Nutrition Throughout The Lifespan PDF

NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE 300 kcal per day. The energy intake should be 36 per kg of LIFESPAN ★...

NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE 300 kcal per day. The energy intake should be 36 per kg of LIFESPAN ★ pregnant weight per day. (para sa mga tamad lang ‘tong reviewer na ‘to - feb) THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE The major stages of the human life cycle are defined as follows: ★ Pregnancy – The development of a zygote into an embryo and then into a fetus in preparation for childbirth. ★ Infancy – The earliest of childhood. It is the period from birth through age one. ★ Toddler years – Occur during ages two and three and are the end of early childhood. ★ Childhood – Takes place from ages four to MATERNAL WEIGHT eight. ★ Puberty – The period from ages nine to Underweight thirteen, which is the beginning of ★ High risk of having low-birth weight infants adolescence. ★ Higher rates of pre-term deaths and infant ★ Older adolescence – The stage that takes deaths place between ages fourteen and eighteen. Overweight and Obese ★ Adulthood – The period from adolescence to the end of life and begins at age nineteen. ★ High risk of complications like hypertension, gestational diabetes, and postpartum ★ Middle age – The period of adulthood that infections stretches from age thirty-one to fifty. ★ Complications of labor and delivery ★ Senior years, or old age – Extend from age ★ Increased likelihood of a difficult labor and fifty-one until the end of life. delivery, birth trauma, and cesarean section for large babies Doubled risk of neural tube defects NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY ★ PREGNANCY (GESTATION) ★ It begins when the sperm fertilizes the egg, and the single cell formed this union (fertilized ovum) then implants itself in the uterus, undergoes differentiation, and grows until it can support extra-uterine life. ★ Lasts for a period of 266 to 280 days or 37-40 weeks (when counted from the first day of a woman’s last menstrual period). ★ It consists of 3 trimesters: first, second, and 2. PROTEIN ALLOWANCES third trimesters which corresponds to the 3 ★ The FAO/WHO recommends an additional main phases: implantation, organogenesis, 9g of protein per day for the latter part of and growth. pregnancy. ★ Adjusting for net protein utilization (NPU) of NUTRITIONAL OBJECTIVES 63, an additional allowance of a Filipino 1. Ensure optimum nutrition before, during, and pregnant woman becomes 14 g/day or a after pregnancy. total of 68 g/day for the adult pregnant 2. Provide adequate nutrition to meet woman. increased maternal and fetal nutrient ★ Pregnant adolescents should receive both demands. the protein allowance for their non-pregnant body weight (59 g for those aged 16-19) and 1. CALORIE ALLOWANCES an additional 14 g/day for the pregnancy ★ The total energy cost of storage plus totaling 73 g. maintenance (additional work for maternal ★ A normal pregnant woman requires a total heart and uterus and a steady rise in basal of 900-950 g additional protein for the 9 metabolism) amounts approximately 80,000 months gestation period. kcal. ★ Two-thirds of the proteins should be of ★ The energy cost of pregnancy then is about animal origin of the highest biologic value  such as meat, milk, eggs, cheese, poultry, ★ The need for vitamin D is increased during and fish. pregnancy to make the utilization of greater amounts of calcium and phosphorus easier. Reasons for the additional protein: ★ Ascorbic acid , vital in tissue structure, is 1. To provide for the storage of nitrogen required in considerably increased amounts. 2. To protect the mother against many of the ★ Vitamin A is important in epithelial cells complications of pregnancy during organogenesis and is necessary to 3. For the growth of the woman’s uterus, ensure good vision. placenta, and associated tissues ★ Folic acid and vitamin B12 are important in 4. To meet the needs for the fetal growth and the synthesis of RBC. repair ★ Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine requirement has 5. For the growth of the mammary tissues been observed to be greater during 6. For the hormonal preparation for lactation pregnancy which have been found to have much value in preventing severe nausea 3. CALCIUM ALLOWANCES and vomiting associated with childbearing ★ The intake and retention of calcium are ★ The infant often has low blood prothrombin considerably increased during the latter half levels until intestinal synthesis of vitamin K is of pregnancy and the quantity retained is fully established during the early days of life more than what can be accounted for the and 1 mg to 2 mg can be given to the fetal utilization and it perhaps represents the newborn after birth. The use of vitamin K establishment of a reserve supply which may supplements during pregnancy is not be availed of during subsequent necessary. emergencies. ★ The pregnant woman will have to sacrifice 7. FOOD ALLOWANCES the calcium of her bones in favor of the ★ One ounce or 30 g of meat or its equivalent developing fetus if her diet is inadequate in and an extra pint of milk to the normal diet. calcium. ★ Daily consumption of whole-grain cereals; ★ The calcium retained in the fetus during the enriched bread; rice; leafy green and yellow last two months of pregnancy is 65% of the vegetables; and fresh and dried fruits. total body content of the full-term fetus. ★ Liver at least once a week ★ To satisfy additional needs, the daily intake ★ Egg in the daily diet of calcium must be increased from 0.5 to 0.9 ★ Fortified milk with vitamin D or fish liver oil to that of the non-pregnant adult’s daily life. ★ Six to 8 glasses of water daily 4. IRON ALLOWANCES COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND POSSIBLE ★ At least 700 to 1,000 mg of iron must be DIETARY MODIFICATIONS absorbed and utilized by the mother throughout her pregnancy. 1. NAUSEA AND VOMITING ★ Of this total, about 240 mg is spared by the ★ Also called “morning sickness” which is the cessation of the menstrual flow and the most common discomfort in the early part of remainder must be made available from the pregnancy that occurs immediately after diet. getting up in the morning. ★ The rate of absorption is increased, ★ It leads to malnutrition and loss of weight therefore, in the third trimester when the when accompanied by lack of appetite. needs of the fetus are highest. ★ Nausea affects frequency of food intake resulting in a decrease in calorie intake and 5. IODINE ALLOWANCES increased hormone secretion is in some way ★ Iodine is especially important during responsible for this phenomenon. pregnancy to meet the needs for fetal ★ Small frequent feedings instead of three development. large meals, and high-carbohydrate, low-fat ★ An inadequate intake of iodine may result in foods such as crackers and jelly to goiter in the mother or the child. overcome the complications are ★ The increased need for iodine can be met recommended by nutrition experts. by the regular use of iodized salt in food. ★ Liquids are better taken between meals 6. VITAMIN ALLOWANCES rather than at mealtime ★ Thiamine and Niacin allowances are increased in proportion to the calorie 2. RAPID WEIGHT GAIN increase while riboflavin allowances are ★ It is an increase of 3 kg or more per month in increased according to the higher protein the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. level. ★ It is a sudden increase in weight after about  the 20th week of gestation which is a cause condition is established even by raising the for suspecting that water is being retained at level of iron in the diet although its an inordinate rate and should be regarded absorption can be enhanced by the as a warning sign of an impending inclusion of ascorbic acid-rich foods in the eclampsia. same meal containing rich sources of iron. ★ The primary weight management strategies during pregnancy are dietary control, 6. DIABETES exercise, and behavior modification and the ★ Diabetic pregnant women are more prone goal is to avoid excessive gestational weight to develop pre-eclampsia, pyelonephritis, gain then working with a nutritionist can help and polyhydramnios (excess of amniotic patients plan meals for optimum healthy fluid) and the baby has the higher risk of gestational weight gain. dying in utero or at birth. ★ Rigid control of maternal blood glucose 3. WEIGHT LOSS concentration is considered vital for a good ★ A gain of less than 500 g/month during the prognosis of the fetus. 1st trimester and 250 g during the 2nd is considered a maternal risk factor. 7. CONSTIPATION ★ Seriously underweight entering pregnancy ★ Its causes are pressure by the developing (