Debate: Types, History, and Skills PDF

Introduction to What is debate? Debate is the art of formal and oral controversy. Historical Origins of Debate Protagoras of Abdera Known as the 'Father of Debate' in Ancient Greece He posed themes for his disciples to argue and debate Corax of Sicily - 5t...

Introduction to What is debate? Debate is the art of formal and oral controversy. Historical Origins of Debate Protagoras of Abdera Known as the 'Father of Debate' in Ancient Greece He posed themes for his disciples to argue and debate Corax of Sicily - 5th century B.C ❖ He was a debater-rhetorician who gave his legacy by dividing the debate speech into four parts: (1) Introduction; (2) Narration; (3) Proof or Discussion; and (4) the Conclusion. Marcus Tullius Cicero One of the greatest Roman orators and debater who flourished during the first century. Additional: In the early part of the 1400’s, the first recorded intercollegiate debate was between Cambridge and Oxford. Today, Oxford boasts of having the oldest and the highly respected international debate society known to man. It is known as the Oxford Union Society.  Moving forward to 1858, the debates for an Illinois Senate seat between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were celebrated for their rhetorical skill and precision. Their verbal jousting inspired a whole form of modern debating, now a common sight in every election cycle across the world.  In 1892, the advent of debating in the United States was ushered in with the holding of the Harvard- Yale debate match.  The Philippine Scenario When the Americans came, they introduced to the Filipinos Forensic Debating which is known as the Oregon-Oxford format. The Philippines started patronizing it in the 1950’s and the 60’s. Before WWII, the Filipino debaters were debating abroad.  In 1928, the University of the Philippines sent abroad a debating team composed of brilliant young Filipinos, all students of the College of Law, headed by Teodoro Evangelista, and coached by Prof. Carlos P. Romulo. It was so recorded that the team toured the United States and argued for a complete and immediate independence of the Philippines, without losing a single debate.  The Philippines has its own early version of debate. It is known as Balagtasan where speeches were done on the spot like the impromptu speeches and the verses said must rhyme. What is debate? A debate is a formal and organized disagreement where the participants discuss a subject from two opposing sides. Two Sides Opposition Proposition Negative affirmative In in agreement disagreement/ against The Value of Debate The purpose of a debate is to persuade the audience or decision-makers to accept a particular viewpoint or course of action. It involves a systematic exchange of reasoned arguments, often following a set format and rules.  Debating delivers a whole host of benefits including sharpening your critical thinking, improving your public speaking and boosting your self-confidence and teamwork.  Some Terminologies used in Debate: Resolution/motion/proposition the statement or proposal being debated. Example: “Legalization of Marijuana as a medicine in the country” Case/Constructive a set of reasons, supporting facts, and arguments that shows why a debater should affirm or negate the resolution. CROSS-EXAMINATION involves questioning an opponent's argument, evidence, or statements in order to challenge or undermine their position. This can involve asking pointed questions to expose weaknesses in the opponent's argument or to clarify inconsistencies. Interpellation the act of interrupting an opponent during their speech or presentation to challenge their arguments or seek clarification. Also refer as the Point of Interruption rebuttal the act of responding to an opponent's arguments or refuting their points with counterarguments. Rebuttals often occur after the opponent has presented their case, allowing each side to engage in a back-and-forth exchange to persuade the audience or judges of the strength of their arguments.  Fallacy – “A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference” Common Types of Fallacy  Ad populum fallacy claiming that something is true because of popular belief "This politician has the most followers on social media, so they must be the best candidate."  Ad Hominem This fallacy attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself. "You can't trust his opinion on education because he's not a teacher."  Straw Man Misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent's argument to make it easier to refute. "Opponent A says we should improve healthcare. But Opponent B wants to bankrupt the country with expensive healthcare for all."  Circular Reasoning Using the conclusion of an argument as a premise, essentially repeating the same idea in different words. “The Bible is true because it is the word of God, and we know it's the word of God because the Bible says so."  Appeal to Authority Asserting that a claim is true because an authority figure or expert says so, without providing further evidence. "Dr. Smith says that coffee is bad for you, so it must be true."  False Dilemma Presenting only two options when there are actually more, forcing a choice between only those two. "Either we ban all cars or accept that pollution will destroy the planet."  Slippery Slope Suggesting that a small event will inevitably lead to extreme consequences without sufficient evidence. "If we allow students to have cell phones in class, soon they'll be using them to cheat on exams and the education system will collapse."  Hasty Generalization Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence or a small sample size. "I met one rude person from that country, so everyone from there must be rude."  Appeal to Emotion Using emotional manipulation to persuade rather than logic or reasoning. "If you care about the environment, you'll support this policy.“  Skills Needed in Debate Reading Speaking Writing Listening Speaking Articulate your thoughts very well Pronounce clearly the words you utter Use the appropriate rate and volume Speak with grammatical accuracy Maintain the correct bearing or poise Employ non-verbal code such as gestures, body movement and posture Reading Enhances knowledge and broadens understanding Speaking Manifests how well you are knowledgeable. Writing and Listening In a debate, if you do not listen carefully, you cannot build on your teammates arguments and refute convincingly the claims of the other team.  Types of Debate  1. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Is a value debate It is 1v1 debate It is based heavily around philosophy  The concept the debater believes is the most important Common values include justice, morality, autonomy, and Societal Welfare 2. The Rebuttal Type of Debate Used by two-man teams and three-man teams In this type of contest debate, each team is composed of two or three members. The affirmative opens the constructive speeches and the negative starts the rebuttal speeches. Teamwork is meticulously observed.Every speaker delivers a rebuttal, the first speaker on the affirmative side closing the debate with his rebuttal speech. 3. The one-rebuttal debate type the modified form of the Lincoln- Douglas debate type. In this type of contest debate, all the speakers have a chance to refute the opponent except the first affirmative, who, however, is given a chance to close the debate with a rebuttal. 4. The Oregon-Oxford Type also called the cross-question debate. In this type of debate, there are two or three speakers on each side. The first affirmative presents the entire affirmative case. After his main speech, he is interpellated by the first negative. Then the second negative states the entire negative case.  After his main speech, he is also interpellated by the second affirmative or by the first affirmative. Then the first negative delivers a rebuttal speech, and the second affirmative closes the debate with his rebuttal speech. It should be noted that the interpellation must be confined to the speech just given by the preceding speaker. Two speakers are not permitted by to question the same speaker. One of the commonest errors made by debaters using this kind of debate is the tendency of the debater asking questions to turn to the audience and harangue it. During the period of questioning, he should ask direct questions and should desist from delivering a speech.  A debate is not about winning or losing, but about engaging in a constructive conversation – unknown  Thanks! Do you have any questions? 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