Community Survey Tool PDF

Community Survey Tool What is Community Health Nursing? ★ "The utilization of the nursing process in the What is a community? different levels of clientele-in...

Community Survey Tool What is Community Health Nursing? ★ "The utilization of the nursing process in the What is a community? different levels of clientele-individuals, families, population groups and communities, concerned ★ A group of people with common characteristics with the promotion of health, prevention of or interests living together within a territory or disease and disability and rehabilitation." geographical boundary Maglaya, et al ★ Place where people under usual conditions are found COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING (CHN): ★ a specialized field of nursing practice What is Health? ★ a science of Public Health combined with Public Health Nursing Skills and Social Assistance ★ Is a state of complete physical, mental, and with the goal of raising the level of health of the social well-being and not merely the absence of citizenry, to raise optimum level of functioning disease or infirmity. of the citizenry (Characteristic of CHN) ➔ “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHN fundamental rights of every human ➔ The community is the patient in CHN, the being without distinction of race, family is the unit of care and there are four religion, political belief economic or levels of clientele: individual, family, population social condition”-WHO group (those who share common characteristics, developmental stages and common exposure to What is community health? health problems - e.g. children, elderly), and the community. ★ part of paramedical and medical intervention/ ➔ In CHN, the client is considered as an ACTIVE approach which is concerned on the health of the partner NOT PASSIVE recipient of care whole population ➔ CHN practice is affected by developments in ★ aims: health technology, in particular, changes in 1. health promotion society, in general 2. disease prevention ➔ The goal of CHN is achieved through 3. management of factors affecting health multi-sectoral efforts ➔ CHN is a part of the health care system and the larger human services system. What is nursing? ★ assisting sick individuals to become healthy and ROLES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE healthy individuals achieve optimum wellness Clinician Public Health Nursing ➔ who is a health care provider, taking care of the sick people at home or in the RHU ★ the term used before for Community Health Nursing Health Educator According to Dr. C.E. Winslow, Public Health is a ➔ who aims towards health promotion and illness science & art of 3 P's prevention through dissemination of correct information; educating people ➔ Prevention of Disease ➔ Prolonging life Facilitator ➔ Promotion of health and efficiency through organized community effort ➔ who establishes multi-sectoral linkages by referral system Supervisor ➔ who monitors and supervises the performance of midwives TARGET POPULATION (IFC) ARE: 1. Individual 2. Family 3. Community PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS (PHW) ★ are members of the health team who are professionals namely ➔ Medical Officer (MO)-Physician ➔ Public Health Nurse (PHN)-Registered Nurse ➔ Rural Health Midwife (RHM)-Registered Midwife- ➔ Dentist ➔ Nutritionist ➔ Medical Technologist ➔ Pharmacist ➔ Rural Sanitary Inspector (RSI)-must be a sanitary engineer The Community Survey Tool ★ a survey can be an effective way to assess the community’s perceived strengths, weaknesses, needs, and existing assets that can directly and indirectly affect their health. Nuclear family ★ Nuclear family is also known as a conjugal, elementary or traditional family. ★ A family consisting of only a couple (Mother and Father) and their children. Extended family ★ The term joint family defines a family that extends beyond the nuclear family. ★ It consist of grandparents , aunts, uncles & cousins all living nearby or in a same household Dyad ★ Is the smallest possible social group Cohabitation and Society Neolocal ★ Living together as a couple without being ★ permits the couple to reside independently from married. their parents. They can decide on their own as ★ Nothing new to society. far as their residence is concerned. ➔ Elderly people ➔ Young people TYPES OF FAMILIES BASED ON DESCENT 1. Patrilineal Patrifocal or Patriarchal family ★ affiliates (associates, partners, joins) a person ★ a union in which the man has the main authority with a group of relatives through his or her and decision-making power. father. Matrifocal or Matriarchal 2. Matrilineal ★ a union in which the woman has the main ★ affiliates a person with a group of relatives authority and decision- making power. through his or her mother. Egalitarian 3. Bilateral ★ a union in which the husband-and- wife exercise ★ affiliates a person with a group of relatives more or less an equal amount of authority through both his or her parents. Matricentric ★ a prolonged absence of the father as in the case of families of Overseas Filipino Workers gives the mother a dominant position in the family, although the father may in a way also share the decision-making power with the mother Patrilocal ★ requires the newly wed couple to live with or near the residence of the parents/family of the bridegroom. Matrilocal ★ requires the newly-wed couple to live with or near the residence of the bride's parents/family. Bilocal ★ provides the newly-wed couple the choice of staying with either the groom's or the bride's parents depending on factors like the relative's wealth or status of the families, the wishes of the parents, or certain personal preferences of the bride and the groom.  Pail System ★ Also known as Box and Can Privy or Bucket Latrine ★ Regular removal and disposal of waste in a Informal settlers sanitary manner. ★ Burial of contents at least 12 inches from the ★ people who live in shacks without titles to the ground, to prevent access to flies or escape of property where they built their homes. adult flies. Professional Squatter Overhung Latrine ★ refers to individuals or groups who occupy lands ★ Consists of a superstructure provided with a without the express consent of the landowner latrine floor on top of wooden piles above the and who have sufficient income for legitimate water. housing. ★ The disposal of human wastes consists essentially of defecation into the water. ★ Unsanitary Open pit privy ★ a pit covered by a platform with an uncovered hole; Closed pit privy ★ a pit covered by a platform with a covered hole; Borehole latrine ★ most appropriate in situations where boring/drilling equipment is readily available,where a large number of latrines must be constructed rapidly, and where pits are difficult to excavate,either due to ground conditions or lack of a suitable labor force. Water-sealed latrine ★ a water sealed toilet is placed over a pit privy; and Flush type ★ waste is disposed by flushing water through pipes (sewer) into a sewage system or septic tank. Antipolo type ★ elevated toilet house or a shallow pit is extended upwards Morbidity ★ refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population Mortality ★ is the term used for the number of people who die within a population Communicable vs. Non- communicable Metro Manila Non-communicable Developmental Screening ★ cannot be transmitted from an infected person to a susceptible healthy one Test Communicable Difference between Growth and ★ Transmitted from person to person Development ➔ Directly: person-to-person contact ➔ Indirectly: vehicle, vector, fomite Growth ★ Physical change ★ Biological Development ★ Functional or behavioral changes ★ Social, emotional, cognitive, moral, and other domains of function Screening ★ The presumptive identification of an unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures that can be applied rapidly Screening Test ★ sort out apparently well persons who probably have the problem from those who probably do not, permitting those with positive or suspicious Prioritization findings to be referred for diagnosis and appropriate treatment as early as possible. MMDST ★ an early detection model that applies to the detection of developmental disabilities in children aged six & a half (6 1⁄2) years old and younger ★ a simple, clinically useful tool used in the early detection of children with serious developmental delays, modified & adapted by Dr. Phoebe D. Williams. ★ It is NOT an intelligence test ★ It is NOT a diagnostic test ★ It is NOT a predictor of future adaptive or intellectual ability. DDST ★ Small bell with 2 1⁄2 inch-diameter opening ★ Rubber ball 12 1⁄2 inches in diameter ★ Denver Developmental Screening Test ★ Cheese curls ★ Developed by Dr. William K. Frankenburg & ★ Pencil and bond paper Associates in 1967 for the Denver (USA) children. the basis for the modification and standardization of the MMDST The Test Form ★ Design for health professionals so that slow ★ Made of 105 items written in the range of development may be recognized, referrals made development of children between birth and six & appropriate therapy prescribed as soon as years of age possible. ★ Across the top and bottom of form are age scales ★ It is a SCREENING test. ★ Age is marked in months for 1-24, and in years ★ It is intended as a screening instrument to from 2 1⁄2 to 6. determine whether a child’s development is ★ The BAR representing the item is located within normal range. between the age scale to show when 25%, 50% (indicated by the hatch mark), 75% and 90% of 4 Aspect of Child’s Development the normal children are able to pass the item. ★ The bar representing the item, WALKS WELL, is located between the ages less than 12 months Personal-Social and 17 months. ★ Task which indicate the child’s ability to get ★ The LEFT END of the bar denotes that 25% of along with people and to take care of him/herself normal children walk well at less than 12 months. Fine Motor Adaptive ★ The HATCH MARK denotes that 50% of normal children walk well at 13 1⁄4 months. ★ Tasks which indicate the child’s ability to see and to use his hands to pick up objects and to draw. Language ★ Tasks which indicate the child’s ability to hear, follow directions and to speak. ★ The LEFT END OF SHADED AREA shows 75% do so at 15 months. Gross Motor ★ The RIGHT END of the bar shows 90% walk well at about 17 months. ★ Tasks which indicate the child’s ability to sit, ★ Some items have a SMALL FOOTNOTE walk, and jump (big motions). NUMBER at the left end of the bar. This number indicates the corresponding instructions for MMDST Kit administering the item that is found at the back of the test form. ★ Manual ★ Some items may be passed by REPORT of the ★ Sample test form parent. ★ Test materials ★ Only items with an R on the form may be passed ★ MMDST bag by report. ★ However, whenever possible, the tester should observe what the child can actually perform Test Materials rather than ask the parent, even though the item ★ Bright red yarn (pom-pom) may be passed by report. ★ Rattle with a narrow handle ★ The item EQUAL MOVEMENTS has an ★ Eight 1-inch colored wooden blocks (red, blue, asterisk (*) at the right end of its bar yellow, green) ★ This indicates that 100% of normal children pass ★ Small clear glass/bottle with 5/8 inch opening this item at birth.  ★ This is only the item with an * and is located in ➔ Failure of an item that is completely to the fine- motor adaptive sector of the test form. the left of the child’s age line is ★ Nine items have arrows at the right end of these considered as a developmental delay and ★ bars. is therefore referred to in MMDST as a ★ The arrows indicate that normal children may delay. pass these items even beyond 6 1⁄2 years of age. ★ An example of no opportunity is in the item – pedals tricycle. If the child has never had an WATCH THE VIDEO FOR TEST ADMINISTRATION opportunity to try a tricycle then the item should be scored as no opportunity and not failed or refused. Calculating the Age Keep in Mind ★ The child’s age will be the basis for drawing the 1. All items crossing the age line should be age line and determining the test items to be administered. administered. 2. The child should have a minimum of 3 passes to the left of any failure. ★ calculate first the days, then months and then 3. Each sector should have at least three passes and years. three failures. Selecting Items to Administer ★ The number of items to be administered will vary with the age and ability of the child. ★ Normally, a child is tested on only 20 simple tasks or items. ★ The child may accomplish some of the tasks on his own without being asked. Scoring delays in Development Adjustment for Prematurity ★ A test item that is failed and which falls ★ Prematurity may affect the ability of the child to completely to the left of the age line is perform or demonstrate items that other normal considered a delay. children pass at the same age. ★ Delays on the test form are emphasized by ★ Make adjustments if the child is 2 years or shading the right end of the bar of the delayed younger. Subtract the number of weeks of item. prematurity. ★ If the age line touches the right end of the bar, ★ If more than 2 years, it is no longer necessary to the item is not considered a delay. compensate for prematurity. ★ No adjustment should be made for children born later than expected. Discussing Test Results ★ Step 1 – Mark each delay by heavily shading the right end of the bar; ★ Step 2 – Count the number of sectors that have 2 or more delays; Test Scores ★ Step 3 – Count the number of sectors that have 1 delay with no passes intersecting the age line in ★ Passed ( P ) the same sector; ★ Failed ( F ) ★ Step 4 – Interpret the result using the following ★ Refused ( R) criteria. ★ No Opportunity ( NO )  neurological impairment familial pattern of slow development in one or more areas. Bag Technique ★ Overall interpretation of test results should be given to parents in general terms. At the end of discussion, students should; ★ If the child has done well – praise and reassure ★ have a clear understanding of the concept of the parent the child is developing as he/she sterility, the importance of sterile fields, and the should be. various ways contamination can occur. ★ If the child has a number of delays remind them ★ understand the consequences of improper sterile it is a screening test and you would like to test technique, including the increased risk of the child again within approximately 2 weeks. infection for patients. ★ be able to explain the steps involved in the bag technique, including opening sterile packages, Interpreting Test Results handling sterile items, and transferring them to ★ Normal the sterile field. ★ Questionable ★ be able to demonstrate the bag technique with ★ Abnormal accuracy and precision, minimizing the risk of ★ Untestable contamination. ➔ Failure to pass an item passed by 90% of the children should be considered significant. Such a failure may be What is Bag Technique emphasized by coloring the right end of ★ It is a method used in healthcare settings to the bar of the failed item. maintain sterility while handling and transferring ➔ Several failures in one sector are sterile supplies. It's a crucial part of sterile considered to be developmental delays. technique, which aims to prevent contamination The delays may be due to; of the sterile field during procedures like surgery 1. Unwillingness of the child to or wound care.. use his or her ability due to: Temporary phenomena What is a public Health bag? such as illness, fatigue, separation from parents, ★ It is an essential and indispensable equipment of fear, hospitalization, the public health nurse which he/she carries and so forth. along when he/she goes out home visiting. It General unwillingness contains basic medications and articles which to do most things that are necessary for giving care. are asked, such as conditions, may be just Principles of Bag Technique: as detrimental as an 1. The use of bag technique should minimize if not inability to perform. totally prevent the spread of the infection from 2. An inability to perform individuals to families, hence to the community. General retardation 2. Bag technique should save time and effort on the Pathological factors part of the nurse in the performance of nursing such as deafness or procedures  3. Bag technique should not overshadow concern ★ Dry it in sunlight for the patient rather should show the ★ While emptying the contents, check the effectiveness of total care given to an individual expandable items like gloves, thermometer glass or family. articles for being broken or spoiled. 4. Bag technique can be performed in a variety of ★ After drying, the bag should be re –equipped ways depending upon agency policies, actual with articles, drug, sterile dressing and other home situations etc., as long as principles of articles needed avoiding transfer of infection is carried out. ★ Check the bag daily for proper care of the bag Purpose of Bag Technique: Precautions: 1. To carry out nursing procedure at home 1. Check the bag before leaving for home visit 2. To perform minor dressing 2. No meddling of the content without hand 3. To conduct deliveries in emergency situation washing 4. To do assessment of different community 3. Open only when required people. Like: newborn, infant, toddler, 4. Bag should be kept at a proper place preschool, school-going, adolescents and adults. 5. Bag should be thoroughly cleaned 5. To do cord care for newborn child 6. It should be free from dust and disinfected 6. To check the antenatal and postnatal assessment 7. Personal items should not be kept in the bag 7. To provide health education to the community 8. Soiled and dirty things should be properly disinfected Special Considerations in the use of bag technique 1. The bag should contain all necessary articles, Contents of the Bag: supplies and equipments which maybe used to ➔ Paper Lining answer emergency needs. ➔ Extra paper for making waste receptacle 2. The bag and its content should be cleaned as ➔ Plastic/Linen lining often as possible, supplies replaced and ready ➔ Apron for use anytime ➔ Hand towel in plastic bag 3. The bag and its contents should be well ➔ Soap in soap dish protected from contact with any article in the ➔ Thermometer (1 oral, 1 rectal) home of the patient. Consider the bag and its ➔ 2 pairs of scissors ( 1 surgical, 1 bandage) content and/or sterile while any article belonging ➔ 2 pairs of forceps ( 1 curved 1 straight) to the patient dirty or contaminated ➔ Syringes (5ml and 2ml) 4. The arrangements of the content of the bag ➔ Hypodermic Needle (g. 19,22, 23,25) should be the one most convenient to the user to ➔ Sterile Dressing (OS) facilitate efficiency and avoid confusion ➔ Sterile plastic cord clamp 5. Handwashing is done as frequently as the ➔ Adhesive plaster situation calls for. It helps in minimizing or ➔ Cotton Balls avoiding contamination of the bag and its ➔ Tape Measure contents. ➔ Baby’s Scale 6. The bag when used in a communicable disease ➔ Alcohol lamp should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected ➔ 1 pair of rubber gloves before keeping and reusing it. ➔ 2 test tubes ➔ Medicine tray Care of the Bag: ➔ Betadine ➔ 70 % alcohol In order to keep the nursing bag in readiness at all ➔ Ophthalmic Ointment times: ➔ Hydrogen Peroxide ➔ Spirit of ammonia ★ The nurse should empty the contents and clean ➔ Acetic Acid the bag at least once a week or more often ➔ Benedict’s Solution depending on how much it is used. ★ Wash the bag with soap and water Procedure: 1. After entering clients house, take paper lining from top of the bag 2. Lay paper on the flat surface of table, chest or box, if none use the floor. 3. Place bag on the left side of paper lining with the bag opening facing the working area 4. Open the bag and take out the plastic lining 5. Lay the plastic lining over the paper lining 6. Bring out the soap dish and towel 7. Close the bag without locking and perform handwashing 8. After handwashing, put the soap and soap dish on the paper lining (outside the plastic lining) with hand towel on top of the soap dish 9. Put on the apron observing proper technique 10. Remove from bag articles that are needed for care making sure that they are placed within the plastic lining 11. Place a paper receptacle outside the work area 12. Close the bag then complete the care 13. Perform after care of articles used. (articles are usually disinfected using alcohol including the top of the plastic lining 14. Close and discard the paper receptacle 15. Wash hands 16. After handwashing, open the bag and return all articles used 17. Return the soap and soap dish inside the bag last (with the hand towel under the soap dish) 18. Take off and fold apron using the proper technique and return to bag 19. Fold the plastic lining (clean side out) and return to bag 20. Close and lock the Bag 21. Get the bag; fold the paper lining without touching the contaminated side and discard.