committees. 5.12. To prevent the large amounts of time spent currently by teachers on non-teaching activities, teachers will not be engaged any longer in work that is not directly related to teaching in particular, teachers will not be involved in electioneering, cooking of midday meals, and other strenuous administrative tasks, so that they may fully concentrate on their teaching-learning duties. 5.13. To help ensure that schools have positive learning environments, the role expectations of principals and teachers will explicitly include developing a caring and inclusive culture at their schools, for more effective learning for all, and for the benefit of all in their communities. 5.14. Teachers will be given more autonomy in choosing finer aspects of pedagogy, so that they may teach in the manner that they find most effective for the students in their classrooms and communities. Teachers will focus on socio-emotional learning, which is a critical factor in any student’s holistic development. Teachers will be recognised for novel approaches to teaching that improve learning outcomes in their classrooms. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) 5.15. Teachers will be given constant opportunities for self-improvement and to learn the latest innovations and advances in their profession. To ensure that every teacher has the flexibility to optimise their own development as teachers, a modular approach to continuous teacher development will be adopted. Developmental opportunities, in the form of local, state, national, and international teaching, and subject workshops, as well as online teacher development modules, will be available to all teachers so that each teacher may choose what is most useful for their own development. Platforms (especially online platforms) will be developed so that teachers may share ideas and best practices. Each teacher will be expected to participate in, say, 50 hours of CPD opportunities every year for their own professional development, driven by their own needs and choice. CPD opportunities will, in particular, systematically cover the latest pedagogies regarding foundational literacy and numeracy, formative and adaptive assessment of learning outcomes, individualised and competency- Page 20 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 based learning and related pedagogies, such as experiential learning, arts-integrated, sports- integrated, and storytelling-based approaches, etc. 5.16. Leaders such as school principals and school complex leaders will have similar modular leadership/management workshops and online development opportunities and platforms to continuously improve their own leadership and management skills, and so that they too may share best practices with each other. Such leaders will also be expected to participate in at least 50 hours of CPD modules per year, covering leadership and management, as well as content and pedagogy for the teaching and pedagogy-leadership aspects of their jobs with a focus on preparing and implementing pedagogical plans based on competency and outcome-based education. Career management and progression 5.17. Teachers doing outstanding work must be recognised, promoted, and given salary raises, to incentivise all teachers to do their best work. Therefore, a robust merit-based tenure (i.e., confirmed employment following probation), promotion and salary structure will be developed, with multiple levels within each teacher rank that incentivises and recognises excellent and committed teachers through tenure, promotions, and salary increases. A system of multiple parameters for proper assessment of performance will be developed for the same by the State/UT Government based on peer reviews, attendance, commitment, hours of CPD, and other forms of service to the school and the community, etc. Such merit-based assessments would be used to determine tenure decisions and the rate of promotions and salary increases for each teacher. 5.18. There will be parity in-service conditions across all stages of school education. The approach will be to ensure that growth in one's career (in terms of tenure, promotions, salary increases, etc.) is available to teachers within a single school stage (i.e., Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, or Secondary), and that there is no career progression-related incentive to move from being teachers in early stages to later stages or vice versa (though such career moves across stages will be allowed, provided the teacher has the desire and qualifications for such a move). This is to support the fact that all stages of school education will require the highest-quality teachers, and no stage will be considered more important than any other. 5.19. Vertical mobility of teachers based on merit will also be paramount; outstanding teachers with demonstrated leadership and management skills would be trained over time to take on academic leadership positions in schools, school complexes, and BRCs, CRCs, BITEs, DIETs as well as relevant government departments and ministries. Professional standards for teachers: 5.20 A common guiding set of National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST) will be developed by 2022, by the National Council for Teacher Education in consultation with NCERT and coordinated by the NCERT, SCERTs, teachers from across levels and regions, expert organisations in teacher preparation and development, and higher educational institutions. The standards would cover expectations of the role of the teacher at different levels of expertise/ rank, and the competencies required for that rank. It will also comprise standards for performance appraisal, for each rank, that would be carried out on a periodic basis. The NPST will also inform the design of pre-service teacher education programmes. This could be then adopted by the States and determine all teacher career management, including tenure (after the probationary/ tenure track period), professional development efforts, salary increases, promotions, and other recognitions. Promotions and salary increases Page 21 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 will not occur based on the length of tenure or seniority, but only on the basis of such appraisal. The professional standards will be reviewed and revised nationally in 2030, and thereafter every ten years, on the basis of rigorous empirical analysis of the efficacy of the system. Special educators 5.21. There is an urgent need for additional special educators for certain areas of school education. Some examples of such specialist requirements include subject teaching for children with disabilities / divyang children at the Middle and Secondary school level, including teaching for specific learning disabilities. Such teachers would require not only subject-teaching knowledge and understanding of subject-related aims of education, but also the relevant skills for and understanding of such special requirements of children. Therefore, such areas could be developed as secondary specialisations for subject teachers or generalist teachers, during or after pre-service teacher preparation. They will be offered as certificate courses, in the pre-service as well as in-service mode, either full time or as part-time/blended courses - again, necessarily, at multidisciplinary colleges or universities. Approach to teacher education 5.22. Recognising that the best teachers will require training in high-quality content as well as pedagogy, teacher education will gradually be moved by 2030 into multidisciplinary colleges and universities. As colleges and universities all move towards becoming multidisciplinary, they will also aim to house outstanding education departments that offer B.Ed. M.Ed. and Ph.D. degrees in education. 5.23. By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for teaching will be a 4 -year integrated B.Ed. degree that teaches a range of knowledge content and pedagogy, and includes strong practicum training in the form of student-teaching at local schools. The 2-year B.Ed. programmes will also be offered, by the same multidisciplinary institutions offering the 4- year integrated B.Ed., and will be intended only for those who have already obtained Bachelor’s Degrees in other specialised subjects. These B.Ed. programmes may also be replaced by suitably adapted 1-year B.Ed. programmes, and will be offered only to those who have completed the equivalent of 4-year multidisciplinary Bachelor’s Degrees or who have obtained a Master’s degree in a speciality and wish to become a subject teacher in that speciality. All such B.Ed. degrees would be offered only by accredited multidisciplinary higher educational institutions offering 4-year integrated B.Ed. programmes. 5.24. All B.Ed. programmes will include training in time-tested as well as the most recent techniques in pedagogy, including pedagogy with respect to foundational literacy and numeracy, multilevel teaching and evaluation, teaching children with disabilities, teaching children with special interests or talents, use of educational technology, and learner-centred and collaborative learning. All B.Ed. programmes will also include strong practicum training in the form of in-classroom teaching at local schools. All B.Ed. programmes will emphasise the inclusion of Fundamental Duties (Article 51 A) of the Indian Constitution while teaching any subject or performing any activity. 5.25. Special shorter local teacher education programmes will also be available at BITEs, DIETs, or at school complexes themselves, so that eminent local persons can be hired to teach at schools or school complexes as ‘specialised instructors’, for the purpose of promoting local knowledge and skills, e.g., local art, music, agriculture, business, sports, Page 22 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 carpentry and other vocational crafts. This programme will be suitably supported by Central and State governments. 5.26. Shorter post-B.Ed. certification courses will also be made widely available, at multidisciplinary colleges and universities, to teachers who may wish to move into more specialised areas of teaching, such as the teaching of students with disabilities, or into leadership and management positions in the schooling system, or to move to one stage to another between foundational, preparatory, middle and secondary stages. 5.27. Finally, in order to fully restore the integrity of the teacher education system, the thousands of substandard standalone Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs) across the country will be shut down as soon as possible. 5.28. The NCF for Teacher Education, 2009 (NCFTE 2009) outlines many excellent approaches that are still relevant for accomplishing effective teacher education. This document will be revisited and updated by NCTE by the end of 2021, taking into account the new NCF 2020, the changing context of teacher education today and, in particular, all the above Policy points, and will be made available in all regional languages. NCFTE will thereafter be revised and adapted once in every five years by reflecting the changes in revised NCFs and emerging needs in Teacher Education. 6. Equitable and Inclusive Education: Learning for All 6.1. Education is the single greatest tool for achieving social justice and equality. Inclusive and equitable education - while indeed an essential goal in its own right - is also critical to achieving an inclusive and equitable society in which every citizen has the opportunity to dream, thrive, and contribute to the nation. Unfortunately, prejudice and bias, based on gender, social and economic status, and disabilities, among other factors, often affect people’s capacity to benefit from the education system, compounding social cleavages that hold the nation back from growth, innovation, and progress. The education system must aim to benefit all of India’s children so that no child loses any opportunity to learn and excel because of the circumstances of birth or background. 6.2. While the Indian education system and successive government policies have made steady progress towards bridging gender and social category gaps in all levels of school education, large disparities still remain - especially at the secondary level - particularly for groups that have been historically underrepresented in education. The Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) can be broadly categorised based on gender identities, socio-cultural identities, geographical identities, disabilities, and socio-economic conditions (such as children of migrants, children from low income households, children in vulnerable situations, victims of or children of victims of trafficking, orphans including child beggars in urban areas and the urban poor). While overall enrolments in schools decline steadily from Grade 1 to Grade 12 - a problem which must be addressed across the country among all groups as discussed in Chapter 3 - this decline in enrolments is considerably more pronounced for many of these SEDGs. According to U-DISE 2016–17 data, about 19.6% of students belong to Scheduled Castes (SC) at the primary school level, but this proportion falls to 17.3% at the higher secondary level. These enrolment drop-offs are even more severe for ST students (10.6% to 6.8%), Muslim students (15% to 7.9%), and children with disabilities (1.1% to 0.25%), with even greater declines for female students within each of these SEDGs. The decline in SEDGs’ enrolment in higher education is even steeper. Page 23 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 6.3. The critical problems and recommendations regarding early childhood education, foundational literacy/numeracy, and access/enrolment/attendance discussed in Chapters 1–3, respectively, are particularly relevant and important for under-represented and disadvantaged groups; therefore, the measures from Chapters 1–3 will be targeted in a concerted way for SEDGs especially. 6.4. In addition, there have been various successful policies and schemes implemented over the past several years (such as targeted scholarships, conditional cash transfers to incentivise parents to send their children to school, providing bicycles for transport, etc.) that have significantly increased participation of SEDGs in the schooling system in certain areas. These successful policies and schemes of past years must be renewed and significantly strengthened across the country. 6.5 In particular, this Policy is in consonance with and fully endorses the recommendations of the Rights of People with Disabilities Act, 2016. 6.6. It will also be essential to take into account research that ascertains which measures are particularly effective for certain under-represented groups. For example, providing bicycles and organising cycling and walking groups to provide access to school have been shown to be particularly powerful methods in increasing participation of female students - even at lesser distances - because of the safety benefits and comfort to parents that they provide. Peer tutoring, open schooling and appropriate infrastructure to ensure access can be particularly effective for certain children with disabilities. Schools having quality early childhood care and education reap the greatest dividends for children who come from families that are socially or economically disadvantaged. Meanwhile, the hiring of counsellors and teachers that work with and connect students, parents, schools, and teachers in order to improve attendance and learning outcomes have been found to be especially effective for children in urban poor areas. 6.7. Data shows that certain geographical areas contain significantly larger proportions of SEDGs. Also, there are geographical locations which have been identified as aspirational districts, which require special interventions for promoting their educational development. Hence, it is recommended that certain regions of the country with large populations from SEDGs should be declared Special Education Zones (SEZs), where all the above schemes and policies are implemented to the maximum through additional concerted efforts and funding from the Centre and States in order to truly change the educational landscape of these Zones. 6.8. It must be noted that women cut across all under-represented groups, making up about one half of all other SEDGs - unfortunately, the exclusion and inequity that SEDGs face is only amplified for the women in those SEDGs. The policy additionally recognises the special and critical role that women play in society and in shaping social mores - not only in their own generation but in the next one; therefore, providing a quality education to girls is the best way to increase the education levels for these SEDGs not just in the present but also in future generations. The policy thus recommends that the policies and schemes designed to uplift students from SEDGs should be especially targeted towards girls in these SEDGs. 6.9. In addition, the Government of India will constitute a ‘Gender-Inclusion Fund’ to build the nation’s capacity to provide a quality and equitable education for all girls as well as transgender students. The fund will be available to States to implement priorities determined by the central government critical for assisting women and girls and transgender students in gaining access to education (such as the provisions of sanitation and toilets, bicycles, Page 24 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 conditional cash transfers etc.); funds will also enable states to support and scale effective community-based interventions that address local context-specific barriers to girls and transgender students’ access to and participation in a quality education. Similar ‘Inclusion Fund’ schemes will also be developed to address analogous access issues for other SEDGs. In essence, this policy aims to eliminate any remaining disparity in access to education and vocational training for children from any gender or any under-represented group. 6.10. Free boarding facilities in the form of hostels will be built – matching the standard of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas – in school locations where students may have to come from particularly far, and/or for students who come from disadvantaged economic backgrounds, with suitable arrangements for the safety of all children, especially girls (e.g., girls’ hostels would be separate and secure and have female wardens, security guards, and boundary walls). Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas will be strengthened and expanded to increase the participation in quality schools (up to Grade 12) of girls from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Additional Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas and Kendriya Vidyalayas will be built around the country, especially in aspirational districts, Special Education Zones and disadvantaged areas, to increase high -quality educational opportunities in every area of India. Pre-school sections will be added to Kendriya Vidyalayas and other primary schools around the nation, particularly in disadvantaged areas. 6.11. All the above policies and measures are absolutely critical to attaining full inclusion and equity for all SEDGs - but they are not sufficient. What is also required is a change in school culture. All participants in the school education system, including teachers, principals, administrators, counsellors, and students, will be sensitised to the requirements of all students, the notions of inclusion and equity, and the respect and dignity of all persons. Such an educational culture will be the best tool to help students become empowered individuals who, in turn, will enable society to transform into one that is responsible for its most vulnerable citizens. Inclusion and equity will become a key aspect of teacher education (and training for all leadership, administrative, and other positions in schools); efforts will be made to recruit more high-quality teachers and leaders from SEDGs in order to bring in excellent role models for all students. 6.12. Students will also be sensitised through this new school culture brought in by teachers and counsellors, and also through corresponding changes in the school curriculum. The school curriculum will include, early on, the material on human values such as respect for all persons, empathy, tolerance, human rights, gender equality, non-violence, global citizenship, contribution of culture in sustainable development and sustainable lifestyle, inclusion, and equity. It would also include more detailed knowledge of various cultures, religions, languages, gender identities etc to sensitise and develop respect for diversity. Any biases in school curriculum will be removed, and more material will be included that is relevant and relatable to all communities, and which develops these human values. 6.13. Children shall learn the basic philosophy of ancient Indian civilisation and the inherent acceptance of diversity. In this direction, new education initiatives will be taken so that children are made aware of the basics of all religions of the people of India and thereby know the commonalities while learning to respect differences. No sectarian rituals, dogmas or practices shall be taken up in schools. This shall strengthen the age-old practice of ‘equal respect for all religions’ that has sustained the social cohesion and amity in the multi-religious Indian society for over two millennia. Page 25 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 7. Efficient Resourcing and Effective Governance through School Complexes/Clusters 7.1. While the establishment of primary schools in every habitation across the country - driven by the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and other important efforts across the states - has helped to ensure near-universal access to primary schools, it has also led to the development of numerous very small schools. According to U-DISE 2016–17 data, nearly 28% of India’s public primary schools and 14.8% of India’s upper primary schools have less than 30 students. The average number of students per grade in the elementary schooling system (primary and upper primary, i.e., Grades 1–8) is about 14, with a notable proportion having below 6; during the year 2016–17, there were 1,19,303 single-teacher schools, the majority of them (94,028) being primary schools serving Grades 1–5. 7.2. These small school sizes have made it economically suboptimal and operationally complex to run good schools, in terms of deployment of teachers as well as the provision of critical physical resources. Teachers often must teach multiple grades at a time, and teach multiple subjects, including subjects in which they may have no prior background; key areas such as music, arts, and sports are too often simply not taught; and physical resources, such as lab and sports equipment and library books, are simply not available across schools. 7.3. The isolation of small schools also has a negative effect on education and the teaching- learning process. Teachers function best in communities and teams, and so do students. Small schools also present a systemic challenge for governance and management. The geographical dispersion, challenging access conditions, and the very large numbers of schools make it difficult to reach all schools equally. Administrative structures have not been expanded in accordance with the increases in the number of schools. 7.4. Although consolidation of schools is an option that is often discussed, it must be carried out very judiciously, and only when it is ensured that there is genuinely no impact on access (e.g., through the construction of quality roads and provision of appropriate bus services/ transportation). Such measures are nevertheless likely to result only in limited consolidation, and would not solve the overall structural problem and challenges presented by the large numbers of small schools. 7.5. These challenges will, by 2025, be addressed by State/UT governments by adopting innovative mechanisms to group or rationalise schools. The objective behind this intervention would be to ensure that: every school has adequate number of counsellors and teachers (shared or otherwise) for teaching all subjects including art, music science, sports, languages, vocational subjects, etc; ensuring that every school has adequate resources (shared or otherwise), such as a library, science labs, computer labs, skill labs, playgrounds, sports equipment and facilities, etc.; building a sense of community is built to overcome the isolation of teachers and schools, through joint professional development programmes, sharing of teaching-learning content and joint content development, holding joint activities, such as art and science exhibitions, sports meets, quizzes and debates, fairs; and there is cooperation and support across schools for the education of children with disabilities, etc. 7.6. One possible mechanism for accomplishing the above would be the establishment of school complexes/clusters, consisting of one secondary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood, in a radius of five to ten miles, as was first enunciated by the Education Commission (1964–66) but was left unimplemented. This Policy strongly endorses the idea of the school complex/cluster, wherever possible. Page 26 of 60  National Education Policy 2020 7.7. The aim of the school complex/cluster will be to a) build vibrant communities of teachers, school leaders, and other supporting staff; b) better integrate education across all school levels, from early childhood education through Grade 12, as well as vocational and adult education; c) share key material resources, such as libraries, science laboratories and equipment, computer labs, sports facilities and equipment, as well as human resources, such as social workers, counsellors, and specialised subject teachers - including teachers for music, art, languages, and physical education - across schools in the complex; and d) develop a critical mass of teachers, students, supporting staff, as well as equipment, infrastructure, etc. - resulting in greater resource efficiency and more effective functioning, coordination, leadership, governance, and management of schools in the schooling system. 7.8 The establishment of school complexes/clusters and the sharing of resources across complexes will have a number of other benefits as a consequence, such as significantly improved support for children with disabilities, more topic-centred clubs and academic / sports / arts / crafts events across school complexes, better incorporation of art, music, language, physical education, and other subjects in the classroom through the sharing of teachers in these subjects, better student support, enrolment, attendance, and performance through the sharing of social workers and counsellors, and School Complex Management Committees (rather than simply School Management Committees) for more robust and improved governance, monitoring, oversight, innovations, and initiatives by local stakeholders. Building such larger communities of schools, school leaders, t