Family Health Nursing Lecture Notes PDF

# CHN-FAMILY ## **Family Health Nursing** - Is a special field in nursing in which the family is the unit of care, health as its goal and nursing as its medium or channel of care. ## **Family Nursing Process** - It is a means by which the health care provider addresses the health needs and problem...

# CHN-FAMILY ## **Family Health Nursing** - Is a special field in nursing in which the family is the unit of care, health as its goal and nursing as its medium or channel of care. ## **Family Nursing Process** - It is a means by which the health care provider addresses the health needs and problems of the client. - It is a logical and systematic way of processing information gathered from different sources and translating into meaningful actions or interventions. ## **Steps:** 1. **Relating** - Establishing a working relationship. Results in positive outcomes such as good quality of data, partnership in addressing identified health need and problems, and satisfaction of the nurse and the client. 2. **Assessment** - Data Collection, data analysis and data interpretation and problem definition or nursing diagnosis. - Two types of assessment: 1. **First Level Assessment**: Data on status/ conditions of family household members. 2. **Second Level Assessment**: Data on family assumption of health tasks on each health problem identified in the First Level Assessment. 3. **Planning** - Determination of how to assist client in resolving concerns related to restoration, maintenance or promotion of health. - Establishment of priorities, set goals/ objectives, selects strategies, describe rationale. 4. **Implementation** - The carrying out of plan of care by client and nurse, make ongoing assessment, update/ revise plan, document responses. 5. **Evaluation** - A systematic, continuous process of comparing the client's response with written goal and objective. - Determines progress and evaluate the implemented intervention as to: 1. Effectiveness 2. Efficiency 3. Adequacy 4. Acceptability 5. Appropriateness ## **I. Nursing Assessment** - Involves a set of actions by which the nurse measure the status of the family as a client, their ability to maintain wellness, prevent and control or resolve problems in order to achieve health and well-being among its members. ## **Steps in Nursing Assessment** 1. **Data Collection** - The process of identifying the types or kinds of data needed. - Specify the methods necessary to collect such data. ## **Methods of Data Collection** a. **Observation** - Is the use of all sensory capacities. The family's status can be inferred from the manifestations of problem areas reflected in the following: 1. Communication & interaction pattern expected, used & tolerated by family members. 2. Role perceptions/ tasks assumptions by each member including decision-making patterns. 3. Conditions in the home & environment. b. **Physical Examination** - Is done through inspection, palpation, percussion & auscultation. c. **Interview** - By completing health history for each member. Health history determines current health status. d. **Record Review** - Is the review existing records & reports pertinent to the client/ family such as diagnostic reports and immunization records. e. **Laboratory/ Diagnostic tests** ## **5 Types of Date in Family Nursing Assessment (Initial Data Base)** **A. Family Structure, Characteristics and Dynamics** 1. Members of the household and relationship to the head of the family. 2. Demographic data - age, sex, civil status, position in the family. 3. Place of residence of each member - whether living with the family or elsewhere. 4. Type of family structure - e.g. matriarchal or patriarchal, nuclear or extended. 5. Dominant family members in terms of decision-making, especially in matters of health care. 6. General family relationship / dynamics - presence of any obvious / readily observable conflict between members; characteristic, communication / interaction pattern among members **B. Socio-economic and Cultural Characteristics** 1. Income and expenses a. Occupation, place of work and income of each working member b. Adequacy to meet basic necessities (food, clothing, shelter) 2. Educational attainment of each member 3. Ethnic background and religious affiliation 4. Significant Others - role(s) they play in family's life. 5. Relationship of the family to larger community - Nature and extent of participation of the family in community activities. **C. Home and Environment** 1. **Housing** a. Adequacy of living space b. Sleeping arrangement c. Presence of breeding or resting sites of vectors of disease (e.g. mosquitoes, roaches, flies, rodents, etc) d. Presence of accident hazards e. Food storage and cooking facilities f. Water supply - source, ownership, sanitary condition g. Garbage/refuse disposal - type, sanitary condition h. Drainage system - type, sanitary condition 2. Kind of neighborhood, e.g. congested, slum. 3. Social and health facilities available. 4. Communication and transportation facilities available. **D. Health Status of each Family Member** 1. Medical and nursing history indicating current or past significant illnesses or beliefs and practices conducive to health and illness. 2. Nutritional assessment (specially for vulnerable or risk at-risk members) a. Anthropometric data: Measures of nutritional status of children- weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference. b. Dietary history specifying quality and quantity of food/ nutrient intake per day. c. Eating/feeding habits /practices 3. Developmental assessment of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers - e.g., Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test (MMDST) 4. Risk factor assessment indicating presence of major and contributing modifiable risk factors for - e.g. hypertension, physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette/ tobacco smoking, elevated blood lipids/ cholesterol, obesity, diabetes mellitus, inadequate fiber intake, stress, alcohol drinking and other substance abuse. 5. Physical assessment indicating presence of illness state/s (diagnosed or undiagnosed by medical practitioners. 6. Results of laboratory / diagnostic and other screening procedures supportive of assessment findings **E. Values, Habits, Practices on Health Promotion, Maintenance and Disease Prevention Such as:** 1. Immunization status of family members. 2. Healthy lifestyle practices. 3. Adequacy of : a. rest and sleep b. exercise / activities c. Use of protective measures - e.g. adequate footwear in parasite- infested areas; use of bednets and protective clothing in malaria and filariasis endemic areas. d. Use of relaxation and other stress management activities. 4. Use of promotive-preventive health services. ## **2. Data Analysis** **Steps:** 1. Sorting of data for broad categories (such as those related with health status or practices about home and environment). 2. Clustering of related cues to determine relationship among data. 3. Distinguishing relevant form irrelevant data. This will help in deciding what information is pertinent to the situation at hand and what information is immaterial. 4. Identifying patterns such as physiologic function, developmental, nutritional/dietary, coping/adaptation or communication patterns. 5. Compare patterns with norms or standards of health, family functioning and assumption of health tasks. 6. Interpreting results of comparisons to determine signs and symptoms or cues of specific wellness state/s, health deficit/s, health threat/s, foreseeable crises/stress point/s and their underlying causes or associated factors. 7. Making conclusions about the reasons for the existence of the health condition or problem, or risk for non-maintenance of wellness state/s which can be attributed to non-performance of family tasks. ## **3. Problem Definition/Nursing Diagnosis** - End result of 2 major types of assessment. - **Family Nursing Problem**: Stated as an inability to perform specific health task and the reasons/ etiology) why the family cannot perform such task. - Consists of 2 parts: main category of problem (coming from unattained health task) and specific problems (statement of factors contributory for the existence of the main problem. - Example: (general): Inability to utilize resources for health care due to lack of adequate family resources, specifically: (specific) a. financial resources b. manpower resources c. time - The more specific the problem definition, the more useful is the nursing diagnosis in determining the nursing intervention. Therefore, as many as three or four levels of problem definition can be stated. ## **Typology of Nursing Problems in Family Nursing Practice** ## **1. First Level of Assessment**: - **Process whereby existing potential health conditions/problems of the family are determined.** a. **Presence of Wellness Condition**: states as potential or readiness - a clinical or nursing judgement about a client in transition from a specific level of wellness or capability to a higher level. b. **Presence of Health Deficits**: Instances of failure in health maintenance. A. Illness States, regardless of whether it is diagnosed or undiagnosed by medical practitioner. B. Failure to thrive/ develop according to normal rate. C. Disability - whether (1) congenital or (2) arising from illness. c. **Presence of Health Threats**: Conditions that are conducive to disease, accident or failure to realize one's health potential. A. Family history of hereditary condition / disease B. Threat of cross infection from a communicable disease case C. Family size beyond what family resources can adequately provide D. Accident hazards. 1. broken stairs 2. pointed/sharp objects, poisons, & medicines improperly kept 3. fire hazards 4. fall hazards 5. others (specify) E. Faulty / unhealthy nutritional / eating habits or feeding techniques / practices. 1. inadequate food intake both in quality and quantity 2. excessive intake of certain nutrients 3. faulty eating habits 4. ineffective breastfeeding 5. faulty feeding technique 6. F. Stress-provoking factors 1. strained marital relationship 2. strained parent-sibling relationship 3. interpersonal conflicts between family members 4. care-giving burden G. Poor home / environmental condition/ sanitation 1. inadequate living space 2. lack of food storage facilities 3. polluted water supply 4. presence of breeding or resting sites of vectors of diseases 5. improper garbage / refuse disposal 6. unsanitary waste disposal 7. poor lighting and ventilation 8. noise pollution 9. air pollution H. Unsanitary food handling and preparation 1. Unhealthy lifestyle and personal habits /practices 1. alcohol drinking 2. cigarette / tobacco smoking 3. walking barefooted or inadequate footwear 4. eating raw meat or fish 5. poor personal hygiene 6. self-medication/substance abuse 7. sexual promiscuity 8. engaging in dangerous sports 9. inadequate rest or sleep 10. lack of / inadequate exercise / physical activity 11. lack of / inadequate activities 12. non-use of self-protection measures (e.g. non-use of bednets in Malaria and Filariasis endemic areas) J. inherent personal characteristics - such as poor impulses control K. Health history which may precipitate / induce the occurrence of a health deficit, e.g. previous history of difficult labor. L. Inappropriate role assumption - e.g. child assuming mother's role, father not assuming his role M. Lack of immunization / inadequate immunization status specially of children N. Family disunity - e.g. self-oriented behavior of members (s), unresolved conflicts of members(s), intolerable disagreement O. Others, specify : d. **Presence of Stress Points / Foreseeable Crisis**: Anticipated periods of unusual demand on the individual or family in terms of adjustment / family resources. A. Marriage B. Pregnancy, labor, puerperium C. Parenthood D. Additional member - e.g. newborn, lodger E. Abortion F. Entrance at school G. Adolescence H. Divorce or separation I. Menopause J. Loss of Job K. Hospitalization of a family member L. Death of a Member M. Resettlement in a new community N. Illegitimacy O. Other, Specify ## **2. Second Level of Assessment**: - **Defines the nature or type of nursing problems that the family encounters in performing health.** **I. Inability to recognize the presence of the condition or problem due to:** A. Lack of or inadequate knowledge B. Denial about its existence or severity as a result of fear of consequences of diagnosis of problem, specifically: 1. social-stigma, loss of respect of peers / significant others 2. economic / cost implications 3. physical consequences 4. emotional / psychological issues / concerns C. Attitude / philosophy in life which hinders recognition / acceptance of a problem D. Others, specify **II. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to:** A. Failure to comprehend the nature/ magnitude of the problem / condition B. Low salience of the problem / condition C. Feeling of confusion, helplessness and / or resignation brought by perceived magnitudes / severity of the situation or problem, i.e., failure to break down problems into manageable units of attacks D. Lack of / or inadequate knowledge / insight as to alternative courses of action to take E. Inability to decide which action to take among the list of alternatives F. Conflicting opinions among family members / significant others regarding action to take G. Lack of /or inadequate knowledge of community resources for care H. Fear of consequence of action, specially: - social consequences - economic consequences - physical / psychological consequences I. Negative attitude towards the health problem - By negative attitude is meant one that interferes with rational decision making J. Inaccessibility of appropriate resources for care, specifically: 1. physical inaccessibility 2. cost constraints or economic / financial inaccessibility K. Lack of trust / confidence in the health personnel / agency L. Others, specify **III. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to sick, disabled, dependent or vulnerable / at- risk member of the family due to:** A. Lack of / inadequate knowledge about the disease / health condition (nature, severity, complications, prognosis and management ); B. Lack of / inadequate knowledge about the child development and care; Lack of / inadequate knowledge of the nature and extent of nursing care needed; C. Lack of the necessary facilities, equipment and supplies for care; D. Lack of or inadequate knowledge and skill in carrying out the necessary interventions / treatment / procedure / care (e.g., complex therapeutic regimen or healthy lifestyle program); E. Inadequate family resources for care, specifically: - Absence of responsible member - Financial constraints - Limitations / lack of physical resources - e.g. isolation room F. Significant person's unexpressed feelings (e.g. hostility / anger, guilt, fear / anxiety, despair, rejection) which disable his / her capacities to provide care. G. Philosophy in life which negates / hinder caring the sick, disabled, dependent, vulnerable / At risk member H. Member's preoccupation with own concerns / interests I. Prolonged disease or disability progression which exhausts supportive capacity of family members J. Altered role performance - specify: a. role denial or ambivalence b. role strain c. role dissatisfaction d. role conflict e. role confusion f. role overload K. Others, specify **IV. Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance and personal development due to:** A. Inadequate family resources, specifically: a. financial constraints / limited financial resources b. limited physical resources - e.g. lack of space to construct facility B. Failure to see benefits (specifically long-term ones) of investment in home environment improvement C. Lack of / inadequate knowledge of importance of hygiene and sanitation D. Lack of / inadequate knowledge of preventive measures E. Lack of skill in carrying out measures to improve home environment F. Ineffective communication patterns within the family G. Lack of supportive relationship among family members H. Negative attitude / philosophy in life which is not conducive to health maintenance and personal development I. Lack of / inadequate competencies in relating to each other for mutual growth and maturation (e.g. reduced ability to meet the physical and psychological needs of other members as a result of J. family's preoccupation with current problem or condition) K. Others, specify ------ **V. Failure to utilize community resources for health care due to:** A. Lack of / inadequate knowledge of community resources for health care B. Failure to perceive the benefits of health care / services C. Lack of trust / confidence in the agency / personnel D. Previous unpleasant experience with health worker E. Fear of consequences of action (preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic. Rehabilitative), specifically: a. physical / psychological consequences b. financial consequences b. social consequences - e.g., loss of esteem of peer / significant others F. Unavailability of required care / service G. Inaccessibility of required care / service due to: a.cost constraints b. physical inaccessibility, i.e. location of facility H. Lack of or inadequate family resources, specifically; a.manpower resources - e.g. baby sitter b. financial resources - e.g., cost of medicine prescribed I. Feeling of alienation to / lack of support from the community, e.g., stigma due to mental illness, AIDS, etc. J. Negative attitude / philosophy in life which hinders effective / maximum utilization of community resources for health care K. Others, specify---------- ## **II. Planning** - The step in the process w/c answers the following questions: - What is to be done? - How is it to be done? - When it is to be done? - It is actually the phase wherein the health care provider formulates a care plan. ## **Steps in developing a Family Nursing Care Plan** 1. Prioritized problems 2. Goals and objectives of the nursing care 3. Plan of intervention 4. Plan for evaluating care ## **Prioritizing Health Problems** 1. **Nature of the Problem Presented**: Categorized into wellness state, health threat, health deficit and foreseeable crisis. 2. **Modifiability of the Problem/Condition**: Refers to the probability of success in enhancing, improving, minimizing, alleviating or totally eradicating the problem through intervention. 3. **Preventive Potentials**: Refers to the nature and magnitude of future problems that can be minimized or totally prevented if intervention is done on the problem under consideration. 4. **Salience**: Refers to the family's perception and evaluation of the problem in terms of seriousness and urgency of attention needed or family readiness. | **CRITERIA** | **Weight** | |---|---| | **1. Nature of the problems Presented** | **1** | | Scale: | | | -Health deficit / Wellness | 3 | | Health threat | 2 | | Foreseeable crisis | 1 | | **2. Modifiability of the problem** | **2** | | Scale: | | | easily modifiable | 2 | | Partially modifiable | 1 | | Not modifiable | 0 | | **3. Preventive potential** | **1** | | Scale: | | | High | 3 | | Moderate | 2 | | Low | 1 | | **4. Salience** | **1** | | Scale: | | | -A condition / problem needing Immediate attention | 2 | | -A condition / problem not needing Immediate attention | 1 | | -Not perceived as a problem or condition needing change | 0 | **Scoring** 1. Decide a score for each of the criteria 2. divide the score by the highest possible & multiply by the weight Score weight Highest score * X 3. Sum up the score of all criteria. The highest score is 5 equivalent to the total weight. ## **Factors affecting priority setting:** The nurse considers the availability of the following factors in determining the modifiability of a health condition or problem. 1. Current Knowledge, technology and interventions 2. Resources of the family - physical, financial & manpower 3. Resources of the nurse - knowledge, skills and time 4. Resources of the community - facilities and community organization or support ## **Factors in Deciding Appropriate Score for Preventive Potential** 1. **Gravity or severity of the problem**: Refers to the progress of the disease/ problem indicating extent of damage on the patient / family. Also indicates the prognosis, reversibility of the problem 2. **Duration of the problem**: refers to the length of time the problem has been existing 3. **Current Management**: refers to the presence and appropriateness of intervention 4. **Exposure of any high risk group** ## **Family Nursing Care Plan** - It is the blueprint of care that the nurse designs to systematically minimize or eliminate the identified family health problem through explicitly formulated outcomes of care (goal and objectives) and deliberately chosen set of interventions/resources and evaluation criteria, standards, methods and tools. ## **Characteristics of Family Nursing Care Plan** 1. It focuses on actions w/c are designed to solve or alleviate & existing problem. 2. It is a product of deliberate systematic process. 3. The FNCP as with other plans relates to the future. 4. It revolves around identified health problems. 5. It is a mean to an end and not a end to itself. 6. It is a continuous process, not one shot deal. ## **Desirable Qualities of Family Nursing Care Plan** 1. It should be based on a clear definition of the problem. 2. A good plan is realistic, meaning it can be implemented w/ reasonable chance of success 3. It should be consistent w/ the goals & philosophy of the health agency. 4. It's drawn w/ the family. 5. It's best kept in written form. ## **Setting/ Formulating Goals & Objectives** - This will set direction of the plan. - This should be stated in terms of client outcomes whether at the individual, family or community level. - The mutual setting of goals w/c is the cornerstone of effective planning consists of: 1. Identifying possible resources. 2. Delineating alternative approaches to meet goals. 3. Selecting specific interventions. 4. Operationalizing the plan - setting of priorities. ## **Goal** - It is a general statement of the condition or state to be brought about by specific courses of action. ## **Cardinal Principle in Goal setting** - It must be set jointly with the family. This ensures family commitment to their realization. - Basic to the establishment of mutually acceptable goal in the.family's recognition and acceptance of existing health needs and problems. ## **Barriers to Joint Goal Setting** 1. Failure in the part of the family to perceive the existence of the problem. 2. Sometimes the family perceives the existence of the problem but does not see it as serious enough to warrant attention. ## **Characteristics of Goals/ Objectives** 1. Specific 2. Measurable 3. Attainable 4. Realistic 5. Time bound ## **Objective** - Refers to a more specific statement of desired outcome of care. - They specify the criteria by which the degree of effectiveness of care is to be measured. ## **Types of Objective** 1. **Short term or Immediate Objective** - Formulated for problem situation w/c require immediate attention & results can be observed in a relatively short period of time. - They are accomplished w/ few HCP-family contacts & relatively less resources. 2. **Medium or Intermediate objective** - Objectives w/c is not immediately achieved & is required to attain the long ones. 3. **Long Term or Ultimate Objective** - This requires several HCP-family contacts & an investment of more resources. ## **Plan of Actions/ Interventions** - Its aim is to minimize all the possible reasons for causes of the family's inability to do certain tasks. - It is highly dependent on 2 Major Variables: 1. nature of the problem 2. the resources available to solve the problem ## **Typology of Interventions** 1. **Supplemental**: the HCP is the direct provider of care. 2. **Facilitative**: HCP removes barriers to needed services. 3. **Developmental**: improves client's capacity. 4. **Implementation**: Actual doing of interventions to solve health problems. ## **III. Implementation** - Actual doing of interventions to solve health problems. ## **IV. Evaluation** - Determination whether goals / objectives are met. - Determination whether nursing care rendered to the family are effective. - Determines the resolution of the problem or the need to reassess, and re-plan and re-implement nursing interventions. ## **According to Alfaro-LeFevre:** Evaluation is being applied through the steps of the nursing process: - Assessment - changes in health status. - Diagnosis - if identified family nursing problems were resolved, improved or controlled.. - Planning are the interventions appropriate & adequate enough to resolve identified problems. - Implementation – determine how the plan was implemented, what factors aid in the success and determine barriers to the care. ## **Types of Evaluation:** - Ongoing Evaluation – analysis during the implementation of the activity, its relevance, efficiency and effectiveness. - Terminal Evaluation – undertaken 6-12 months after the care was completed. - Ex-post Evaluation – undertaken years after the care was provided ## **Steps in Evaluation:** 1. Decide what to Evaluate. - Determine relevance, progress, effectiveness, impact and efficiency 2. Design the Evaluation Plan - Quantitative - a quantifiable means of evaluation which can be done through numerical counting of the evaluation source. - Qualitative - descriptive transcription of the outcome conducted through interview to acquire an in-depth understanding of the outcome. 3. Collect Relevant Data that will support the outcome 4. Analyze Data - What does the data mean? 5. Make Decisions - If interventions are effective, interventions done can be applied to other client / group with the similar circumstances - If ineffective, give recommendations 6. Report / Give Feedbacks - ## **Dimensions of Evaluation** 1. Effectiveness – focused on the attainment of the objectives. 2. Efficiency - related to cost whether in terms on money, effort or materials. 3. Appropriateness – refer its ability to solve or correct the existing problem, a question which involves professional judgment. 4. Adequacy – pertains to its comprehensiveness. ## **Tools Being used during Evaluation** - Instruments are tools are being used to evaluate the outcome of the nursing interventions: - Thermometer - Tape measure - Ruler - BP apparatus - Weighing scale - Checklist - Key Guide Questionnaires - Return Demonstrations ## **Methods of Evaluation** 1. Direct observation 2. Records review 3. Review of questionnaire 4. Simulation exercises ==End of OCR for page 14==