PN1109 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Objective #1 PDF

PN1109 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Objective #1 Objectives 1. Discuss the structural levels of organization and major divisions of the body. 1.1 Define key terms related to anatomy and physiology. 1.2 Discuss the levels of organization of the body. 1.3 Discu...

PN1109 Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1 Objective #1 Objectives 1. Discuss the structural levels of organization and major divisions of the body. 1.1 Define key terms related to anatomy and physiology. 1.2 Discuss the levels of organization of the body. 1.3 Discuss the body functions necessary for life. 1.4 Discuss the eleven body systems and the general function of each. 1.5 Define organ and organ system. 1.6 Discuss homeostasis and its function in maintaining life. 1.7 Discuss the directional terms of the body. 1.8 Identify the three planes of division of the body. 1.9 Identify the two major cavities and the subdivisions of each. 1.10 Identify the nine abdominal regions and the four abdominal quadrants.  Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy is the scientific study of structure.  Physiology is the scientific study of function.  Anatomy and physiology are interrelated because:  Structure has an effect on function and  Function influences structure.  Why is it important for nurses to study A&P? 3 Subdivisions of Anatomy 1) Gross anatomy Regional Systemic Surface 2) Microscopic Cytology Histology 3) Developmental embryology Subdivisions of Physiology  Considers the orientation of specific organ systems  Ex:  Renal physiology: kidney/urine  Neurophysiology: nervous system  Cardiovascular physiology: heart/blood vessels  Questions 1. T/F: anatomy is the study of function. 2. ______ anatomy can be seen without the use of a microscope. 3. T/F: microscopic anatomy can be seen with the naked eye. 4. _______ anatomy looks at structural changes throughout the lifespan. 5. The study of tissues is ___________. 6. Refers to examination of a body system: _________ Levels of Organization  6 levels of organization within the human body  Chemical level  Cellular level  Tissue level  Organ level  System  Organism level 7 8 Questions 1. The simplest level of organization is:_______ 2. Similar cells with a common function is known as ______ 3. Two or more tissues that work together is known as ______ 4. The most complex level of organization is: ______ 5. The level of organization that is concerned with atoms/molecules is known as _______  Organ Systems in the Body  11 organ systems in the body and each has a major role 1) Integumentary system 2) Skeletal system 3) Muscular system 4) Nervous system 5) Endocrine system 10 Organ Systems (cont.) 6) Cardiovascular system 7) Lymphatic/immune 8) Digestive system 9) Respiratory system 10) Urinary system 11) Reproductive system 11 Figure 1-3 A&B Organ Systems of the Body 12 Questions 1. T/F: The muscular system forms the framework of the body. 2. T/F: The integumentary system regulates the metabolic activity of the body. 3. T/F: The nervous system sends and receives stimuli to control body activities 4. T/F: The cardiovascular system is responsible for the exchange of gases. 5. T/F: The reproductive system promotes continuation of the species. 6. T/F: The lymphatic system plays a role in immunity.  Necessary Life Functions  10 life processes in the human body  Maintaining boundaries  Metabolism  Responsiveness  Movement  Reproduction  Growth  Digestion  Excretion. 14  Survival Needs  Several factors exist for survival:  Water  Oxygen  nutrients  Normal body temperature  Atmospheric pressure 15 Questions 1. Chemical reactions in the body is referred to as ________. 2. The breakdown of complex substances into simpler forms is _________ 3. The building of complex substances from simpler substances is ________. 4. Responding and reacting to changes in the internal and external environment is ______. 5. Increase in size of a body part is referred to as _______ 6. The body is mainly made up of ________.  Homeostasis  Homeostasis refers to a constant internal environment even though the outside world is continually changing.  A lack of homeostasis leads to illness or disease.  All organ systems of body, under direction from the nervous and endocrine system, work together to maintain homeostasis. 17  Homeostatic Control Variable – the factor/event being regulated 3 mechanisms: ▫ Receptor: monitors environment and responds to stimuli to send info to the control center (afferent pathway) ▫ Control center: determines the set point (range) of the variable. Info then flows to the effector on an efferent pathway. ▫ Effector: provides the means to control the response to the stimuli. The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus.  Homeostasis (cont.)  Negative feedback mechanisms vs Positive feedback mechanisms  Homeostasis is usually maintained by negative feedback mechanisms, which inhibit changes.  Positive feedback mechanisms are stimulating and cause a process or change to occur at faster and faster rates, leading to a culminating event. 19  Anatomical Terms Criteria that are used to describe body structure Anatomical position Directional terms Body planes Body cavities Abdominal regions and quadrants 20  Anatomical Position  The body is erect with feet flat on the floor and facing forward, arms are at the sides, and palms and toes are directed forward.  This is used when referring to directions in A&P. Figure 1-5 The 21 body in the anatomical position  Directional Terms  Describe the position of the body relative to another part:  Superior (cranial) /inferior (caudal)  Anterior (ventral)/ posterior (dorsal)  medial/lateral  proximal/distal  Superficial (external) /deep (internal)  visceral/parietal. 22  3 Planes of Division  Sagittal plane : lengthwise; divides the body into right and left 23  Midsagittal plane: sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline  Transverse: divides body horizontally into upper and lower regions (superior/inferior)  Frontal: divides body into front and back portions (anterior/posterior). Aka: coronal Figure 1-6 Transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes of the body.  Body Regions The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and trunk; the appendicular portion consists of the limbs or appendages; The truck (torso) includes the thorax, abdomen and pelvis 25  Body Cavities  Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal (vertebral) cavity  Ventral body cavity – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity Figure 1-7 The two major cavities in the body and their subdivisions. 26 Abdominal Quadrants  Right upper  Right lower 27  Left upper  Left lower  9 Abdominal Regions A convenient and commonly used method divides the abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions: epigastric umbilical hypogastric right and left hypochondriac right and left lumbar right and left iliac 28 29 Review – Videos  Intro to Anatomy & Physiology – Crash Course Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #1 - YouTube  AbdominalPelvic Regions & Quadrants Abdominopelvic Quadrants And Regions - Abdomin al Quadrants - YouTube