NCM 111 Lec Chapter 10 (1) PDF

APPRAISING QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND APPROACHES QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TRADITIONS THE DESIGN OF QUALITATIVE STUDIES Various qualitative approaches exist, Quantitative resear...

APPRAISING QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND APPROACHES QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TRADITIONS THE DESIGN OF QUALITATIVE STUDIES Various qualitative approaches exist, Quantitative researchers develop a research categorized by disciplinary traditions. design before collecting data; qualitative researchers design as they do. Ethnography Qualitative studies use an emergent design that evolves based on ongoing decisions about data Involves description and interpretation of culture needs. and cultural behavior. An emergent design reflects the realities and Requires extensive fieldwork to understand viewpoints of those under study. culture. Can focus on broadly defined cultures Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design (macroethnography) or specific units (focused ethnography). Flexible and capable of adjusting to what is Seeks to understand the emic perspective learned during data collection. (insiders' view) and the etic perspective Benefits from ongoing data analysis to guide (outsiders' interpretation). subsequent strategies. Information sought includes cultural behavior, Often involves triangulating various data artifacts, and speech. sources. Utilizes participant observation and key Tends to be holistic, aimed at understanding the informants. whole. Produces rich, holistic descriptions and Requires researchers to become intensely interpretations. involved and reflexive. Ethnonursing research focuses on local Advance planning typically includes study site, viewpoints and practices in nursing. broad data collection strategy, and necessary Autoethnography involves researchers studying equipment. cultures they belong to, offering advantages and potential biases. Qualitative Design Features Phenomenology Qualitative research is almost always nonexperimental; does not involve independent An approach to understanding people's and dependent variables. everyday life experiences. Blinding is rarely used; the goal is to develop a Researchers ask: What is the essence of this rich understanding of a phenomenon. phenomenon as experienced by people, and Group comparisons are not typically planned, what does it mean? but patterns may suggest comparisons. Assumes an essence—an essential structure Data collection occurs in naturalistic settings; that can be understood, similar to cultural may study phenomena in various contexts. assumptions in ethnography. Can be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Essence defines what a phenomenon is; critical truths about reality are grounded in lived Causality and Qualitative Research experiences. Topics suitable for phenomenology include Qualitative research often ranks low in evidence fundamental human experiences like suffering or hierarchies for causal inferences. grief. The construct of causality is debated; some argue for mutual shaping over causality. Data Collection Qualitative methods can reveal patterns suggesting causal interpretations, which can be Main data source is in-depth conversations to systematically tested later. access informants' lived experiences.  Typically involves a small number of Hermeneutic Circle participants, often fewer than 15. Some researchers also engage in participation, Described by Gadamer, where understanding observation, and reflection. the whole (e.g., an interview transcript) relates to understanding its parts. Reporting Results Researchers continuously question the meanings of the text. Insights are shared in rich, vivid reports describing key themes. Approach to Data Results should help readers "see" experiences in a new way, enriching understanding. Unlike descriptive phenomenology, bracketing does not occur; researchers cannot entirely set Variants of Phenomenology aside their prior understanding. Researchers must approach each interview text Two main variants: descriptive phenomenology with openness to its meanings. and interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics). In-depth interviews are primary data sources, but may also include supplementary texts (e.g., Descriptive Phenomenology novels, poetry). Developed by Husserl, focusing on the question: Grounded Theory What do we know as persons? Emphasizes careful portrayal of ordinary Developed in the 1960s by Glaser and Strauss, conscious experiences to understand the rooted in symbolic interactionism, focusing on essence of those experiences. how people make sense of social interactions. "Things" examined include hearing, seeing, Aims to identify a main concern or problem and believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and understand behaviors designed to resolve it, evaluating. focusing on core variables, including basic social processes (BSP). Four Steps of Descriptive Phenomenology Grounded Theory Methods 1. Bracketing: Identifying and setting aside preconceived beliefs and opinions about the Data collection, analysis, and participant phenomenon to confront the data in its pure sampling occur simultaneously, making the form. Researchers often maintain a reflexive process recursive. journal to aid this process. Employs constant comparison to develop and 2. Intuiting: Remaining open to the meanings refine concepts, comparing categories with attributed to the phenomenon by those who earlier data for commonalities and variations. have experienced it. Common data sources include in-depth 3. Analyzing: Extracting significant statements, interviews and participant observation, typically categorizing them, and making sense of involving 20 to 30 participants. essential meanings. 4. Describing: Understanding and defining the Alternate Views of Grounded Theory phenomenon based on the analysis. Strauss and Corbin's book (1990) provided Interpretive Phenomenology procedures for grounded theory, leading to controversy over methods. Founded by Heidegger, who emphasized Glaser criticized their approach as "full interpreting human experience rather than just conceptual description," arguing grounded describing it. theory should generate concepts explaining Lived experience is seen as an interpretive behavioral variation. process; hermeneutics is fundamental to human Nurse researchers utilize both Glaser and existence. Strauss's original methods and constructivist Goals include entering another's world and grounded theory (Charmaz), which views data discovering the understandings within. and analyses as social constructions,  acknowledging shared experiences between ○ Aims to raise awareness of researcher and participants. contradictions in social practices and inspire action. OTHER TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ○ Often involves triangulation of methods and emphasizes multiple perspectives. 1. Case Studies ○ Has a significant role in ethnography, ○ In-depth investigations of a single entity with critical ethnography aiming for or small number of entities (individuals, social change and political awareness. families, institutions). ○ Focus on understanding issues Feminist Research important to the entity's circumstances. ○ Centers on why a person thinks, Focuses on gender domination and behaves, or develops in a particular discrimination in patriarchal societies. manner. Seeks collaborative and nonexploitative ○ Involves long-term study, collecting data relationships with informants. on present states and relevant past Aims to understand how gender and a gendered experiences. social order shape women's lives. ○ Strength: Depth of understanding; Intent is to facilitate change to end women's Weakness: Potential bias and unequal social positions. challenges in generalizability. Methods typically include in-depth, interactive, ○ Can challenge generalizations from and collaborative interviews. other types of research. Researchers negotiate meanings with 2. Narrative Analyses participants and practice self-reflection. ○ Focuses on stories to understand how individuals make sense of life events. Participatory Action Research (PAR) ○ Premise: People communicate meanings effectively through narrating Based on the idea that knowledge production stories. can exert power. ○ Analyzes why stories are told in Collaborates with groups or communities particular ways, beyond just content. vulnerable to oppression. ○ Uses structural approaches from literary Starts from a concern for the powerlessness of analysis and linguistics. the studied group. 3. Descriptive Qualitative Studies Researchers and participants define problems, ○ Lack formal disciplinary or choose methods, analyze data, and decide on methodological roots; may be referred to findings' use collaboratively. as naturalistic inquiry or thematic Aims to produce knowledge, action, analysis. empowerment, and consciousness raising. ○ Tend to be eclectic and based on Utilizes creative data-gathering methods (e.g., constructivist inquiry principles. storytelling, sociodrama, photography) to foster ○ Do not fit neatly into existing typologies; collaboration and community solidarity. often focus on themes and patterns in qualitative data. Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Designs 4. Research With Ideological Perspectives ○ Conducted within ideological Evaluating qualitative designs can be frameworks to highlight social problems challenging due to unclear design decisions. and advocate for change. Information about the qualitative tradition used ○ Emphasizes critical perspectives and can guide appraisal (e.g., ethnographic studies the needs of specific groups. should involve adequate fieldwork and diverse 5. Critical Theory data sources). ○ Originated from Marxist-oriented In grounded theory, check if data collection and scholars in the 1920s. analysis were appropriately iterative. ○ Focuses on critiquing society and For phenomenological studies, determine if they envisioning new possibilities. are descriptive or interpretive and assess  adherence to those traditions (e.g., bracketing in descriptive phenomenology). Look for consistency in the application of a single qualitative tradition throughout the study, avoiding mixed methods unless justified.