MyP 4 Biology Midterm Notes PDF

BiologyTT Unit1 Ecosystems Ecosystem Energytransfer anecosystemisacommunityofinteractingorganismsandtheirphysicalsurroundingse.g soilairdwater 2typesoffactorsinanecosystem Bio...

BiologyTT Unit1 Ecosystems Ecosystem Energytransfer anecosystemisacommunityofinteractingorganismsandtheirphysicalsurroundingse.g soilairdwater 2typesoffactorsinanecosystem BioticFactors AbioticFactors thelivingcomponent nonliving that component thataffectsother influencestheorganisms livingthings theenvironment eg species e g temperaturepHhumiditysunlight andbiotic Abiotic factors factors egdroughtscanaffect alter areinterdependentchangesinabiotic factors biotic e.gplantdeath Factors Biotic Abiotic Factors ProducersPlants and that algae theirownfood make for sunlightProvidesenergy temperature affects photosynthesis consumersHerbivores that carnivoresomnivores eat watervitalforanlivingorganismsavailabilityimpacts plant growth otherorganisms DecomposersBacteriaFungithatbreakdown soilprovidesnutrientsitscompositionsandidayaffectsplanttypes deadmatterrecycling nutrients thetype organismsthat temperature Determines of can survive Airoxygen andcarbondioxidearenecessaryforrespirationandphotosynthesis Therearecertaincharacteristicsthatdefinealiving organism Movement Respiration Growth Senstivity Defense Repair gggy.mn Excretion Nutrition transfer thenowofenergyinanecosystemstartsfromsunlightwhich.iscapturedbyproducers plantsalgaethroughphotosynthesisThis Energy energy isthen throughdifferentorganismsviaconsumption passed levelsbasedontheirfeedingposition trophiclevelsorganismsaregroupedinto TrophicLevels Decomposers foauarternary consumers predator Increasinglevels tert Ymer food chains Energsters secondaryconsumers Tier j Primaryconsumers Producers highesttrophiclevel Typesoftrophs their autotrophsproducers produce ownfoodusing sunlight chemicalenergy sunlighttoconvertco H2o autotrophsuse Photo into throughphotosynthesis egplantsalgaeandcyanobacteria glucose autotrophsuse Chemo fromchemicalreactionsusuallyinvolvingcarbonsulfurcompounds tocreate organicmolecules e.gget energy are bacteria thebase form autotrophs ofthefoodchain supplyenergytoallothertrophiclevelsbyproducingbiomassthattheconsumerscaneat own thatcannotproducetheir Heterotrophsconsumers organisms foodand otherorganismsforenergy mustconsume Herbivores primaryconsumers eat deerrabbitsandcaterpillars plantse.g only secondaryconsumerseatherbivores intheir CarnivoresEat other only animals Is tertiaryconsumersceat other carnivores Egators omnivoresEat and bothplants animals transfer help Heterotrophs from energy levers throughvarious autotrophs ofthe food chain Detritivores heterotrophsthat consumedecomposing matterbreakingitinto organic smallerparticles examplesearthwormsmillipedeswoodlice ofnutrients breaking Detritivorescontributetotherecycling by downdead mattermakingitmoreaccessibletodecomposersand plantandanimal plan that Decomposersorganisms their get by energy breaking dead down and bodies fromanimalsand waste plants andfungi examplesbacteria dead down breaking Through matter decomposersrelease thesoilwhichplantscan nutrientslikenitrogenphosphorusandcarbonbackinto then use essentialfornutrientrecycling and Saprotrophsorganismslikefungi thatdecomposedeaddecayingmatterbysecretingenzymestobreakitdownexternallythenabsorbingthe bacteria nutrien playavital roleinnutrientrecyling unlikedetritivoresingest digestioutside materialsaprotrophs dead t of their bodies that Mixotrophsorganisms use can andheterotrophicmethodstoobtainenergy bothautrophic ofprotistacanphotosynthesizewhen exampleseuglenatype lightisavailablebutcanalso lightisscarce organicmaterialwhen consume mixotrophs canadapttovaryingenvironmentalconditionshelping areflexibleand maintainecosystemstability Habitat ahabitatisthe specific withinanecosystemwhere place anorganismlivesfinds and shelter food mates units microhabitatsmaller that withinahabitat meet specific for needs differentorganismse.gunderalogasmall pond ohabitats types f terrestrialland habitatsforestsdesertsgrasslands into habitatsdivided aquaticwater lakesand freshwaterrivers marineoceansseas aerialBirds and have insects some habitatsusingairas aerial partotfheir environment featuresto specific develop organisms survivein habitati e adaptationse.g their have cacti skintoretain thick waterindeserts chain Food represents nutrientsflow howenergyand throughanecosystem withaproducer starts and withatop ends predator eg Grass rabbit Fox Eagle decreasesas Energy you upthechaineach move representsan step transfer energy food Limitationssimple chains exist donot naturallyas have often animals varied diets ofalarger part foodwen web Food acomplexnetworkofinterconnectedfood the chainsshowing many feeding relationships anecosystem within provides totheecosystem ensuring stability by that have species food multiple the s ourcesreducing f ifone riskostarvation declines s pecies ifone speciesis oraddeditcan removed the disrupt entire by aninterconnectedspecies ecosystem affecting  Flow Energy flow energy refersthe to ofenergythrough transfer different levels trophic starting the from sunand through moving and c onsumers p roducers d ecomposers mistrowis forsustaining essential life andmaintainingthe and structure e cosystems function sourceoefnergy QQ and algae plants some bacteria sunlightthroughphotosynthesisconvertingitto capture energystoredasglucosethis chemical thebaseothe becomes energy f foodchain loss Energy onlyaround10of energyistransferredfromonetrophicleveltothenextlloi.ru e ao afenergyislostateachievelasheat respiration through andinmaintainingmetabolicprocesses thisloss arefewerorganismsand there why explains biomassat less levels trophic higher carboncycle the ofcarbonamongtheatmosphereoceanssoilandorganisms movement Human and impactDeforestation fueluseincreaseatmosphericcozaffectingclimate fossil and the ofthe balance carboncycle Carboncycle ii co.ie Carahenteising's ciiiiiiis Plant Animal Respiration 1 I e industry ateiswmfaster omnivores Herbivores posyp.ua cantoves remains take Dead ofyears millions Decomposers Scavengers  Therateatwhichfossilfuelsarebeing by consumed theIndustryata ratethanthedeadremainsarebeingconvertedinto faster way fuels fossil Photosynthesisplants algaeandsome bacteriaconvert co andwater fromthe atmospheretomake glucose This removes process fromtheatmosphere carbon storesitinplants and plantsand respirationBoth animals carbonback release theatmosphereascarbondioxideduringcellularrespiration into They glucosefor breakdown coasabyproduct producing energy Decompositionwhen plants andanimalsdiedecomposersbreakdowntheirbodiesreleasingcarbonback intothe andtheatmosphere soil organic fuels bestoredasfossil materialinthesoilcanalso millionsof over years combustion The fuelsandbiomassreleasesstoredcarboninthe burningoffossil formofCo2 intotheatmosphere back Nitrogen cycle isessentialfor nitrogen building p roteins Dna and Human useoffertilizerdisrupts impactthe the towater cycleleading n itrogen pollution harmful and blooms algal NitrogenGas denitrificat no no n i traffation Nitya immobilizations organicnitrogen ammonia.tn Ffmmonification nitrification NH4t  NitrogenFixation Bacteriainsoilor oots convert gasN2intoAmmoniaNH makingitusableforplants nitrogen Nitrification convertammoniaintonitritesNO Bacteria andthennitratesNO which canabsorb plants Assimilation Plants nitrates absorb use and tomakeproteins them Ammonification Decomposers down break wastereturningnitrogen to soilasammonia the Denitrification Bacteria nitrates convert intonitrogen back it theatmosphere gasreleasing into interdependencyrelationshipsbetweenorganisms UnityAll thingsshare living and commonbiochemicalprocesses asDNA such structures tosurviveinvariousenvironmentsleadingtobiodiversity iversityorganismshaveadapteduniquely terdependency organisms relyoneachotherforsurvivalformingsymbioticrelationships beesflowers 1 MutualismBothorganismsbenefite.g otherisunaffectede.gbarnaclesonwhales 2commensalismonebenefitsthe 3Parasitismonebenefitsthe otherisharmede.g ticksonmammals alsodisease causing microorganisms pathogens  PredatorPrey competition predatorprey control dynamicpredators and preypopulationspreventingovergrazing keeping balanced ecosystems when competitionoccurs organismscompete for fight the same be resources foodspacescan e.g the 1intraspecificwithin speciese.gadeercompetingfor same mates andhyenasforprey 2interspecific Betweendifferentspeciese.glions adaptations predators skillswhile hunting develop evolve prey mechanisms defense e.gcamoflaugespeed and speciation Extinction speciationthe evolutionary which through process new species dueto arisetypically barriers Geographicisolationphysical to separatepopulationsleading geneticdivergence isolationspecies reproductive develop uniquemating structuresthat behaviorsor preventinterbreeding Extinctionthe fromtheearthdue eradicationofaspecies permanent tofactorslikeclimatechangehabitatlossandcompetition i cause.ci iii ation  Unit2 EffectsofHumanActionson theEnvironment IHumaninfluencesontheenvironment have activities Human transformed by airand forestspolluting ecosystems clearing water warmingour andcontributingtoglobal andurban industrialagricultural nature's oftenexceed activities toecologicalimbalances capacitytorecoverleading keyactions urbanization rapid growthdrivesexpansion population theconversionofforestsandwetlandsintourbanareasdisruptinghabitatsand leadsto ofcitieswhich contributing tohabitatloss theairand releasepollutantsinto IndustrializationFactories thatcontributetoclimatechange waterincreasingcarbonemissions practices Agricultural theuseofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidescanpollutenearbywaterbodiesthroughrunoffwhileoverfarmingdepletessoilnutrie andcanleadtodesertification Habitat changeDestruction Habitat change to and habitatsstructure refers alteringanatural functionalityoften its reducing abilityto local support wildlife impacts loss Deforestation Biodiversity and habitat separate fragmentation from species and foodmates shelteroften toadecreaseinpopulation leading Fragmentation can This isolate makingit populations for difficult themtointerbreedand the increasing riskofinterbreedingwhich thegenepool weakens examplethe rainforestisa amazon prime ofhabitatdestructionwheredeforestationforloggingagriculture example andcattle threatens ranching countless species solutionswildlife corridors help maintain b etween connectivity habitatsProtected fragmented andreforestationefforts areas also habitatrestoration support 3Pollutionand conservation pollution airpollutionprimarypollutantslike dioxide so and sulfur oxidesNoxfrom nitrogen and vehicles toacid contribute industry andrespiratoryissuesinhumansand rain animals water likenitratesand pollutionchemicals from phosphates nutrientoverloadsinwaterbodies cause fertilizers toeutrophication leading soilpollutionpersistentorganicpollutantspop'sandheavy from metals wasteaccumulationinsoilharming industrial lifeandentering plant thefood chain conservation useencouragesresponsibleconsumptionofresources sustainable topreventdepletion lawsliketheconventiononBiologicaldiversityCBDfocusonprotectingspeciesand protection Biodiversity genetic diversity and examplerecycling waste reduction decreasethe help programs ofwastesenttolandfillsandreducepollution amount acidrain oldies dioxideso andnitrogen sulfur nitric primarily dioxideno oxidenoandnitrogen soand Nox emissions with react water atmospheretoform vaporinthe and sulfuric nitric fallasacidrain acidswhich impact Ecosystemsacid rain acidifies and lakes streams which cankillfishandaquaticplants ForestsAcid rain limitsnutrientsinthe leaves damages soiland trees weakens them making more topests vulnerable rainerodes infrastructureacid and buildings thosemadeoflimestoneand monumentsespecially marble mitigation cleaner sourceslike energy wind andhydroelectricreducesoandnoemissionstechnologieslikescrubbersinfactoriescan solar also remove before pollutants reach they theatmosphere 5Eutrophication theprocessoftheunintentionalenrichmentofwater whichresultsintheconversionofaliveaquaticzonetoadead bodies zoneswamp nutrientsinfertilizers phosphorusmagnesiumnitrogenandpotassium Excess The nutrients fromfertilizersespeciallynitrogenandphosphorus excess water enters oaf lgae bodiescausinganexplosion process Afarmer toenrich fertilizer sprays andhelp soil the the betterwhen plantsgrow mistakesomeofthe plantsarewateredby fertilizer intoalakewaterbody gets thenutrientrichrunoff thewaterbodyThefertilizerfeedsthealgaeinthelakeandtheir with mixes populationincreasesdrasticallyThis explosionofalgae knownasalgal bloom the bloomblockssunlightthis algal makesthe underneath plants die them antheextra deadplantsprovide forthedecomposers theirpopulationincreasesthedecomposersrespirereducingoxygenlevels extrafood whichcreates conditions hypoxic leadtomostaquaticanimals that arenotadaptedtoliveinlowoxygenconcentrations dyingasthey impact fishandotheraquaticanimalscannotsurviveinhypoxicareasitleadstobiodiversityloss since and impactFisheries Economic tourism sufferasthewater can qualitydeclines control useoforganic fertilizersand rotation crop can methods reduce on reliance fertilizers synthetic canactasnatural wetlands filtersabsorbing before nutrients excess reacho they waters 6Globalwarming dioxideCo2methaneCH carbon andnitrousoxide no aregreenhouse gases heatinEarthsatmosphere increasedlevelsotfhesegasesresultt thattrap fossil burning fuelsdeforestationandindustrialactivities Effects riseGlobalaveragetemperaturesareincreasingaffectingweatherpatterns temperature and polarice melting levelsmeltingice sea rising caps contributetosea andglaciers levelrisewhich andecosystems threatenscoastalcommunities Extreme frequentdroughtshurricanesand weathermore toclimatechange wildfiresareattributed mitigation e missions carbon reducing sourcesreforestationandinternational throughrenewableenergy under cooperation like agreements theparisagreementhelps address warming global The projectlastbanned Montreal mostCFC'sand safera arenowused lternatives CFC'schlorofluorocarbons madeupofchlorinefluorineandcarbontheyarecommonlyusedinrefrigerantsaerosolsprays syntheticcompounds foam and blowingagents impact ozonelayer Damage CFC'sreleasechlorinewhenexposedto in the sunlight a tmosphere Thischlorine breaks the down layerco which ozone us p rotects harmfuluv from rays HealthEnvironmental impact increaseduv can radiation skin cause eye cancer and damage harm andanimals plants Globalwarming heatinthe CFC'strap a tmosphere toclimate c ontributing change  Effect Greenouse thegreenhouseeffectisanaturalprocess certain where the gasesin Earthsatmosphere theplanet'ssurface heatwarming trap withoutit However theEarth betoocoldtosustainlife would activitiesthat Human c ombustionhave involve this intensified effectleadingtoexcessive and warming climate change combustiontheburning fuelscoaloil offossil andgasreleaseslargeamountsofgreenhousegaseslikecarbon coosmethaneccityand dioxide oxide n nitrous vehicle emissions powerplants industrial processes leadstoglobalwarminganditsdrawbacks solutions renewable energy windhydro sourcessolar practice a fforestationplanting co treestoabsorb lifestylechangeslike adopt public using wasteand transportreducing energy conserving conservation insitu speciesin conservation Protecting their natural parkswildlife national habitatsExamplesinclude and s anctuaries marinereserves Exsituconservationremovingpartofapopulationfromitshabitattoprotectit Examplesincludezoosaquariumsbotanicalgardensandseedbanks importance conservation andbiodiversitywhicharecrucialforserviceslikepollination waterpurificationandnutrient helpsmaintainecosystems cycling Efforts andNGOsestablish Governments areasconductpublic protect awareness campaigns andlogging andimposerestrictionsonhunting toconservenatural resources RoleofGovernmentBodiesinconservation Protection regulationsEnvironmental agencies tolimitemissionsmanagewaste laws enforce andprotect endangeredspecies examplethe intheus Endangeredspeciesact legal provides for protection oefxtinction speciesatrisk cleanairand water actsthese laws tokeepairand pollutants regulate water and clean safe international cooperationGlobal issues environmental treatieslike likeclimatechangerequirecooperationthrough the parisagreement AwarenessprogramsGovernment naostoeducatethepublic oftencollaboratewith agencies onenvironmentalissuesand effortsencouragingcitizen conservation in participation sustainability  Unit3 organizationof life cell Theory Allliving upofoneormorecells made thingsare cellsarethebasic and structural unitoflife functional Allcellsarisefrompreexistingcellsbiogenesis consistofthe cells hereditaryinformationDNA cellstructure Function unicellularusMulticellularorganisms unicellular upofonlyoneceuthatperformsau lifefunctions made organisms examples Bacteriaamoebaparamecium andsimpler instructurecomparedtomulticellularorganisms smaller typically multicellular organismscomposedofmultiple havespecializedfunctions ceuswhich and exampleshumansplants animals cellsareorganizedinto tissuesorgans cellsformovementnervecellsforcommunication andsystemsforthedivisionoflaborcegmuscle autotrophicvsHeterotrophic ceus somaticvsGameteceus ownfood autotrophicceus manufacturetheir somatic normalbodyceus ceus dependonotherorganisms Heterotrophic forfoodenergy cells spermeggs Gametesreproductive  Majorcomponentsofac.eu icellmembrane that semipermeablemembrane controlsmaterial of exchangeentry exit substances thecell protects andretainsits shape wallplants providesstructureandprotection 2cell 3Nucleus centercontainsDNA control 4vacuole storeswater minerals smallerinanimalcellsbiggerinplantceus 5Mitochondria ofthecellproducesenergyATP powerhouse theorganellesinplace 6cytoplasm Jellylikesubstancethatholds 7ribosomes synthesizeproteins 8 smoothER noribosomes synthesizeslipids transports mg Engg 1 roughERribosomesattached synthesizestransports proteins 9Golgi bodiesapparatus packages distributesprotein achloroplastsplants contains ofphotosynthesis chlorophyllsite iicentrioles assistinceudivision downwaste digestionofnutrients 12Lysosomes containenzymesforbreaking 3Thecellcycle The oef vents sequence whereaceu divisionand growspreparesfor divides Phases 1interphase Gl cellGrowth s DNAReplication G2preparationformitosis 2 MitosisDivisionof the nucleus Prophasechromosomescondensenuclear dissolves membrane Metaphasechromosomesaligninthecenter chromatids Anaphasesister separate telophasenuclear reformsaroundchromosomes membranes 3Cytokinesis Divisionofthe twodaughtercells cytoplasmresultingin  4characteristicsoflife Alllivingorganismssharecertainfeaturesthatdefinewhatitmeanstobealivethesecharacteristicsare 1cellular organization Allliving upofoneormorecellswhicharethebasicunitsolfife thingsaremade examplebacteriaareunicellularwhile aremulticellular humans 2 metabolismEnergyuses energyto Livingorganismsuse out carry like activities growthmovementand repair metabolism anchemicalreactionsinthebodysuchasrespirationandphotosynthesis includes use exampleplants sunlight for forphotosynthesiswhileanimalsconsumefood energy 3 HomeostasisMaintainingBalance theirinternalenvironmenttokeepitstableregardlessoexternal regulate organisms f changes temperatureof 37 maintainabody exampleHumans bysweatingorshivering 4 Growth andDevelopment things Living byincreasinginsizeanddevelopbychangingovertime grow exampleA seed intoaplantandacaterpillardevelopsintoabutterfly grows 5 Reproduction produceoffspring organisms toensure survivalof the theirspecies canoccur through Asexualreproduction e.gbacteriadividing sexualreproductione.ganimalsproducing fertilization through offspring 6Responsetostimuli Living organisms tochangesintheirenvironmentstimulitosurvive respond exampleplants grow light phototropismand toward animals move fromdanger away 7 AdaptationandEvolution overgenerationsorganismsdeveloptraitsthathelp themsurviveintheirenvironment These evolutionvianatural through occur changes selection bears examplepolar thickfurandfatlayerstoadapttocoldclimates have their 5 cellsand types 1 prokaryotic simplerstructure nomembranebound organelles notruenucleus DNAisfreefloatinginthecytoplasm nucleoidregion exampleBacteriaand archaea 2Eukaryotic complexwith more boundorganelles e.g mitochondrianucleusER membrane hasatruenucleuscontainingDNA exampleplant cells animalandfungal 6 Specializedcells cells instructureforspecificfunctions adapted cells Animal cellscontain muscle that fibers protein formovement contract Fatceusstoreenergyand can expand significantly cellstransmitelectrical nerve forresponsetostimuli signalsessential red cellsBiconcave Blood with shapenonucleuspacked for h emoglobin transport oxygen whiteBloodceus toxic bacteriaorrelease NeutrophilsEngulf to chemicals fight infections Lymphocytescriticalfor immuneresponse airwayscilia ciliatedEpitheliumLines and mucus sweep outotfhe debris lungs spermsmall forreproduction cells mobile cellsLarge Egg cells c ontaining andyolkforearlynourishment maternalDNA lantcells Palisade CellsPackedwith Mesophyll chloroplasts forphotosynthesis Guardcellscontrol forgas stomata andwaterregulation exchange RootHairceusLongextensionsforwaterandmineralabsorption xylemHollow withligninfor tubes water transport phloemsieve withcompanioncellsfor tubes sugartransport 7Levelsoforganization Hierarchy cell 2tissue 3organ 4organsystem 5Organism Definitionofaceu unitoflifecapableofindependentexistence e.ginunicellularorganismslikeamoeba smallest multicellular organisms cells perform organstoensure oftissuesand specializedfunctionsaspart efficiency existsbetweencellstissuesandorgans Divisionoflabor tissues Agroupofcellsspecializedforaspecificfunction examples tissues musclenerveepithelial Animal plant tissuesxylemphloemmesophyll organs madeofdifferent structures tissuesworking together examples Animalsstomachdigestionbraincontrol center Plants Leaves photosynthesis flowersreproduction organ systems Groupoforgans relatedfunctions performing examplesinanimals systemBrainspinal Nervous cordnerves systemHeartblood circulatory vessels examplesinPlants vascular transportand systemxylemwater transport phloemsugar of classification organisms carl Linnaeustaxonomy taxonomicHierarchy Asystemfororganizing classifyingallliving and intoincreasinglyspecific organisms groups broadestto Levelsfrom most specific Domain Kingdom phylum class order Family Genus species examplehumans Domain Kingdom phylum class order Family Genus species Yya animbalia Chorlatamantmaliaprintates HomtidaeHotosapitens Euka BinomialNomenclature carlLinnaeus thescientificnamingsystemintroducedby Each species nameGenuscapitalizedandspecieslowercase isgivenatwopartLatin exampleHomo Sapienshumans 5Kingdomclassification Animaliaanimals characteristics and multicellular eukaryotic forenergy organicmaterial Heterotrophicconsume cell Lack wallscellsareflexible and tissues specialized for organs functions likemovementanddigestion reproducesexually examples Mammalse.ghumansbirds insects fishamphibians 2 Plantaeplants characteristics and multicellular eukaryotic autotrophicperform c hlorophyllin using photosynthesis chloroplasts cellwallsmadeocellulose Have f not Do but move can lightphototrophic towards grow andasexually reproducesexually ferns examplesmosses plantstrees flowering 3Fungi characteristics multicellarsome Eukaryoticmostly unicellular e.gyeast Heterotrophicobtain nutrientsthrough absorption cell Have madeofchitin walls Actsasdecomposersbreakingdownorganicmatter Reproducevia sporessexualasexualreproduction yeast examplesmushroomsmolds Protista characteristics multicellular unicellularsome Eukaryoticmostly nutrition Diverse e.galgaeorheterotrophice.gprotozoa modes autotrophic nospecializedtissues Liveinmoistenvironments varies reproduction similartoanimalsamoeba andsimilartoplantschlorella have can also traitsofbothEuglena somecausedisease Amoeba amoebiasis plasmodium malaria examples amoebaparameciumkelpa multicellular prosist Moneraprokaryotic characteristics prokaryoticunicellular withnomembraneboundorganelles organisms simplest canbe autotrophic photosyntheticorchemosynthetic orheterotrophic cell walls not varyinstructuremayormay containpeptidoglycan indiverseenvironmentsincludingextremeones Found Reproduceasexually examples cyanobacteria Ecoli methanogens 9 Homologousandanalogousstructures 1 Homologousstructures commonevolutionaryorigin similar structures different functions exampleThe forelimbofahumancarmand the ofawhalehavesimilarbonearrangementsbutareadaptedfordifferentpurposes flipper Analogousstructures different origin anatomical differentstructures similar functions and wingsofbirds examplethe insects flyingbut areusedfor havecompletelydifferentstructuralorigins stem ceus stem turnintodifferenttypesofspecializedcellsinthe cellsare blankcellsthatcan body Types stem Embryonic ceus from come very embryos early canbecomeany ocf ellinthe type bodypluripotent Adult stem ceus partsofthe Foundinspecific likebonemarrowand body skin can become only typesofcellsmultipotent like certain skincells bloodor  uses Treat leukemiadiabetes diseasese.g repair partslikethe body damaged heartornerves Help new grow fortransplants organsortissues ArtificalLife whatisArtificalLife Referstoman made thataredesignedtoimitatetheprocessesofnaturallife systemsororganisms systemsto these scientistscreate makeslifepossible what study new Develop andtechnologiesinfieldslikemedicineandgenetics tools investigate life how might'vestartedon Earth exampleMycoplasmaLaboratorium AlabcreateorganismmadebyreplacingthenaturalDNAofabacteriumwithanentirelysyntheticgenome ithelpsscientists the understand basicrequirementsforlife ascreating applicationsinbiotechnologysuch Explore formedicineorenvironmentalcleanup bacteria  ofEvolution Darwin'stheory whatisEvolution Evolution how explains change species time over throughaprocess called naturalselection key ideas iNaturalselection like andreproducemorethanothers traits speedorcamouflagesurvive withhelpful organisms traitsbecomemore these inthe common time over p opulation 2variation Differences exist naturally among inaspeciese.gsizecolorstrength individuals thesedifferencesaffect and abilitytosurvive their reproduce 3Adaptation over that traits develop generationspopulations suitedto arebetter theirenvironmentsuch furincolder asthicker climates for Evidence evolution 1 Fossil Record how shows have species graduallychanged millionsof over years 2GeneticEvidence related species similar share DNAproving have they ancestors common comparativeAnatomy similar body structures e.gthelimbbonesofhumanswhalesandbatsshowrelationshipsbetweenspeciesand their sharedevolutionary history