Muscles & Nervous System Anatomy 1 PDF

School of Physical Therapy Anatomy 1 Muscles & nervous system Anatomy Department Muscles -Striated -Striated -Non-Striated -Involuntary -Voluntary -Involuntary - Myocardium -Ex. Muscles of - Ex. Wall of the of the heart the limbs viscera...

School of Physical Therapy Anatomy 1 Muscles & nervous system Anatomy Department Muscles -Striated -Striated -Non-Striated -Involuntary -Voluntary -Involuntary - Myocardium -Ex. Muscles of - Ex. Wall of the of the heart the limbs viscera (GIT) Skeletal muscles They form the main bulk of our bodies (about half of the body weight) -A skeletal muscle attaches to bone (or sometimes to non-skeletal structures ( skin- fascia- muscle) at two or more places. - If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an action, the attachment is called an origin. If the place is on the bone that moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion. -Most of the skeletal muscles are arranged in groups of agonists and antagonist muscles -Prime movers (agonists) and antagonist: The prime mover, is the muscle that provides the primary force driving the action. An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance to reverses a given movement. -Prime movers and antagonists are on opposite sides of a joint. - Synergistsmuscles that assist the prime mover in its role. 6  F u n c t io n s o f S k e l e t a l m u s c l e s Skeletal muscles enable humans to move. They play an essential role in respiratory mechanics and help in maintaining posture and balance. They also protect the vital organs in the body. 7 w a ys o f A t t a c h m e n t o f S k e l e t a l muscles A r r a n g e m e n t o f m u s c l e f i b e r s in S k e l e t a l m u s c l e s Deltoid Temporalis 25 1. Central ne r vo us s ystem ( C N S ) : includes the brain & spinal cord. 2. P e r i p h e r a l ne r vo us s ystem ( P N S ) : the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. 3. Au tono mic ne r vo us s ystem (ANS) Anatomy Department. Ain Shams University 26  C e n t r a l n er vo u s system (CNS) It is the part of the nervous system which is protected by bones. 1The brain is protected by the skull. 2The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral canal.  Brain Subdivisions of t he b r a in 1. 2 c e r e br a l he m is ph er e s 2. B ra in ste m: f orm e d of m idbr a in, pon s a n d m ed ulla oblonga ta. 3. C er e bell um. Anatomy Department. Ain Shams University 28  2 - Sp i n al c o r d The spinal cord is the downward continuation of the medulla oblongata. Formed of 31 functional segments which give 31 pairs spinal nerves. Anatomy Department. Ain Shams University 29  P e r i p h e r a l ne rv ous system It is the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. 1-Spinal nerves 2 - C ra n ia l nerves  S p i n a l n er v e s -The spinal cord gives 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral & one coccygeal). Each spinal nerve begins as an anterior (motor) and a posterior (sensory) nerve root. These roots arise from the spinal cord, unite at forming a single spinal nerve (mixed). The spinal nerve then leaves the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina, and then divides into two: Posterior rami – supplies the muscles of the back, and the overlying skin. Anterior rami – supplies the remaining area of the body.  Nerve Plexuses On both sides of the body, the ventral Brachial plexus rami of adjacent spinal nerves branch and connect in an organized matter to form nerve plexuses(except in the thoracic region).  There are four main nerve plexuses: -In the neck: Cervical plexus -In the neck and extends into the axilla: Brachial plexus: supplies the chest, shoulders, arms and hands -In the abdomen: Lumbar plexus -In the pelvis: Sacral plexus  2 - C r a n i a l n er v e s T h e r e a r e 1 2 p a i r s of c r a n i a l ne rves: a r i se f ro m t h e b r a i n 1-O l fact or y 7 F a ci al 2 - O pt i c 8Vest i b ul o -co ch le a r 3 -O c ul o m ot o r 9- Gl o s so ph a ry ng e al 4 - T ro c h l e ar 10-Va gus 5 T ri g e m i n a l 11 Accessory 6 A b du c e n t 12 Hy po gl o ssa l  A u to n o mic n e rv o u s s ys tem It is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscles and glands, within the body. It is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems  Assignment 3:True or false -Cartilages are classified according to the composition of the matrix. { } -Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones is an elastic cartilage. { } -Epiglottis is a type of elastic cartilage. { } -Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the synovial joints. { } -Skull sutures ossify with age. { } -Synovial joints are freely mobile type of joints. { } -Brain and spinal nerves are parts of the central nervous system. { }  Whichofthe followingisa secondarycartilaginousjoint? a-Sutures of the skull b-Symphysis pubis c-Shoulder joint d-Syndesmosis 37 Example of ball-and-socket joint is: a-Vertebral disc joint b-Shoulder joint c-Knee joint d-Symphysis pubis joint 38 39