Introduction to Gerontology and Geriatrics PDF

 Introduction to Gerontology and Geriatrics  Definition of Gerontology and Geriatrics  Gerontology: the study of aging  Geriatrics: the medical care of older adults  The Aging Population:  Demographic changes and the growing elderly population  Factors influencing longevity (lifestyle,...

 Introduction to Gerontology and Geriatrics  Definition of Gerontology and Geriatrics  Gerontology: the study of aging  Geriatrics: the medical care of older adults  The Aging Population:  Demographic changes and the growing elderly population  Factors influencing longevity (lifestyle, genetics, healthcare)  Myths and Stereotypes about Aging: Common misconceptions and their impact on older adults All older adults are alike: This stereotype ignores individual differences in health, personality, and abilities. Aging inevitably leads to cognitive decline: While cognitive changes can occur, dementia is not a normal part of aging. Many older adults maintain sharp minds and continue to learn new things. Older adults are frail and dependent: This stereotype underestimates the capacity of many older adults to live independently and actively. Older adults are a financial burden: This misconception overlooks the contributions older adults make to the economy through volunteering, caregiving, and consumer spending. Older adults are lonely and isolated: While social isolation can be a challenge for some, many older adults have strong social connections and engage in fulfilling activities. Older adults are not interested in sex or intimacy: Sexual desire and activity can continue throughout the lifespan.  Implications for healthcare and caregiving 1. Increased Healthcare Utilization 2. Financial Strain on Healthcare Systems 3. Need for Specialized Care  The Global Phenomenon of Population Aging  The world is experiencing a significant demographic shift, characterized by a rising proportion of older adults. This trend, often referred to as population aging, has profound implications for societies, economies, and healthcare  Key factors driving population aging: Declining fertility rates: Aging baby boomer generation Increasing life expectancy: Aging baby boomer generation:  Implications of Population Aging 1. Economic impact- increased healthcare costs, pension burdens, and labor shortages. 2. Social implications - Growing demand for elder care services, potential for social isolation, and intergenerational relationships. 3. Demographic transition - Shifts in age structures and dependency ratios. Rapid urbanization: The increasing number of older adults living in urban areas presents unique challenges and opportunities. Family structure: The role of family caregivers in supporting older adults, and the potential strain on family resources. Healthcare system preparedness: The need for age- friendly healthcare services and policies.  Theories of Aging A. Biological, sociological, and psychological theories Biological Theories of Aging 1. Wear and Tear Theory 2. Cross-Linkage Theory 3. Free Radical Theory: 4. Mitochondrial Theory 5. Telomere Theory: 6. Cellular Senescence Theory 7. Immunologic Theory  Sociological Theories of Aging 1. Age Stratification Theory 2. Life Course Theory 3. Political Economy of Aging Theory 4. Activity Theory 5. Continuity Theory 6. Age Stratification Theory 7. Person-Environment Fit Theory  Psychological Theories of Aging 1. Disengagement Theory: 2. Activity Theory 3. Continuity Theory 4. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory 5. Maslow’s theory 6. Jung’s theory 7. Erickson’s Eight stages of life  Wear and Tear Theory  Gradual deterioration  Accumulative damage  Reduced capacity Limitations Not all tissues age at the same rate Neglects cellular repair mechanisms Doesn't explain all aspects of aging  Cross-Linkage Theory  cross-linking theory of aging /glycosylation theory of aging attributes aging to chemical changes that happen in the body. These changes happen gradually as proteins, structural molecules, and DNA develops detrimental chemical bonds (also known as cross-links) to each other.  Cross-Linkage Theory  When these cross-links between molecules occur, they lose basic levels of functionality. As cross- linked proteins accumulate over time they will damage cells and tissues, resulting in increased tissue stiffness and slowing down processes within the body.  Cross-Linkage Theory  Chemical Changes: The theory suggests that harmful chemical bonds (cross-links) form between proteins, sugars, and other molecules over time  Tissue Stiffening: As cross-links accumulate, tissues become stiffer and less flexible, impairing their function Examples of Effects: This theory is linked to age-related conditions like cataracts (clouding of the eye lens), skin changes (wrinkles, loss of elasticity), and arthritis.  Free Radical Theory Free radical theory proposes that ageing is the cumulative result of oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between two different types of molecules in your body: free radicals and antioxidants  Mitochondrial Theory  Extramuscular alterations accompanying the aging process with a potential impact on myocyte mitochondrial function are also discussed. We conclude with presenting methodological and safety considerations for the design of clinical trials targeting mitochondrial  Telomere Theory progressive shortening of telomeres, protective caps at the end of chromosomes, contributes to cellular aging and ultimately, organismal aging Telomeres: These are repetitive DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and fusion.  Cellular Senescence Theory - proliferation-like activity of growth-promoting pathways (such as mTOR and MAPK) in non- proliferating cells....The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is one of the numerous hyperfunctions.  Immunologic Theory - Specialized in cells, tissues and organs that provides the body with protection against invading organism. - T lymphocytes-cell-mediated immunity - B lymphocytes- invasion of an organism  Functional Changes  Reduced sweat gland activity: Leads to decreased thermoregulation and increased risk of overheating or hypothermia.  Decreased melanocyte activity: Results in graying hair, age spots, and increased sensitivity to sunlight.  Slower nail growth: Nails become thicker, more brittle, and prone to fungal infections.  Clinical Manifestations  Dry skin: Reduced sebum production and decreased skin hydration.  Wrinkling and sagging: Loss of elasticity and collagen.  Age spots: Increased melanin production in localized areas.  Senile purpura: Easy bruising due to thinning skin and fragile blood vessels.  Skin tears: Increased risk of skin tears due to thinner, more fragile skin.  Decreased sensation: Reduced nerve endings can impair the perception of pain, temperature, and pressure  Sociological Theories of Aging 1. Age Stratification Theory 2. Life Course Theory 3. Political Economy of Aging Theory  Age Stratification Theory emphasizes the significance of age as a social category that shapes individuals' lives and their interactions with other age groups. suggests that society is divided into social groups or strata based on age. These age groups or cohorts share common experiences, roles, and expectations. 1 examines how an individual's life unfolds within a specific social, historical, and cultural context. 1 Life Course Theory  It emphasizes the interconnectedness of life stages and the influence of social structures on individual experiences  Life Course Theory examines how an individual's life unfolds within a specific social, historical, and cultural context. 1 Political Economy of Aging Theory  This theory highlights the potential for age-based inequalities and disparities in resources, access to services, and social participation. Political Economy of Aging Theory  theoretical perspective that examines the relationship between aging, social structure, and power. It focuses on how economic and political factors shape the experiences and opportunities of older adults  Activity Theory  Individual need to remain active to age successfully  Activity is necessary to maintain life satisfaction and a positive self-concept  Continuity Theory  Individuals respond to aging the same way they have responded to previous life events.  The same habits commitment, preferences, and the other personality characteristics develop during adulthood  Age Stratification Theory  People and roles in these cohorts change and influence each other, as the society at large  There is a high degree of interdependence exist b/n older adults and society.  Person-Environment Theory Everyone has personal competencies that exist the person in dealing with the environment. Psychological Theories of Aging 1. Disengagement Theory: 2. Activity Theory 3. Continuity Theory 4. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory 5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 6. Erickson’s Eights Stages of Life 7. Jung’s Theory of Individualism  Disengagement Theory as individuals age, they naturally withdraw from social roles and relationships. This mutual withdrawal is seen as a normal and inevitable part of the aging process.  Disengagement Theory  Gradual withdrawal: Older adults progressively disengage from social roles and relationships  Mutual disengagement: Both the individual and society contribute to this process.  Mutual disengagement: Both the individual and society contribute to this process.  Increased self-focus: Disengagement allows for greater introspection and contemplation.  Activity Theory  It focuses on understanding human activity as a complex system involving individuals, tools, and the environment.  is a framework that emphasizes the importance of social and cultural contexts in shaping human behavior and cognition  Continuity Theory -older adults tend to maintain their previous lifestyle, personality, and social interactions as they age. Rather than undergoing drastic changes, individuals strive to preserve their sense of self and identity  Continuity Theory  Internal continuity- Maintaining consistent personality, attitudes, and beliefs over time  External continuity: Persisting in familiar roles, activities, and environments  Adaptive strategies: Older adults employ strategies to cope with changes while preserving continuity  Life satisfaction: Continuity is linked to higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being  Socioemotional selective theory  that individuals prioritize emotionally meaningful goals as they perceive their time horizon shortens. Essentially, as people age and perceive their remaining time as limited, they focus more on emotional satisfaction and less on acquiring new information or experience  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs  Human motivation is viewed as a hierarchy of needs critical to the growth and development of all people.  Individuals are viewed as active participants in life, striving for self-actualization  Erickson’s Eights Stages of Life All people experience eight psychosocial stages during a lifetime.  Jung’s Theory of Individualism  Development is viewed as occurring throughout adulthood with self realization as the goal of personality development  As individuals age they can transform into a more spiritual being.  I.B Planning for Health Promotion, Health Maintenance, and Home Health Considerations  Components of Planning 1. Needs Assessment  Identify the specific health needs and priorities of the target population.  Assess existing resources and services available in the community.  Analyze barriers to accessing healthcare. 2. Goal Setting  Develop clear and measurable goals for health promotion, maintenance, and home care.  Ensure alignment with broader health objectives and community needs. 3. Program Development  Design interventions that address identified needs and promote healthy behaviors.  Consider the target population's cultural, social, and economic factors.  Develop strategies for delivering services, such as home visits, community health centers, or telehealth 4. Resource Allocation  Identify and secure necessary resources, including personnel, equipment, and funding.  Prioritize resource allocation based on identified needs and program goals. 5. Collaboration  Build partnerships with healthcare providers, community organizations, and government agencies.  Coordinate efforts to maximize impact and avoid duplication of services. 6. Evaluation  Develop a plan for monitoring and evaluating program outcomes.  Collect data on program reach, effectiveness, and efficiency.  Use evaluation findings to make necessary adjustments to the program.  I. C Implementation 1. Physical Care aging skin and mucous membrane elimination activity and exercise sleep and rest 2. Psycho-social care 2. Psycho-social care a. Cognition and perception b. Engagement with life c. Self-perception and self-concept d. Coping and stress e. Values and beliefs f. Sexuality and aging