NCM 100: Theoretical Foundations in Nursing PDF

MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Nursing NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING Prepared by: Agnes V. Raymundo, PhD, RN  B. Nurse-Client-Dynamics Imogene King Ida Jean Orlando Jean Watson Hildegard Peplau IMOGENE KING ...

MANILA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY College of Nursing NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING Prepared by: Agnes V. Raymundo, PhD, RN  B. Nurse-Client-Dynamics Imogene King Ida Jean Orlando Jean Watson Hildegard Peplau IMOGENE KING  Imogene King: Theory of Goal Attainment Definition of Nursing – A process of: Action Reaction Interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in a nursing situation  Theory of Goal Attainment: Definition of Nursing A process of human interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication: – they set goals – explore means/ways – agree on means/ways to achieve goals  Theory of Goal Attainment Nurse and Patient/Client – who are usually strangers – come together in a health care organization: To help and be helped To maintain a state of health – That permits functioning of roles  Theory of Goal Attainment Nurse and Patient/Client –Communicate information –Set goal mutually –Act to attain those goals  Imogene King Conceptual System Transactional Process Theory of Goal Attainment – The nurse and client communicate, first in interaction and then in transaction, to attain mutually set goals. Conceptual (Interacting) Systems: Major Concepts Personal system – Individuals Interpersonal system – Groups: two or more persons Social system – Society Dynamic Interacting Systems Concepts for Personal System Self Perception Growth & development Body image Space Time Learning  Concept of Personal System: Self A person’s total subjective environment Constitutes a person’s inner world Dynamic individual, an open system, goal oriented Concept of Personal System: Perception A process of: – organizing, interpreting, and transforming information from sense data and memory that gives meaning to one's experience Each person’s representation of reality in the form of overt behavior Concept of Personal System: Growth and Development Continuous changes in individuals The processes in people’s lives through which they move from a potential for achievement to actualization of self Concept of Personal System: Body Image The way one perceives both – one’s body and – others’ reactions to one’s appearance. Self versus Body Image Self – Perception of the total being personality, esteem polished, sophisticated, well-informed, boorish, ignorant Body Image – Perception of ones physical being the body fat, ugly, pretty  Concept of Personal System: Space, Time, Learning Space – Exists in all directions, is the same everywhere, – Defined by the: physical area known as “territory” behaviors of those occupy it. Time – The duration and relation between one event and another as uniquely experienced by each human being Learning – Gaining knowledge  Interpersonal System Formed by human beings interacting. – Dyad two interacting individuals – Triad three interacting individuals – Small or large groups four or more interacting individuals As the number of interacting individuals increases, so does the complexity of the interactions. Concepts for Interpersonal System Interaction Communication Transaction Role Stress  Concept of Interpersonal System: Interaction The observable behaviors of two or more individuals in mutual presence. Process of perception Communicated between person and environment Communicated between person and person Represented by verbal and non-verbal behaviors that are goal directed Concept of Interpersonal System: Interaction Perception Judgment Action Reaction Concept of Interpersonal System: Interaction Each individuals involved in an interaction brings different ideas, attitudes and perceptions to exchange They come together for a purpose They perceive each other Each makes a judgment Takes mental action or decide to act Each reacts to the other and the situation Concept of Interpersonal System: Communication A process whereby information is given from one person to another either: – directly in face to face meetings or –indirectly through telephone, television or written word. Concept of Interpersonal System: Transaction ▪ A process of interactions ▪ Human beings communicate with the environment ▪ To achieve goals that are valued (goal-directed human behaviors) Concept of Interpersonal System: Transaction ▪ Observable behaviors of human beings interacting with the environment ▪ Represents the valuation component of human interactions ▪ Involves: ▪ Bargaining ▪ Negotiating ▪ Social exchange ▪ When transactions occur between nurses and clients, goals are attained Concept of Interpersonal System: Role Characterized by reciprocity – A person may be a giver at one time and a taker at another time With a relationship between two or more individuals who are functioning in two or more roles characterize by: – learned, social, complex, and situational Concept of Interpersonal System: Role Set of behaviors expected of person occupying a position in a social system Rules that defines rights and obligations in a position Relationship with one or more individuals interacting in specific situation for a purpose Concept of Interpersonal System: Stress Dynamic state whereby a human being interacts with the environment to maintain balance for: growth Development performance Concept of Interpersonal System: Stress Stressor an energy response of an individual to persons, objects, and events May be positive or negative Too high level may decrease an individual ability to interact and to attain goals  Social System ❖An organized boundary system of: ❖ social roles ❖behaviors ❖practices ❖developed to maintain values and the mechanisms to regulate the practice and rules  Social System ❖Examples: –Families –Religious groups –Educational system –Work system –Peer groups Concepts for Social System Organization Authority Power Status Decision making  Concept for Social System: Organization Composed of human beings with prescribed roles and positions who use resources to accomplish personal and organizational goals  Concept for Social System: Authority A transactional process Characterized by – active, reciprocal relations in which – members' values, backgrounds, and perceptions play a role in – defining, validating, and accepting the authority of individuals within an organization.  Concept for Social System: Power The capacity to use resources in organizations to achieve goals It is the process whereby one or more persons influence other persons in a situation  Power versus Authority Power – Ability of a person or a group to influence the beliefs and actions of other people – A person gets personal power from his/her personality or from his expert or professional knowledge. Authority – Right given to a person in position to achieve the objectives of the organization – Right to get the things done through others  Concept for Social System: Status The position of an individual in a group or a group in relation to other groups in an organization and It is accompanied by “privileges, duties and obligation.”  Concepts for Social System: Decision-Making A dynamic and systematic process by which goal-directed choice of perceived alternatives is made and acted upon by individuals or groups to answer a question and attain a goal  Concepts for Social System: Control Being in charge  INTERACTING SYSTEMS MAJOR CONCEPTS AND SUB-CONCEPTS Personal System Interpersonal System Social System Self Interaction Organization Perception Communication Authority Growth & Transaction Power development Role Status Body image Stress Decision Space making Time Learning  Imogene King: Relational Statements If perceptual interaction accuracy is present in nurse-client interactions, transaction will occur If nurse and client make transaction, goal will be attained If goals are attained, satisfaction will occur  Imogene King: Relational Statements ❖If transactions are made in nurse- client interactions, growth & development will be enhanced ❖If role expectations and role performance as perceived by nurse & client are congruent, transaction will occur  Imogene King: Relational Statements ❖If role conflict is experienced by nurse or client or both, stress in nurse-client interaction will occur ❖If nurse with special knowledge skill to communicate appropriate information to client, mutual goal setting and goal attainment will occur.  Imogene King “Two people, who are usually strangers, come together in a health care organization to help and to be helped to maintain a state of health that permits functioning in roles” (King, 1981 p. 142).