Nature, Elements and Breakdowns of Communication PDF

Oral Communication NATURE, ELEMENTS AND BREAKDOWNS OF COMMUNICATION Nature of Communication Communication is the process by which people exchange messages. The message can be delivered orally or through written symbols. According to Wood (2004), Communication is a systematic proces...

Oral Communication NATURE, ELEMENTS AND BREAKDOWNS OF COMMUNICATION Nature of Communication Communication is the process by which people exchange messages. The message can be delivered orally or through written symbols. According to Wood (2004), Communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meaning.  NONVERBAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION AS COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION PROCESS is the transfer of is the use of words refers to a series of information through to share actions or steps body language, information with taken in order to facial expressions, other people. successfully gestures, created It can therefore communicate. space and more. include both spoken and written communication.  Wood’s definition suggests the qualities that are inherent in communication. 1. Communication is a PROCESS. It is creative, continuing condition of life, a process that changes as the communicator’s environments and needs change. Many words have become obsolete, trite, or altered in their meanings while new words have evolved.  Process of Communication Sending the message: 1. Speaker/sender – is the source of the message that is encoded into symbols that are verbal and/or nonverbal 2. Message – is any information or anything the speaker wants to communicate using a medium. 3. Medium – is the form in which the speaker conveys the message (speech, conversation, letter, email, book, etc.) 4. Channel – is the mode or method, or means of sending the message (any of the five senses, sound and light waves, or digital audio or video signals)  Channel refers to the method of communication used to convey a message. This can include email, social media, phone calls, and even face-to-face conversations. Medium refers to the physical form of the message itself. This could be a blog post, a video, a podcast, letter, publication or any other type of content.  Process of Communication Receiving the message 1. Listener/receiver – gets the message in the medium desired through chosen channel, and decodes the message. 2. Feedback – is the receiver’s response, verbally or nonverbally 3. Context – is the situation or environment in which communication takes place (time, place, event, sender’s and receiver’s feelings, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and relationships). 4. Noise or interference or distraction – is anything that impedes or gets in the way of accurately sending, receiving, and interpreting the message. It can be internal or external. CONTEXT CONTEXT refers to the interrelated conditions of communication (Padilla et.al., 2003)which affects how people understand messages. It has five types.  Physical Context This includes the setting where the communication takes place, the time of the day, the environmental condition (temperature, lighting & noise levels, etc.), distance between or among communicators, the seating arrangement, and other concrete elements. Meeting places must be well-chosen to avoid any physical interference.  Social Context This refers to the nature of relationships existing between or among the communicators. It also sets the formality of the interaction. How messages are formed, shared, and understood depend on whether the interaction takes place among family members, friends, work associates, or strangers.  This involves the communicator’s moods and feelings. To Illustrate the same joke can either amuse or anger a person depending Psychological Context on his or her mood. Being conscious and considerate with other people’s feelings during a conversation is a prerequisite to effective communication.  Cultural Context This is comprised of the beliefs, values, and norms shared by a large group of people. Because of cultural context, people who share the same race and culture interact easily, while people often experience dead air when talking to others from different cultures.  Historical Context This involves the background provided by previous interactions between or among communicators (Verderber & Verderber, 2012) which affect the understanding of the current exchange. 2. Communication is SYSTEMATIC. It occurs within systems of interrelated and interacting parts. 3. Communication is SYMBOLIC. Symbols, verbal or non-verbal are the basis of language. 4. Communication involves MEANING. Meanings are assigned, given or invented, not received. It is the production of meaning rather than the production of messages that identifies communication. Elements of Communication Communication can be verbal, in the form of sweet words whispered to a loved one or text message to a friend. It can also be non-verbal, such as a smile, a frown, or a thumb’s up gesture. Communication is also composed of different elements. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 1.SENDER - the source or origin of the message 2.MESSAGE- the information to be sent 3.ENCODING – the process of transmitting the message into words or actions 4.CHANNEL- the means or method by which the message is delivered 5.DECODING- the process of interpreting the received message 6.RECEIVER- the recipient of the message 7.FEEDACK - the response or reaction from the receiver 8.NOISE- the interference in the reception of the message  I. SENDER: The Sender is also known as the source of the information. They come first on the list of elements in communication. They share information which can be in various forms such as opinions, ideas, news with a person or group of persons.  II. MESSAGE The Message refers to the speaker’s meanings, ideas, and feelings. The message can be delivered by the speaker verbally or non-verbally and received and interpreted by the listener based on his/her ideas and feelings. The message may be written, symbolic, verbal, or non- verbal. It must be in a form that is transmittable for the appropriate channel in the communication process.  III. ENCODING Encoding in the communication process refers to the means that the sender uses to communicate information. The sender uses words, pictures, symbols, etc. to put together thoughts and ideas in a way that would be easily understood by the receiver. The goal of the encoding process is to ensure a clear flow of information  IV. CHANNELS A channel is how the sender communicates a message to the receiver. It is a form of communication that relies on a medium to deliver a message. For example, written communication is a channel of communication that relies on mediums such as letters, business reports, emails, etc. to convey information. CHANNELS’ BROAD CATEGORIES  CHANNELS’ BROAD CATEGORIES 2 CHANNELS’ BROAD CATEGORIES  V. DECODING Same as a sender encoding a message, the receiver must decode the message received. Decoding is the element in the communication process that involves the receiver in interpreting the message based on their individual backgrounds, experiences, and viewpoints  VI. RECEIVER The receiver acts as an essential element of communication, decoding the message. Simply put, they are the intended party for the message. They can read, see, or hear the message, and can also actively participate in the communication process if the sender contacts them directly. VII. FEEDBACK Feedback is the response or reaction of the listener. The response can be verbal or non-verbal such a murmuring, nodding, clapping or standing ovation. Through feedback , the sender can determine whether the message is received or not and how it was interpreted or understood.  VIII. NOISE During the communication process, outside factors may distract or interfere with the reception of the message. This distortion of unplanned factors is referred to as the noise element of communication. Noise can disrupt all elements of communication. For example, ineffective communication by an inexperienced sender can cause the message to be poorly interpreted by the receiver.  ．PHYSICAL TYPES OF NOISE A NOISE - comes from the environment examples: extraneous noises, white noise, unbearable weather , a distracting visual aid B. PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE - originates from the emotional state, mental state and psychological make up of a person examples: anger, suspicion, paranoia, biases  TYPES OF NOISE C. PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE - “bodily conditions” that compromise the ability of a person to send or receive messages examples: hunger, migraine D. SEMANTIC NOISE - refers to anything related to the meaning of words that distorts or masks a message and confuses the listener examples: a speaker’s use of a foreign language, a listener’s limited vocabulary, differing interpretations of the meaning of the word COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN A communication breakdown is defined as the failure to exchange information, resulting in the lack of communication. ACTIVITY #2: HIDE-AND-SEEK 14 points  ACTIVITY #4: CLASSIFYING NOISE 12 points physical | psychological | Physiological | semantic 01 HEADACHE physiological noise  NOISE FROM A BUSY 02 CONSTRUCTION SITE physical noise 03 MISSING SOMEONE psychological noise  DISLIKING THE 04 SPEAKER psychological noise  NOISE FROM THE 05 MOVING VEHICLES physical noise  SPEAKER'S 06 AMBIGOUS WORDS semantic noise  EXCITED TO DO 07 SOMETHING psychological noise  GRUMBLING OF THE 08 STOMACH physiological noise  POOR VENTILATION 09 IN THE VENUE physical noise  SEATMATES 10 TALKING physical noise  INFORMATION 11 OVERLOAD psychological noise  SPEAKER’ S FAST 12 RATE OF SPEAKING semantic noise  SITTING IN AN 13 OVERCRODED ROOM Physical Noise  THINKING OF PROBLEMS 14 AT HOME WHILE IN CLASS Psychological noise  SLEEPINESS AFTER 15 TAKING MEDICATION physiological noise GUIDELINES IN COMMUNICATIN G  FOR THE SENDER 1. Use concise and simple words. 2. Take note of the environment where you are speaking and adjust your voice accordingly. 3. Use verbal and non-verbal means to get your message across clearly. 4. Consider your receiver’s context. State your message in a way that it will be easily understood. 5. Pay attention to your listener’s non-verbal cues. These signals can tell you whether your receiver is bored, disinterested or fascinated. 6. If your receiver does not understand the message, try to rephrase your message or use gestures. 7. After speaking, give your receiver a chance to share his/her feedback.  FOR THE RECEIVER 1. Practice self-awareness by being conscious of your own behavior, feelings and habit when listening to speaker. This will help you structure your feedback once it is your turn to speak. 2. Use non-verbal cues, such as nodding, to show that you are listening. 3. Focus on the speaker and maintain eye contact during the conversation so that the connection between you runs smoothly. 4. If unsure of what you heard, clarify with the speaker if your understanding of the message is correct right before responding. 5. Avoid being distracted by listening actively and paying close attention to the speaker. 6. Provide feedback to let the speaker know that you listened to and understood the message.  ACTIVITY IN SMALL GROUPS OF THREE, COME UP WITH A SUGGESTION ON HOW STUDENTS CAN BETTER COMPREHEND LESSONS FROM CLASSROOM LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS. “What three things usually make it difficult for you to understand a lesson? COMMON TYPES OF NOISE TYPE OF NOISE WAYS TO OVERCOME THAT AFFECT LESSON THEM COMPREHENSION