Nationalism in India Notes PDF

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED NATIONALISM IN INDIA NOTES  – PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – 1 MARK QUESTIONS Q1. State the reason for calling off 'the Non-cooperation Movement' by Gandhiji? [1M, 2021 Sample P...

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED NATIONALISM IN INDIA NOTES  – PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – 1 MARK QUESTIONS Q1. State the reason for calling off 'the Non-cooperation Movement' by Gandhiji? [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A1. Chauri-Chaura incident Q2. Name he writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj". [1M, 2017, 2014] A2. The book 'Hind Swaraj' was written by Mahatma Gandhi. Q3. Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath’ [1M, 2017] A3. The author of this novel is Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Q4. In which year and place did Mahatma Gandhi organise Satyagraha for the first time in India? [1M, 2014] A4. In 1916, in Champaran, Bihar. Q5. In which novel was the hymn 'Vande Mataram' included and who was the novel written by? [1M, 2014] A5 Novel- Aandamath Author- Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Q6. Name two main 'Satyagraha' movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917. [1M, 2013] A6. 1. Indigo Planters Movement iN Champaran, Bihar in 1916. 2. Peasants Satyagraha Movement was organized in Kheda district in Gujarat in 1917 to support peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection. Q7. What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement? [1M, 2013] A7 Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement movement had turned violent in many places. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 turned into violent dash and 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles. Q8. What combination of colours was there in the 'Swaraj flag' designed by Gandhiji in 1921 [1M, 2012] A8. Red, Green and White. Q9. Why was the Khilafat movement started? [1M, 2012] A9. Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British. Q10. Who created the first image of Bharat Mata? [1M, 2012] A10. Abanindranath Tagore 3 MARKS QUESTIONS Q11. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A11. i. Against Rowlatt Act ii. Jallianwala Bagh incidence iii. Khilafat Andolan Q12. Describe the famous incidence of Jallianwala Bagh. [3M, 2020] A12. On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend: fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people. Q13. Describe the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s. [3M, 2020] A13. i. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots. ii. The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God. iii. Raju was inspired by Gandhiji's Non-Cooperation Movement. iv. Persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. Q14. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the 'Non-Cooperation Movement' in February 1922? Explain any three reasons. [3M, 2017] A14. Causes of withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement are as follows: Some activists of the Non-Cooperation Movement set a police station fire at Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur), Uttar Pradesh in which 21 policemen were burnt alive. Gandhiji felt that people of India were not ready for a nation-wide movement of mass struggle and felt that he should withdraw the movement. Moreover. many members of the Indian National Congress felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement was tiresome and unnecessary since they wanted to contest the election. Q15. Evaluate the role of business classes in the in Civil Disobedience Movement.' [3M, 2017] A15. Keen on expanding their business, the business classes supported Civil Disobedience Movement and Protested against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against the import of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise business classes against colonial policies, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. The business community interpreted Swaraj in their own way. They came to see Swaraj at the time when the colonial restriction on business would no longer exist and the trade industry would flourish without constraint. Q16. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. [3M, 2017] A16. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols-all played an important role in creating a sense of collective belonging leading to the growth of nationalism. 1. Image of Bharat Mata: With the growth of nationalism, the identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Rabindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. The identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with this image. She was portrayed as an ascetic figure-calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Later this image was painted by many other artists which acquired different forms. This image was circulated in popular prints and devotion to this mother figure was seen as a sign of nationalism. 2. Reinterpretation of History: The glorification of developments in ancient India in the fields of art and architecture, Science and Mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, craft and trade had also helped in the growth of nationalism. These nationalist histories encouraged the readers to take pride in India': great achievement in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions (cultural and economic decline) of life under British rule. 3. Indian Folklore: Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of traditional culture, which had been damaged by outside forces. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive folk culture. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales. "The Folklore of Southern India". Q17. Who had designed the 'swaraj flag' by 1921? Explain the main features of this 'swaraj flag'. [3M, 2016] A17. Main features of the 'Swaraj Flag': 1. It had tricolours Red, Green and White. 2. It had a spinning wheel in the centre. 3. It represents the Gandhian idea of self-help. 4 Carrying the flag during marches had become & symbol of defiance and a sense of collective belonging. Q18. What type of flag was designed during the 'Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal? Explain its main features. [3M, 2016] A18. During the Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal, A tricolour flag-red, green and yellow was designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India. It had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. Q19. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj". Support the statement with arguments. [3M, 20161 A19. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj" 1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. 2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. 3. Swaraj meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. 4. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. Q20. Describe the main features of 'Poona Pact'. [3M, 2015] A20. The Poona Pact: (i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 demanded separate electorates for Dalits in the Second Round Table Conference organised in London. (i) When British accepted this demand in the name of Communal Award, Gandhiji started a fast into death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the society. (iii) Ambedkar and Gandhi came agreement with Ambedkar accepting Gandhi’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September, 1932. It gave the depressed classes (later to be known as Schedule castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils. But, they were to be voted in by the general electorate. 5 MARKS QUESTIONS Q21. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging in the nineteenth century India? Explain. [5M, 2021 Sample Paper] A21. (i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised with the image of Bharat Mata. (ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. (iii) Novel Anandamath. (iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed as an ascetic figure; she iS calm, composed, divine and spiritual. (v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. Q22. Explain the meaning and notion of 'Swaraj' as perceived by the plantation workers. How did they respond to the call of 'the Non Cooperation movement'? [5M, 2021 Sample Paper] A22. For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. i. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. ii. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations, and headed home. iii. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own villages. iv. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up Q23. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups. Give reasons for the participation of the following: a) rich peasants b) poor peasants c) business classes d) industrial working classes women [5M, 2019] A23. The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows: i. Rich peasants- rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujrat & the jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues. ii. Poor peasants- joined the movement because they found I difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. iii. Business class- they reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their business and for this they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without restrictions. iv. Industrial working class- they did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their movements against low wages and poor working conditions. v. Women- there large scale participation of women in the movement. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. Q24. The middle classes played an important role in the Non Cooperation Movement in the cities. Explain. Why do you think that the movement slowed down in the cities? [5M, 2019] A24. Middle classes played an important role in the Non cooperation movement in the cities: i. Thousands of students left the government- controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and up lawyers gave up their legal practices. ii. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. iii. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons: i. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford it and therefore could not boycott mill cloth for very long. ii. Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed : problem as there were no alternative national institutions to fulfil the educational needs. iii. As a result students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts. Q25. "Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the notion of 'Swaraj." Support the statement. [5M, 2017] A25. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj" 1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. 2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. 3. Swaraj meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. 4. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. 5. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village. Q26. How did the Colonial Government repress the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? Explain. [5M, 2017] A26. The British Government reacted very strongly to the movement of Indians against the passage of the Rowlatt Act 1. British officials were alarmed by the popular upsurge. The fear that the lines of communication, such as railways and telegraph, might get disrupted, the British Government started even stronger repressive measures. 2. The colonial government began to arrest the Congress leaders. Gandhiji was barred from entering Delhi. On 10th April, 1919 the police in Amritsar fired upon peaceful procession. 3. This provoked widespread attacks and people began to attack the symbols of British rule. There were attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. 4. The government's repression › quite brutal. Even women and children were beaten up. About 1,00,000 people were arrested. Q27. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain [5M, 2016] A27. Mahatma Gandhi entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March, 1931. 1. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji committed to participate in a Round Table Conference London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. 2. In December 1931, Gandhiji we London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. 3. Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repressive measures. 4. Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail and the Congress had been declared illegal. 5. A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations a boycotts. Thus, with great apprehension Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. Q28. Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. [5M, 2016] A28. Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement because: 1. Worried by the development of Civil Disobedience Movement the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. 2. This led to violent clashes in many places. 3. When Abdul Ghaffar khan, a devout disciple : Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. 4. A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi was arrested industrial workers in Sholapur attacked the police force, municipal buildings, law courts, railway stations and all other structures that symbolized British rule. 5. A frightened government responded with the policy of brutal repression. The peaceful satyagrahis attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1 lakh people were arrested. Q29. "The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement". Support the statement with examples. [5M, 2016] A29. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways: Non-Cooperation Movement: 1. The people were asked not to cooperate with the government. 2. Foreign goods and foreign cloth were boycotted. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign traders. 3. Students left the government owned schools and colleges and lawyers gave up legal practices. Civil Disobedience Movement: 1. People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but O also to break colonial laws. 2. The countrymen broke the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water at Dandi. 3. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax. 4. Village officials resigned from their jobs. Forest people violated forest rules and laws. Q30. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples. [5M, 2016] A30. Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country: (i) Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. (ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories. (iii) In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. (iv) As the depression continued and cash invoice dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted and thus they joined the movement. (v) Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods.