NCM 112 Chronic Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response PDF

NCM 112 CHRONIC INFECTIOUS, lymphocytes (white blood cells) that INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC help the body fight infection and RESPONSE disease. · Skin...

NCM 112 CHRONIC INFECTIOUS, lymphocytes (white blood cells) that INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC help the body fight infection and RESPONSE disease. · Skin - protects against germs, What is Immune System? regulates body temperature and - Functions as the body’s defense enables touch (tactile) sensations. mechanism against invasion and · Bone Marrow - a semi-solid tissue allows a rapid response to foreign found within the spongy (also known substances in a specific matter. as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is What is Immunity? the primary site of new blood cell - The body’s specific protective production (or hematopoiesis). response to a foreign agent or · Spleen - a small organ that stores organism. and filters blood. As part of the immune system, it also makes blood Immune System is composed of: cells that protect you from infection. → an integrated collection of various Factors influencing immune function: cell types · Mucous membranes - The moist, - Central nervous system integrity inner lining of some organs and body - General physical and emotional cavities (such as the nose, mouth, status lungs, and stomach). - Medications · Lymphatic vessels - A thin tube that - Dietary patterns collects lymph (clear watery fluid) - Stress of illness, trauma, or surgery from tissues in different parts of the Immune memory body and returns it to the bloodstream. - Property of the immunes system that · Tonsils - lymph nodes in the back of provides protection against harmful the mouth and top of the throat. They microbial agents despite the timing of help to filter out bacteria and other re-exposure to the agent. germs to prevent infection in the Tolerance body. · Thymus - a small gland in the - The mechanism by which the immune lymphatic system that makes and system is programmed to eliminate trains special white blood cells called foreign substances such as microbes, T-cells. toxins, and cellular mutations but · Lymph nodes - A small bean-shaped maintains the ability to accept self- structure that is part of the body's antigens. immune system. Lymph nodes filter Surveillance substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain nk ⋆𐙚₊˚⊹♡  - The immune system is in a perpetual - Polyclonal, Monoclonal state of vigilance, screening and rejecting any invader that is recognized as a foreign to the host. IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS Autoimmunity TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE - Normal protective immune response Natural Immunity paradoxically turns against or attacks - Present at birth, non-specific defense the body, leading to tissue damage. against pathogens, involving cells like - Body's immunes system mistakenly macrophages and neutrophils. attacks its own healthy tissues and cells perceiving them as harmful. Acquired - Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, - Develops after exposure to pathogens Multiple sclerosis, SLE or vaccinations Hypersensitivity → 2 types: → Active Immunity - Body produces inappropriate or - Developed by the body (long- exaggerated responses to specific lasting) antigens. - Natural (chicken pox, measles) - It is typically referring to - Artificial (hepa b vaccine, tetanus hypersensitivity reactions. toxoid vaccine) - These are excessive immune responses that can cause tissue → Passive Immunity damage and result in a variety of - Transferred from another source allergic or immune-related (temporary) conditions. - Natural - Type I – IgE antibodies, Type II – - Artificial (Immunoglobulins. Post- cytotoxic IgG IgM antibodies, Type III – exposure prophylaxis, immune complexes, Type IV – delayed serotherapy) reaction by cellular response IMMUNE CELL TYPES Immunodeficiencies B Lymphocytes (B cells) - Either primary (genetic) or secondary - Produce antibodies and are (acquired) leading to increases involved in humoral immunity. susceptibility to infections. T Lymphocytes (T cells) Gammopathies - Participate in cellular immunity. - Overproduction of immunoglobulins. → 3 Types: - Refers to excessive levels of antibody → Helper T cells globulins in the blood. nk ⋆𐙚₊˚⊹♡  → Cytotoxic T cells - Recent advancements aim to → Natural Killer cells enhance the immune systems ability to combat cancer. IMMUNE RESPONSE STAGES - Immunotherapy is a type of cancer Recognition treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. - Immune cells identify foreign antigens - Immunotherapeutic strategies: - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) Proliferation - Cancer vaccines - Immune checkpoint inhibitors - Lymphocytes (B and T cells) multiply - CAR T-cell therapy in response to antigens. IMMUNOMODULATORS Response - Aka “biologic response modifier” - Antibody production and direct - Treatments that modify the immune cellular attacks occur. response, such as interferons, Effector Stage colony-stimulating factors, and monoclonal antibodies, are used to - Antigens are neutralized or destroyed enhance immune function in various through various mechanisms. diseases. KEY ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY Interferons Genetic Engineering - A natural substance that helps the - This technology allows for the body’s immunes system fight manipulation of DNA to enhance infection and other diseases, such as immune function. cancer. - Uses DNA technology - Made in the body (white blood cells → 2 facets: and other cells) and the laboratory → Recombinant DNA technology & gene → 4 types: therapy → Interferon-alpha (alfa) → Interferon-beta Stem Cells → Interferon-gamma - The concepts of underlying the use of → Interferon-lambda stem cells on therapy depend on their Colony-stimulating factors inherent capacity for regenerating the original tissues of the body. - Proteins that help control the - Capable of self-renewal and production and growth of blood cells differentiation in the body - Clinical applications - Play a role in making sure these cells develop properly, survive, and Cancer & Immunotherapy become active when needed. nk ⋆𐙚₊˚⊹♡  → Examples: - They should assess and monitor for → Interkulin 5 signs of immune dysfunction, → Stem cell factor ensuring prompt intervention and → GCSF management. Monoclonal antibodies NCM 112 INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE LESSON 1 - Aka moAbds or mAbs - Proteins made in laboratories that act Primary Immune deficiency like proteins called antibodies on our - Born with weak immune system. bodies. - Rare genetic disorders that impair the - They seek out the antigens (foreign immune system. materials) and stick to them to - e.g. IgA deficiency, common variable destroy them immunodeficiency (CIV), and severe - Laboratory made monoclonal combined immunodeficiency disease antibodies help stimulate our aka “bubble boy disease” immune system. - Parents – disease carrying genes – Assessment of Immune Function child born with IgA deficiency. - Health history & Physical examination Secondary Immune Deficiency Factors Affecting Immune Function - Immune system is compromised due to an environmental factor. - Infection - Occurs when the immune system is - Allergy compromised due to an - Disorders and diseases environmental factor. - Nutrition - e.g. chemo, RT, chronic disease, - Gender differences burns, HIV, leukemia. Malnutrition - Aging (immunosenescence) - Immunization ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY - Psychoneuroimmunology - Get a disease that weakens the Diagnostic Evaluation immune system - A disease of the immune system - Blood tests caused by Human Immunodeficiency - Bone marrow biopsy Virus (HIV) - Skin tests - Targets the body’s white blood cells, Nursing Implications weakening the immune systen. - Acquired immunodeficiency - Nurses play a key role in patient syndrome (AIDS) is the most education and support, especially advanced stage of HIC infection during diagnostic evaluations for - CD4