NCERT Class 8 Geography Resources and Development PDF

2019-2020  ISBN 978-81-7450-816-4 First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED February 2008 Magha 1929 p No part of this publication may be r...

2019-2020  ISBN 978-81-7450-816-4 First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED February 2008 Magha 1929 p No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior Reprinted permission of the publisher. February 2009 Magha 1930 p This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without January 2010 Pausa 1931 the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. January 2011 Magha 1932 p The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, January 2012 Magha 1933 Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. November 2012 Kartika 1934 November 2013 Kartika 1935 November 2014 Agrahayana 1936 OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION December 2015 Pausa 1937 DIVISION, NCERT NCERT Campus December 2016 Pausa 1938 Sri Aurobindo Marg December 2017 Agrahayana 1939 New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708 January 2019 Pausa 1940 108, 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage PD 485T RPS Bangaluru 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740 Navjivan Trust Building © National Council of Educational P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446 Research and Training, 2008 CWC Campus Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454 CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869 Publication Team Head, Publication : M. Siraj Anwar ` 60.00 Division Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal Chief Business : Gautam Ganguly Manager Chief Production : Arun Chitkara Officer Editor : R.N. Bhardwaj Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT Production Assistant : Om Prakash watermark Published at the Publication Division Cover, Layout and Illustrations by the Secretary, National Council of Blue Fish Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110 016 and Cartography printed at Ankur Offset Pvt. Ltd., A-54, Cartographic Designs Agency Sector-63, Noida - 201 301 (U.P.) 2019-2020  FOREWORD The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory committee for textbooks in Social Sciences, at the upper primary level, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisor for this book, Vibha Parthasarathi, for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers 2019-2020 contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational 30 November 2007 Research and Training iv 2019-2020  TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE Chairperson, Advisory Committee for Textbooks in Social Sciences at the Upper Primary Level Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, Kolkata Chief Advisor Vibha Parthasarathi, Principal (Retd.), Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi Members Anindita Datta, Lecturer, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi Anshu, Reader, Kirorimal College, University of Delhi, Delhi Aparna Pandey, Lecturer, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi Bhagirathy Jhingran, TGT, Pathways World School, Gurgaon Meera Hoon, TGT, Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi Punam Behari, Vice Principal, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi Samita Dasgupta, PGT, Anandalaya, Anand, Gujarat Srinivasan K., TGT, Mallya Aditi International School, Bangalore Syamala Srivatsa, TGT, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi Member-coordinator Tannu Malik, Lecturer, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT, New Delhi 2019-2020  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges the contributions of Pramila Kumar, Professor (Retd), Bhopal and Shipra Nair, Darjiling in the development of this textbook. Acknowledgements are also due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities, NCERT, for her valuable support at every stage of preparation of this textbook. The Council is also grateful to the individuals and organisations as listed below for providing various photographs, illustrations and activities used in this textbook: Anshu, Reader, Kirorimal College, Delhi for Figs. 2.5, 2.15 and 4.14; Srinivasan K., TGT, Mallya Aditi International School, Bangalore for picture of varieties of maize on page 45; Krishan Sheoran from Austria for Fig. 2.1; Mohammad Aslam, Learning Touch, New Delhi for Fig. 4.4; R.C. Das, CIET, NCERT for Figs. 2.8, 2.10 and picture of bamboo on page 50; Nimisha Kapoor for the photographs of the windmill, children and the potter on the cover; Blue Fish for Fig. 1.1 and a picture of a notebook on page 50; National Disaster Management Division, Ministry of Home Affairs for pictures of retention wall, Union Carbide Factory and rescue operation in Gao Qiao on page 12, 53 and 54 respectively; Department of Industry, Government of Bihar for Figs. 4.5, 4.6, 4.13 and 5.1; Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, I.A.R.I Campus, New Pusa, New Delhi for Figs. 2.9, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11 and 4.14; Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for Figs. 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18 and 2.19 and a picture of a vulture on page 18; Ministry of Coal, Government of India for Figs. 3.1 and 3.10; Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India for Fig. 3.15; COMFED, Patna for Fig. 5.2; Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting for Figs. 3.7, 3.13 and 3.16; Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited for Figs. 3.4 and 3.11; ITDC/Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for Fig. 3.9; Social Science Textbook for Class VIII, Part II (NCERT, 2005) for Figs. 2.6, 2.7, 4.7, 4.8, 4.12, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18 and a picture of landslide on page 12; The Times of India, Hindustan Times and Indian Express for news in a collage on page 20; Arvind Gupta, IUCAA, Pune for an activity of solar worker on page 34 and Kushal Sharma, Reader, Kirorimal College, New Delhi for a case study of landslide on page12. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Uttam Kumar, Anil Sharma and Moqaddas Azam, DTP Operators; Ajay Singh, Satish Jha, Copy Editors and Dinesh Kumar, Incharge, Computer Station who have helped in giving a final shape to this textbook. The contribution of the Publication Department, NCERT is also duly acknowledged. 2019-2020  CONTENTS Foreword iii Chapter 1 1–6 Resources Chapter 2 7 – 21 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Chapter 3 22 – 37 Mineral and Power Resources Chapter 4 38 – 47 Agriculture Chapter 5 48 – 61 Industries Chapter 6 62 – 71 Human Resources 2019-2020 2019-2020  Resources Mona and Raju were helping Amma to clean their house. “Look at all these things…. clothes, utensils, foodgrains, combs, this bottle of honey, books…..Each of these has a use,” said Mona. “That is why they are important,” said Amma. “These are resources…..”. “What is a resource?” Let’s do was Raju’s question to Amma. “Anything that can be used List out five to satisfy a need is a resource”, replied amma. “Look around resources you use you and observe, you will be able to identify many types of in your home and resources. The water you drink when you are thirsty, the five you use in electricity you use in your house, the rickshaw you use to your classroom. get home from school, the textbook you use to study are all resources. Your father has prepared a tasty snack for you. The fresh vegetables he has used are also a resource”. Water, electricity, rickshaw, vegetable and textbook have something in common. They have all been used by you, so they have utility. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. “How does something become a resource?” Raju now wanted to know. Amma told the children that things become resources only when they have a value. “Its use or utility gives it a value. All resources have some value.” said Amma. Value means worth. Some resources have economic value, some do not. For example, metals may have an Glossary economic value, a beautiful landscape may not. But both Patent: It means are important and satisfy human needs. the exclusive right Some resources can become economically valuable over any idea or with time. Your grandmother’s home remedies have no invention. commercial value today. But if they are patented and sold by a medical firm tomorrow, they could become economically valuable. 2019-2020  Time and technology are two important factors that Glossary can change substances into resources. Both are related Technology: It is to the needs of the people. People themselves are the the application of most important resource. It is their ideas, knowledge, latest knowledge inventions and discoveries that lead to the creation of and skill in doing more resources. Each discovery or invention leads to many or making things. others. The discovery of fire led to the practice of cooking and other processes while the invention of the wheel ultimately resulted in development of Activity newer modes of transport. The technology “A very Circle those valuable one!” resources from to create hydroelectricity Amma’s list that has turned energy in fast “So I am a are regarded flowing water into an resource too!” as having no commercial value. important resource. Types of Resources Resources are generally classified into natural, human made and human. Natural Resources Amma’s List Resources that are drawn from Nature and used without Cotton cloth much modification are called natural resources. The Iron ore air we breathe, the water in our rivers and lakes, the Intelligence soils, minerals are all natural resources. Many of these resources are free gifts of nature and can be used directly. Medicinal plants In some cases tools and technology may be needed to Medical knowledge use a natural resource in the best possible way. Coal deposits Natural resources can be broadly categorised into Beautiful scenery renewable and non-renewable resources. Agricultural land Renewable resources are those which get renewed or Clean environment replenished quickly. Some of these are unlimited and are Old folk songs not affected by human activities, such as solar and wind energy. Yet careless use of certain renewable resources Good weather like water, soil and forest can affect their stock. Water Resourcefulness seems to be an unlimited renewable resource. But A good singing voice shortage and drying up of natural water sources is a Grandmother’s major problem in many parts of the world today. home remedies Non-renewable resources are those which have a Affection from limited stock. Once the stocks are exhausted it may friends and family take thousands of years to be renewed or replenished. Since this period is much more than human life spans, 2 Resources and Development 2019-2020 such resources are considered non-renewable. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are some examples. Glossary Stock of Resource The distribution of natural resources depends It is the amount of upon number of physical factors like terrain, climate resources available and altitude. The distribution of resources is unequal for use. because these factors differ so much over the earth. Human Made Resources Sometimes, natural substances become resources only Let’s do when their original form has been changed. Iron ore Think of a few was not a resource until people learnt to extract iron renewable resources from it. People use natural resources to make buildings, and mention how bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles, which are their stock may get known as human made resources. Technology is also affected by overuse. a human made resource. “So people like us use natural resources to make human made resources,” said Mona nodding in understanding. Let’s do “Yes,” said Raju. Make a list of five human made Human Resources resources that you People can make the best use of nature to create more can observe around resources when they have the knowledge, skill and the you. “Crops ruined due to that’s it! drought”. Do you know? “Can I find Human Resource a solution?”. refers to the number (quantity) and abilities (mental and physical) of the people. Though, “…its all thanks there are differing to the knowledge, views regarding education and treatment of skill… we could find humans as a a solution… resource, one cannot deny the fact that it is the skills of human that Read and Ponder: Humans are interdependent on help in transfering each other. Farmers provide food grains for every one. the physical Scientists suggest various means to combat problems material into a related to agriculture and improve farm production. valuable resource. Resources 3 2019-2020  technology to do so. That is why human beings are a special resource. People are human resources. Education and health help in making people a valuable resource. Improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are able to create more resources is known as human resource development. Conserving Resources Mona had a nightmare. She dreamt that all the water on the earth had dried up and all the trees cut down. There was no shade and nothing to eat or drink. People were suffering and roaming around desperately looking for food and shade. She told her mother about the dream. “Amma can this really happen?” she asked. Glossary “Yes,” Amma replied. “If we are not careful then even Sustainable renewable resources can become very scarce and the Development non-renewable ones can definitely get exhausted”. “What Carefully utilising resources so that can we do about it,” Raju asked. “Lots,” replied Amma. besides meeting Using resources carefully and giving them time to get the requirements renewed is called resource conservation. Balancing of the present, also the need to use resources and also conserve them for takes care of future generations. the future is called sustainable development. There are many ways of conserving resources. Each person can contribute by reducing consumption, recycling and reusing thing. Ultimately it makes a difference because all our lives are linked. That evening the children and their friends made packets and shopping bags out of old newspapers, discarded clothes and baskets from bamboo sticks. “We will give a few to every family we know,” said Mona. “After all it is for a very good cause,” said Mustafa, “To save our resources and to keep our earth alive”. “I am going to be very careful not to waste paper,” said Jessy. “Many trees are cut down to make paper,” she explained. “I will see that electricity is not wasted in my house,” shouted Mustafa. “Electricity comes from water and coal.” 4 Resources and Development 2019-2020  “I will make sure that water is not wasted at home,” Some Principles of said Asha. “Every drop of water is precious” Sustainable Development “Together we can make a difference!” chorused the Respect and care for all children. forms of life Improve the quality of These are some of the things Mona, Raju and their human life friends did. What about you? How are you going to help Conserve the earth’s in conserving resources? vitality and diversity The future of our planet and its people is linked with Minimise the depletion our ability to maintain and preserve the life support of natural resources Change personal system that nature provides. Therefore it is our duty to attitude and practices ensure that : towards the environment all uses of renewable resources are sustainable Enable communities the diversity of life on the earth is conserved to care for their own the damage to natural environmental system is environment. minimised. Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. (i) Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth? (ii) What is resource conservation? (iii) Why are human resources important? (iv) What is sustainable development? 2. Tick the correct answer. (i) Which one of the following does NOT make substance a resource? (a) utility (b) value (c) quantity (ii) Which one of the following is a human made resource? (a) medicines to treat cancer (b) spring water (c) tropical forests (iii) Complete the statement. Non-renewable resources are (a) those which have limited stock (b) made by human beings (c) derived from non-living things 3. Activity “Rahiman paani raakhiye, Bin paani sab soon. Resources 5 2019-2020  Paani gaye na ubere Moti, manus, choon…” [Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan and dough cannot exist. ] These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared? For Fun 1. Pretend that you live in the prehistoric times on a high windy plateau. What are the uses you and your friends could put the fast winds to? Can you call the wind a resource? Now imagine that you are living in the same place in the year 2138. Can you put the winds to any use? How? Can you explain why the wind is an important resource now? 2. Pick up a stone, a leaf, a paper straw and a twig. Think of how you can use these as resources. See the example given below and get creative! You can use a stone… Use/Utility To play stapu toy As a paper-weight tool To crush spices tool To decorate your garden/room decoration piece To open a bottle tool In a catapult weapon You can use a leaf… Use/Utility 6 Resources and Development 2019-2020  Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources In a small village in Tanzania, Africa, Mamba gets up very early in the morning to fetch water. She has to walk a long way and returns after a few hours. She then helps Let’s do her mother in the house and joins her brothers in taking Observe the land, care of their goats. All her family owns is a piece of rocky type of soil and land around their small hut. Mamba’s father can barely water availability grow some maize and beans on it after toiling hard. This in the region you live. Discuss in is not enough to feed their family for the whole year. your class, how it Peter lives in the heart of the sheep rearing region in has influenced the New Zealand where his family runs a wool processing lifestyle of people factory. Everyday when he returns from school, Peter there. watches his uncle taking care of their sheep. Their sheep yard is situated on a wide grassy plain with hills in the far distance. It is managed in a scientific way using the latest technology. Peter’s family also grows vegetables through organic farming. Mamba and Peter stay in two different parts of the world and lead very different lives. This difference is because of the differences in the quality of land, soil, water, natural vegetation, animals and the usage of Do you know? technology. The availability of such resources is the Ninety per cent main reason places differ from each other. of the world population occupies only Land thirty per cent of Land is among the most important natural resources. land area. The It covers only about thirty per cent of the total area of remaining seventy the earth’s surface and all parts of this small percentage per cent of the land is either are not habitable. sparsely populated The uneven distribution of population in different or uninhabited. parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate. The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low-lying areas susceptible to water 2019-2020  logging, desert areas, thick forested areas are normally sparsely populated or uninhabited. Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, these are the densely populated areas of the world. Land Use Land is used for different Fig. 2.1: Salzburg in Austria purposes such as agriculture, Notice in how many ways the land has been used in the forestry, mining, building above picture. houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as Land use. Can you list out the different ways in which Mamba’s and Peter’s family use their land? Notes The use of land is determined by physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water. Human factors such as population and technology are also important determinants of land use pattern. Land can also be classified on the basis of ownership as – private land and community land. Private land is owned by individuals whereas, community land is owned by the community for common uses like collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs. These community lands are also called common property resources. People and their demands are ever growing but the Let’s do availability of land is limited. The quality of land also Talk to some differs from place to place. People started encroaching elderly person the common lands to build up commercial areas, in your family or housing complexes in the urban areas and to expand neighbourhood and the agricultural land in the rural areas. Today the collect information about changes vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the in the land use cultural changes in our society. Land degradation, over the years, in landslides, soil erosion, desertification are the major the place where threats to the environment because of the expansion you live. Display of agriculture and construction activities. your findings on a bulletin board in your classroom. 8 Resources and Development 2019-2020 1. 2. 3. 4. Fig. 2.2: Change in land use over time Conservation of Land Resource Growing population and their ever growing demand has led to a large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land and has created a fear of losing this natural resource. Therefore, the present rate of degradation of land must Glossary be checked. Afforestation, land reclamation, regulated Weathering The breaking use of chemical pesticide and fertilisers and checks on up and decay of overgrazing are some of the common methods used to exposed rocks, conserve land resources. by temperature changes, frost action, plants, Soil animals and The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface human activity. of the earth is called soil. It is closely linked to land. Landforms determine the type of soil. Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. This happens through the process of weathering. The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the soil fertile. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 9 2019-2020  Landslides Landslides are simply defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. A prolonged spell of rainfall can cause heavy landslide that can block the flow of river for quite some time. The formation of river blocks can cause havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting. In the hilly terrain landslides have been a major and widely spread natural disaster that often strike life and property and occupy a position of major A Landslide concern. A Case Study A massive landslide hit Pangi village near Reckong Peo in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh and damaged a 200-meter stretch of old Hindustan-Tibet road, National Highway - 22. This landslide was triggered by intense blasting at Pangi village. Due to the blasting this weak zone of slope collapsed and caused intense damage to the road and nearby villages. The Pangi village was completely vacated to avoid any possible loss of life. Mitigation Mechanism Advancement in scientific techniques has empowered us to understand what factors cause landslides and how to manage them. Some broad mitigation techniques of landslide are as follows: Hazard mapping to locate areas prone to landslides. Hence, such areas can be avoided for building settlements. Construction of retention wall to stop land from slipping. Increase in the vegetation cover to arrest landslide. The surface drainage control works to control Retention Wall the movement of landslide along with rain water and spring flows. 10 Resources and Development 2019-2020  Top soil with humus and vegetation Sub soil with sand, silt and Do you know? clay It takes hundreds of years to make Weathered rock material just one centimetre of soil. Parent rock Fig. 2.3: Soil Profile Factors of Soil Formation The major factors of soil formation are the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors. Other factors are the topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation. All these differ from place to place. Parent Rock Determines colour, Climate texture, chemical Temperature, properties Rainfall influence mineral, content, Soil rate of weathering permeability and humus formation Relief Flora, Fauna and Altitude and Time Micro-organism slope, determine Determines thickness Affect the rate of humus accumulation of soil profile formation of soil Fig. 2.4: Factors affecting soil formation Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 11 2019-2020  Degradation of Soil and Conservation Activity In India soils Measures could be alluvial, Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil black, red, laterite, as a resource. Both human and natural factors can desertic and lead to degradation of soils. Factors which lead to soil mountain soil. degradation are deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of Collect a handful chemical feritilisers or pesticides, rain wash, landslides of different types of soil and and floods. observe. How are Some methods of soil conservation are listed below: they different? Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. It helps to retain soil moisture. Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches are made in front of the barriers to collect water. Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss. Fig 2.5: Terrace Farming Fig 2.6: Contour Ploughing Terrace farming: Broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They reduce surface run- off and soil erosion (Fig. 2.5). Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash. Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope (Fig. 2.6). Fig 2.7: Shelter Belts Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover (Fig. 2.7). 12 Resources and Development 2019-2020  Activity Take two trays A and B of same A B size. Make six holes at one end of these trays and then fill them with the same amount of soil. Leave the soil in tray A bare while sow wheat or rice grains in tray B. When the grain in tray B has grown a few centimetres high, place both the trays in such a way that they are on a slope. Pour one mug of water from the same height into each tray. Collect the muddy water that trickles down the holes of both trays in two separate containers and compare how much soil is washed out of each tray? Water Water is a vital renewable natural resource. Three- fourth’s of the earth’s surface is covered with water. It is therefore appropriately called the ‘water planet’. It was in the primitive oceans that life began almost Do you know? 3.5 billion years back. Even today, the oceans cover In 1975, the two-thirds of the earth’s surface and support a rich consumption of variety of plant and animal life. The ocean water is water for human use was 3850cu however saline and not fit for human consumption. km/year. It soared Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 per cent. Nearly to more than 6000 70 per cent of this occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in cu km/year in the Antarctica, Greenland and mountain regions. Due to year 2000. their location they are inaccessible. Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for human use. It is found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in the atmosphere. Fresh water is therefore, the most precious substance Do you know? on earth. Water can neither be added nor subtracted A dripping tap from the earth. Its total volume remains constant. wastes1200 Its abundance only seems to vary because it is in litres of water in a year. constant motion, cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the processes of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This as you already know is referred to as the ‘water cycle’. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 13 2019-2020  Humans use huge amounts of water not only for drinking and washing but also in the process of production. Water for agriculture, industries, generating electricity through reservoirs of Activity dams are the other An average urban Indian uses about 150 litres usages. Increasing of water every day. population, rising Use Litres per person per day demands for food and Drinking 3 Cooking 4 cash crops, increasing Bathing 20 urbanisation and rising Flushing 40 standards of living Washing clothes 40 are the major factors Washing utensils 20 leading to shortages in Gardening 23 supply of fresh water Total 150 either due to drying Can you suggest some ways to bring down this amount? up of water sources or water pollution. Do you know? Problems of Water Availability Have you ever heard about a water There is scarcity of water in many regions of the world. market? Amreli Most of Africa, West Asia, South Asia, parts of western city in Saurastra USA, north-west Mexico, parts of South America and region with a entire Australia are facing shortages in fresh water supply. population of 1.25 Countries located in climatic zones most susceptible to lakhs is completely droughts face great problems of water scarcity. Thus, dependent on purchasing water water shortage may be a consequence of variation in from the nearby seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity is caused talukas. by over-exploitation and contamination of water sources. Conservation of Water Resources Access to clean and adequate water sources is a major problem facing the world today. Steps have to be taken to conserve this dwindling resource. Even though water is a renewable resource, its overuse and pollution make it unfit for use. Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies Fig 2.8: River Yamuna is getting polluted due to sewage, industrial effluents and garbage are major contaminants. They pollute water with nitrates, metals and pesticides. 14 Resources and Development 2019-2020 Most of these chemicals are non-biodegradable and reach human bodies through water. Water pollution can be controlled by treating these effluents suitably before releasing them in water bodies. Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish underground water. Water harvesting is another method to save surface runoff. The canals used for irrigating field should be properly lined to minimise losses by water seepage. Sprinklers effectively irrigate the area by checking water losses through seepage and evaporation. In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle irrigation is Fig 2.9: A Water Sprinkler very useful. The valuable water resource can therefore be conserved by adopting these means of irrigation. Do you know? Rain water harvesting is Natural Vegetation and Wildlife the process of Some school children were visiting an exhibition on collecting rain handicrafts. The articles in the exhibition were collected water from roof from different parts of the country. Mona picked up a bag tops and directing it to an appropriate and exclaimed, “This is a beautiful handbag!” “Yes, it location where is made from Jute,” the teacher said. “Do you see those it is stored for baskets, lamp shades and chairs? Those are made of future use. On an canes and bamboos. In the eastern and north eastern average, one spell humid regions of India, bamboo grows in plenty.” Jassy of rain for two was excited to see a silk scarf. “See this beautiful hours is enough to scarf”. The teacher explained that silk is obtained from save 8,000 litres of water. silk worms that are bred on Mulberry trees. The children understood that plants provide us with many different products that we use in our day-to-day life. Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call biosphere. In the biosphere living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other for survival. This life supporting system is known as the ecosystem. Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources. Plants provide us with timber, give shelter to animals, produce oxygen we breathe, protects soils so Fig 2.10: Silk Worms Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 15 2019-2020  essential for growing crops, act as shelter belts, help in storage of underground water, give us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, Do you know? medicinal plants and also Vultures in the paper that is so essential the Indian subcontinent were for your studies. There are dying of kidney innumerable uses of plants failure shortly and you can add some more. after scavenging Wildlife includes animals, livestock treated birds, insects as well as the with diclofenac, a aquatic life forms. They provide painkiller that is us milk, meat, hides and wool. similar to aspirin Fig 2.11: Brahma Kamal or ibuprofen. Insects like bees provide us a Medicinal Herb Efforts are on to honey, help in pollination of ban the drug for flowers and have an important livestock use and role to play as decomposers breed vultures in in the ecosystem. The birds captivity. feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment. So animals big or small, all are integral Fig 2.12: A Blue Kingfisher to maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Distribution of Natural Vegetation The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture. The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra. In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive. The forests are thus associated with areas having abundant water supply. As the amount of moisture decreases the size of trees and their density reduces. Short stunted trees and grasses grow in the regions of moderate rainfall forming the grasslands of the world. Thorny shrubs and Fig. 2.13: Grassland and Forest 16 Resources and Development 2019-2020 scrubs grow in dry areas of low rainfall. In such areas plants have deep roots and leaves with thorny and waxy surface reduce loss of moisture through transpiration. Tundra vegetation of cold Polar Regions comprise of mosses and lichens. Today there are many more people in the world than there were two centuries back. To feed the growing numbers, large areas of forests have been cleared Fig. 2.14: A Python in a forest to grow crops. Forest cover all over the world is vanishing rapidly. There is an urgent need to conserve this valuable resource. Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Forests are our wealth. Plants give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem. Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals. Many species have become vulnerable Fig. 2.15: A collage of a forest made by school students or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides are some of the human and natural factors which accelerate the process of extinction of these resources. One of the major concerns is the poaching which result in a sharp decline in the number of particular species. The animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns as well as feathers. Some of these animals are tiger, lion, elephant, deer, black buck, crocodile, rhinoceros, snow Fig. 2.16: Loss of rainforest in Great Nicobar after Tsunami Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 17 2019-2020  leopard, ostrich and peacock. These can be conserved by increasing awareness. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife. Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands is necessary to save the precious resource from depletion There is a balance in the environment if the relative number of species is not disturbed. Human activities in several parts of the world have disturbed the natural Fig. 2.17: Black buck also needs protection Forest Fire Activity Read the news item and find out how fire started in California ? Could it be avoided? Know More Forest fire is a threat to the entire region of fauna and flora. It occurs mainly due to three reasons : 1. Natural fire due to lightening etc. 2. Fire due to heat generated in the litter due to carelessness of people. 3. Fire purposely caused by local inhabitants, mischief makers, miscreants etc. Some Control Measures 1. Prevention of fires through education. 2. Prompt detection of fires through well co-ordinated network of observation points, efficient ground patroling and communication network. 18 Resources and Development 2019-2020 habitats of many species. Due to indiscriminate killings, several birds and animals have either become extinct or Glossary are on the verge of extinction. National Park Awareness programmes like social forestry and A natural area Vanamohatasava should be encouraged at the regional designated to and community level. School children should be protect the ecological integrity encouraged to bird watch and visit nature camps so of one or more that they appreciate the habitat of varied species. ecosystems for the Many countries have passed laws against the trade present and the as well as killing of birds and animals. In India, killing future generations lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks is illegal. An international convention CITES has been established that lists several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited. Conservation of plants and animals is an ethical duty of every citizen. Fig. 2:18: A Herd of Cheetals Glossary Biosphere reserves Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate Fig. 2:19: A herd of Elephants in Kaziranga the relationship National Park between conservation and development. Do you know? CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. It aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected. Bears, dolphins, cacti, corals, orchids and aloes are some examples. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 19 2019-2020  Exercises 1. Answer the following questions. (i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation? (ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today. (iii) Why is land considered an important resource? (iv) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals. (v) Suggest three ways to conserve water. 2. Tick the correct answer. (i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation? (a) time (b) soil texture (c) organic matter (ii) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes? (a) shelter belts (b) mulching (c) terrace cultivation (iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature? (a) switch off the bulb when not in use (b) close the tap immediately after using (c) dispose polypacks after shopping 3. Match the followings : (i) Land use (a) prevent soil erosion (ii) Humus (b) narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (iii) Rock dams (c) productive use of land (iv) Biosphere (d) organic matter deposited on top soil (e) contour ploughing 4. State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, write the reasons. (i) Ganga–Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region. (ii) Water availability per person in India is declining. (iii) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement is called intercropping. (iv) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem. 5. Activity Discuss some more reasons which are responsible for changes of land use pattern. Has your place undergone any change in the land use pattern in recent years? 20 Resources and Development 2019-2020 Find out from your parents and elderly people. You can conduct an interview by asking the following questions. Place When your When your Why do you Are common grand parents were think this is areas and parent’s were in their 30’s happening? open spaces in their 30’s disappearing? Rural Number of cattle and poultry owned Number of trees and ponds in the village Main occupation of the head of the family Urban Number of cars owned Number of rooms in the house Number of metalled roads Number of flyovers in the city Number of parks and playgrounds Based on the table you have just completed, draw a picture of land use patterns that you foresee in your neighbourhood after 20 years. Why do you think that land use patterns change over the years? Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 21 2019-2020  Mineral and Power Resources Kiri was visiting Sukant in his native place near Dhanbad. Kiri was amazed to see that large areas were black. “Sukant, why is this place so black and dusty?” she asked. “This is because of the coal mines nearby. Do you see the trucks? They are carrying the mineral coal”, replied Sukant. “What are minerals?,” asked Kiri. Sukant replied, “Have you ever seen a baker baking Fig. 3.1: Loading of a truck in biscuits? The flour, milk, sugar a coal mine and sometimes eggs are mixed together. While eating the baked biscuits can you see these ingredients separately? Just as in the biscuits, there are a number of things that you cannot see, rocks on this earth have several materials called minerals mixed in them. These minerals are scattered throughout the earth’s rocky crust”. A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral. Minerals are not evenly distributed over space. They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations. Some minerals are Do you know? found in areas which are not easily accessible such as The salt in your the Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica. food and graphite in Minerals are formed in different types of geological your pencil are also environments, under varying conditions. They are minerals. created by natural processes without any human interference. They can be identified on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility. 2019-2020 Types of Minerals Do you know? There are over three thousand different minerals. A rock is an On the basis of composition, minerals are classified aggregate of one or mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals (Fig. 3.2). more minerals but without definite Minerals composition of Non-metallic constituent of Metallic mineral. Rocks from which Ferrous Non-ferrous minerals are mined Fig. 3.2: Classification of Minerals are known as ores. Although more Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form. Metals are than 2,800 types hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and of minerals have have a characteristic lustre or shine. Iron ore, bauxite, been identified, only about 100 manganese ore are some examples. Metallic minerals are considered ore may be fer rous or non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals like minerals. iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron. A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals. Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying (Fig 3.3). Extraction of Minerals Mining Drilling Quarrying Open cast Shaft mining mining Fig. 3.3: Extraction of Minerals The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface is called mining. Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer; this is known as open-cast mining. Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths. This is called shaft mining. Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth’s surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out, this is called drilling (Fig 3.4). Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug Fig. 3.4: Off shore out, by the process known as quarrying. drilling of oil Mineral and Power Resources 23 2019-2020  Distribution of Minerals Minerals occur in different types of rocks. Some are found in igneous rocks, some in metamorphic rocks Do you know? while others occur in sedimentary rocks. Generally, You can always tell metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic if a rock contains rock formations that form large plateaus. Iron-ore in copper because north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario, then the rock looks Canada, iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South blue in colour. Africa are examples of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains contain non-metallic minerals like limestone. Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France, manganese deposits of Georgia and Ukraine and phosphate beds of Algeria are some examples. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also found in the sedimentary strata. Asia China and India have large iron ore deposits. The continent produces more than half of the world’s tin. Fig. 3.5: World: Distribution of Iron, Copper and Bauxite 24 Resources and Development 2019-2020 China, Malaysia and Indonesia are among the world’s leading tin producers. China also leads in production of lead, antimony and tungsten. Asia also has deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper. Europe Do you know? Europe is the leading producer of iron-ore in the world. Switzerland has The countries with large deposits of iron ore are Russia, no known mineral Ukraine, Sweden and France. Minerals deposits of deposit in it. copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in eastern Europe and European Russia. North America Let’s do The mineral deposits in North America are located in Identify the three zones: the Canadian region north of the Great Canadian Shield, Lakes, the Appalachian region and the mountain ranges the Appalachians, of the west. Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper Western Cordilleras and Lake Superior are mined in the Canadian Shield Region, coal in the with the help of an Appalachians region. Western Cordilleras have vast atlas. deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver. Fig 3.6: World: Distribution of Mineral Oil and Coal Mineral and Power Resources 25 2019-2020  South America Brazil is the largest producer of high grade iron-ore in the world. Chile and Peru are leading producers of copper. Brazil and Bolivia are among the world’s largest producers of tin. South America also has large deposits of gold, silver, zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite, mica, Do you know? platinum, asbestos and diamond. Mineral oil is found in A green Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia. diamond is the rarest diamond. Africa The oldest rocks in the world Africa is rich in mineral resources. It is the world’s are in Western largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum. South Australia. They Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large portion of date from 4,300 the world’s gold. The other minerals found in Africa million years are copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and ago, only 300 bauxite. Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola. million years after the earth was formed. Australia Australia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world. It is a leading producer of gold, diamond, iron ore, tin and nickel. It is also rich in copper, lead, zinc and manganese. Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie areas of western Australia have the largest deposits of gold. Antarctica The geology of Antarctica is sufficiently well known to predict the existence of a variety of mineral deposits, some probably large. Significant size of deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica is forecasted. Iron ore, gold, silver and oil are also present in commercial quantities. Uses of Minerals Minerals are used in many industries. Minerals which are used for gems are usually hard. These are then Let’s do set in various styles for jewellery. Copper is another List uses of any metal used in everything from coins to pipes. Silicon, five minerals. used in the computer industry is obtained from quartz. Aluminum obtained from its ore bauxite is used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling industry, buildings and even in kitchen cookware. 26 Resources and Development 2019-2020 Conservation of Minerals Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes Re se thousands of years for the formation and concentration du u Re of minerals. The rate of formation is much smaller than ce the rate at which the humans consume these minerals. Minerals It is necessary to reduce wastage in the process of mining. Recycling of metals is another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved. Recycle Power Resources Think and Act Sunny’s mother begins her day by switching on the geyser. She irons Sunny’s school uniform before waking him up. She then rushes to the kitchen to prepare a glass of orange juice for him in the blender. “Sunny, have you finished taking bath? Come and have your breakfast”, calls out mother while preparing breakfast on the gas stove for Sunny. While going to school Sunny forgets to switch off lights and fans. When mother switches them off she thinks that life in the cities may be more comfortable, but its dependency on more and more gadgets all of which consume energy has led to a wide gap between the demand and the supply. With the advent of science and technology the life styles are changing very fast. Power or energy plays a vital role in our lives. We also need Fig. 3.7: National Power power for industry, agriculture, transport, communication Grid to supply Electricity and defense. Power resources may be broadly categorised as conventional and non-conventional resources. Conventional Sources Conventional sources of energy are those which have been in common use for a long time. Firewood and fossil fuels are the two main conventional energy sources. Firewood It is widely used for cooking and heating. In our country more than fifty per cent of the energy used by villagers comes from fire wood. Remains of plants and animals which were buried under the earth for millions of years got converted by the heat and pressure into fossil fuels. Fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are the main sources of Mineral and Power Resources 27 2019-2020  Fig 3.8: Conventional Sources of Energy conventional energy. The reserves of these minerals are limited. The rate at which the growing world population is consuming them is far greater than the rate of their formation. So, these are likely to be exhausted soon. Coal This is the most abundantly found fossil fuel. It is used as a domestic fuel, in industries such as iron and steel, Fig 3.9: A woman carrying firewood in steam engines and to generate electricity. Electricity North East India from coal is called thermal power. The coal which we are using today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth. Coal is therefore referred to as Buried Sunshine. The leading coal producers of the world are China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa and France. The coal producing areas of India are Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand. Fig 3.10: A view of a Thermal Power Station 28 Resources and Development 2019-2020 Petroleum The petrol that keeps your car running as well as the oil that keeps your cycle from squeaking, both began as a thick black liquid called Petroleum. It is found between the Word Origin layers of rocks and is drilled from The word petroleum is oil fields located in off-shore and derived from coastal areas. This is then sent to Latin words refineries which process the crude –Petra meaning oil and produce a variety of products rock, oleum like diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, meaning oil. So, plastics and lubricants. Petroleum petroleum means rock oil. Fig 3.11: Crude Oil and its derivatives are called Black Gold as they are very valuable. The chief petroleum producing countries are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The other major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria. The leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Natural Gas Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. Russia, Do you know? Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers Compressed of natural gas. natural gas (CNG) In India Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura is a popular eco- friendly automobile and some areas off shore in Mumbai have natural gas fuel as it causes resources. Very few countries in the world have sufficient less pollution than natural gas reserves of their own. petroleum and The sharp increase in our consumption of fossil fuels diesel. has led to their depletion at an alarming rate. The toxic pollutants released from burning these fuels are also a cause for concern. Unchecked burning of fossil fuel is like an unchecked dripping tap which will eventually run dry. This has led to the tapping of various non- conventional sources of energy that are cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels. Mineral and Power Resources 29 2019-2020  Hydel Power Do you know? Rain water or river water stored in dams is made to Norway was the fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes first country in the inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom world to devlop hydroelectricity. of the dam. The moving blades then turn the generator to produce electricity. This is called hydro electricity. The water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for irrigation. One fourth of the world’s electricity is produced by hydel power. The leading producers of hydel power in the world are Paraguay, Norway, Brazil, and China. Some important hydel power stations in India are Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects. Do you know? The site of the world’s first solar and wind powered bus shelter is in Generator Scotland. Water reservoir Turbine Fig. 3.12: Hydel Power Non-conventional Sources of Energy The increasing use of fossil fuels is leading to its shortage. It is estimated that if the present rate of consumption continues, the reserves of these fuel will get exhausted. Moreover, their use also causes environmental pollution. Therefore, there is need for using non- conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy which are renewable. Solar energy Sun’s heat and light energy can be felt by us every day. Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used Fig. 3.13: Salal Hydroelectric in solar cells to produce electricity. Many of these Project Jammu and Kashmir cells are joined into solar panels to generate 30 Resources and Development 2019-2020  Fig 3.14: Non-conventional Sources of Energy power for heating and lighting purpose. The technology of utilising solar energy benefits a lot of tropical countries that are blessed with abundant sun shine. Solar energy is also used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers besides being used for community lighting and traffic signals. Wind Energy Fig 3.15: Solar Panels to trap Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. Wind solar energy mills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since times immemorial. In modern time wind mills, the high speed winds rotate the wind mill which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. Wind farms having clusters of such wind mills are located in coastal regions and in mountain passes where strong and steady Mineral and Power Resources 31 2019-2020  winds blow. Windfarms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain are noted for their wind Activity energy production. Solar Cooker Take an old car Nuclear Power tube. Inflate it and keep it on a wooden Nuclear power is platform. Paint an obtained from energy aluminium vessel stored in the nuclei black from outside of atoms of naturally and add 1 cup rice with 2 cups of water occurring radio active to it. Close the vessel elements like uranium with a lid and place and thorium. These the vessel in the fuels undergo nuclear inner circle of the fission in nuclear tube. Now place a glass frame over the reactors and emit Fig. 3.16 : Nuclear power station , Kalpakkam tube and keep the power. The greatest set out in the sun. producers of nuclear power are USA and Europe. After the glass frame In India Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits is placed, air can of Uranium. Thorium is found in large quantities in the neither come in nor Monozite sands of Kerala. The nuclear power stations go out but the sun rays coming into in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, the closed cavity Tarapur in Maharastra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota enclosed by the in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga tube, get trapped in Karnataka. and cannot escape. The temperature increases slowly Geothermal Energy cooking the rice over Heat energy obtained from the earth is called a few hours. geothermal energy. The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go deeper. Some times this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs. This heat energy can be used to generate power. Fig. 3.17 : Nuclear Energy 32 Resources and Development 2019-2020 Geothermal energy in the form (a) (b) of hot springs has been used for cooking, heating and bathing for several years. USA has the world’s largest geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America. In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Fig. 3.18 : (a) Geothermal Energy in Manikaran Pradesh and Puga Valley in (b) Cooking food with the help of Geothermal Energy Ladakh. turbine generator Natural crack Steam Well Water Fig. 3.19 : Geothermal Energy Do you know? Tidal Energy The first tidal Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy station was energy can be harnessed by building dams at narrow built in France. Fig. 3.20: Tidal Energy Mineral and Power Resources 33 2019-2020  openings of the sea. During high tide the energy of the tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam to produce electricity. Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms. Biogas Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and produces huge amount of organic manure each year. Energy is everywhere but we can see that harnessing this energy is both Fig. 3.21 : Biogas difficult as well as costly. Each one of us can make a difference by not wasting energy. Energy saved is energy generated. Act now and make brighter energy future.