Munoz Biology Fall Final Study Guide Answer Key 2024 PDF

Name ____________________________________________ Period _________ Biology Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide 2024 1. Draw and Label population growth. Include Exponential and Logistical Growth as well as Carry Capacity. 2. What would happen to the food w...

Name ____________________________________________ Period _________ Biology Fall Semester Final Exam Study Guide 2024 1. Draw and Label population growth. Include Exponential and Logistical Growth as well as Carry Capacity. 2. What would happen to the food web if there was a prolonged drought? When the limiting factors of water decrease there would be fewer producers available for the primary and secondary consumers. The overall carrying capacity of the other species will become lower. a. How would Grasshoppers, Flowering Plants, and Wolves be affected if the rat died off? Grasshoppers increase Flowering plants decrease Wolves unaffected b. Sketch the change in carrying capacities of the Grasshopper, Flowering Plants, and Wolves after the rats die off.  c. Why do ecosystems have limits or carrying capacities? The carrying capacity is determined by the abiotic factors in the ecosystem such as water, sunlight, temperature, and habitat space availability. d. What factors determine the carrying capacities? The abiotic limiting factors available in the ecosystem. 3. The right shows a pond before Eutrophication. The left shows the pond after Eutrophication. a. What is eutrophication? Eutrophication occurs when an overabundance of Nitrogen and Phosphorus runs off into a water source. Causes increase algae growth → blocks sunlight →kills plants in the water → decreases dissolved oxygen levels → primary and secondary organisms die → dead organisms decomposing reduces the oxygen level further b. What does Eutrophication do to the biodiversity of the pond's ecosystem? Decreased biodiversity of plant species, primary and secondary consumers Increase biodiversity of algae species 4. Fill in the blank spaces within the paragraph using the following words. Words are used ONLY once. land water Biodiversity grows environmental conditions natural resource unavailable Biodiversity refers to the number of different kinds of organisms living on Earth or in an ecosystem. Many human activities can change environmental conditions in ways that alter the biodiversity of an ecosystem. As the human population grows, people use more natural resources. A natural resource is a product of the environment that is used by humans or other organisms. Land, water, and air are examples of natural resources used by all organisms. When humans use too much of a resource, it may become unavailable to other organisms. For example, when humans clear large amounts of land to build shopping centers they are taking away the natural resources that land provided for other organisms. 5. Fill in the Human Impact on Ecosystem chart below: Human Impact on Ecosystem Term Definition Real World Example Ecological Outcome Deforestation Forests is cleared to an estimated 18 million increase greenhouse make way for new acres of trees are clear-cut gasses, decrease each year humans biodiversity, Key Stone Keystone species hold YellowStone Wolves decrease in biodiversity Species together the complex and lowering of web of relationships in ecosystems health an ecosystem Pollution trash thrown out on the 2.4 billion people do not decrease in health air freeway, to the millions have access to clean quality, water quality, food of metric tons of water sources contamination, causing pollution pumped into humans to have increased the atmosphere every chronic illnesses year Eutrophication Overabundance of Algae Blooms blooms of blue-green algae (i.e., cyanobacteria, Figure 2), nitrogen and phosphorus tainted drinking water runoff into water sources supplies, degradation of recreational opportunities, and hypoxia. Bioaccumulation is an increase in the DDT the organism is at risk concentration of a of chronic poisoning chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment Invasive Species An invasive species is an Zebra mussel has the potential to introduced, nonnative cause harm to the organism (disease, environment, the parasite, plant, or economy, or to human animal) that begins to health. spread or expand its range from the site of its original introduction  6. What is a Carbon SINK? a. Using the diagram above identify the Carbon storage or SINKS. Carbon sinks are places where carbon is stored, accumulates, or held such as the ocean, living organisms, and fossil fuels b. What happens to the ocean’s pH as it absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean will cause the pH to lower, becoming more acidic. The more acidic ocean waters bleach coral reefs and damage the ecosystem c. How could that change in pH affect the ocean ecosystem? Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean will cause the pH to lower, becoming more acidic. The more acidic ocean waters bleach coral reefs and damage the ecosystem 7. The carbon cycle is an example of the Law of Conservation of Mass. Matter, or atoms, can not be created nor destroyed only rearranged. a. How does cellular respiration rearrange carbon? Cellular respiration is a catabolic process during which glucose is broken down to release usable energy for a cell. Large molecule → many smaller molecules b. Is energy used or released in cellular respiration? Energy is released in the catabolic process  8. Give THREE reasons why only 10 percent of energy is transferred from on trophic level to the next. 90 % of the energy is lost during the metabolic process. a. Where does the Energy go? Heat b. Where does the Energy originally come from? Sun 9. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 a. Cellular respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP 10. Draw a picture (include ALL parts of the chemical equation) representing the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Anabolism is a metabolic pathway where simple molecules join to become complex. Catabolism is a metabolic pathway that describes the breakdown of the complex into simpler molecules. 11. What kind of pathway is photosynthesis? (Read the 2 sentences above) a. Why Photosynthesis anabolic process 12 small molecules are rearranged into one complex molecule and potential chemical energy is stored. Photosynthesis charges a battery. 12. What kind of pathway is cellular respiration? a. Why Cellular respiration is a catabolic process. 1 complex molecule is broken down into 12 simpler molecules and energy is released. 13. Draw and Label the THREE types of PASSIVE transports using the cell membrane provided. a. Include Concentration Levels, Molecules Moving, Carrier Proteins (if needed), and Cellular Energy (if needed)  14. Draw and Label the THREE types of ACTIVE transports using the cell membrane provided. a. Include Concentration Levels, Molecules Moving, Carrier Proteins (if needed), and Cellular Energy (if needed) 15. What are human stem cells? Stem cells are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated 16. When in life do humans have the highest quantity of stem cells? After cell fertilization during embryonic development. 17. Why are stem cells referred to as BLANK SLATES? (Include the following words in your answer: stem cells, identical copies, identical DNA, specialized for a job, a blank slate, DNA tuned on/off) Stem cells are the blank slates from which all other types of cells originate. They have the ability to divide and make exact copies of themselves or produce specialized cells 18. Fill in the chart below with the following information. a. List 3 different types of cells you have in your body. b. Describe the function of each cell type. c. List the similar and different organelles found in the cell types.  Cell Type Tissue Type Tissue Function Similarities Difference Organelles Organelles Nerve Cells Brain tissue coordinates and controls The nucleus, cell increased sodium and many body activities. membrane, and potassium channels in ribosomes the cell membrane Muscle Cells muscle tissue Movement is the main The nucleus, cell Increased the amount of function of muscular tissue. membrane, and mitochondria They have the ability to ribosomes contract and this is what brings about the movement of body parts. Bone Bone marrow Making Red Blood Cells The nucleus, cell No nucleus membrane, and ribosomes 19. What molecule determines in the stem cell drives the differentiation of the specific cell? DNA codes from proteins that differentiate and specific the cell. 20. The diagram on the right represents which essential cellular process? Mitosis a. Which characteristic of life does that process address? Growth and development 21. Once an organism is fully grown and developed why would cells continue to perform the processes on the right? Replace dead or damaged cells 22. How do organs and tissue stay the same size when mitosis is occurring? When organisms grow, it isn't because cells are getting larger. Organisms grow because cells are dividing to produce more and more cells. Body tissues grow by increasing the number of cells. Cells in many tissues in the body divide and grow very quickly until we become adults. 23. Another characteristic of life is Homeostasis. What does Homeostasis mean? The body has a number of “normal” ranges or baselines. When the body levels are not within those “normal” ranges the body will adjust back to those “normal” ranges. Homeostasis, as currently defined, is a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions a. give an example of your body doing Homeostasis. Carbon Dioxide levels in blood b. Explain how the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis. Molecules are passed into and out of the cell through the cell membrane increasing or decreasing amounts in order to maintain homeostasis. 24. What is Osmosis? movement of water molecules 25. What trick double-think do you have to use to solve the problem? Use the following terms when answering the questions: Solute, Solvent, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic. a. How do you name the solution? Solutes within the solution. b. What can’t move? The solutes c. What moves? The solvent (water) 26. Complete the chart by drawing and labeling solute concentrations (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) and showing the movement of water if the cell is placed in different solutions. Draw Name solutions Cell Outcome Inside and Outside of Cell Water movement Hypotonic inside Cell Cell shrinks :( Hypertonic outside cell Water moves OUT Hypertonic Inside cell Cell Swells Hypotonic Outside cell Water moves in  Isotonic inside cell Cell remains unchanged Isotonic outside cell Water moves in and out 27. Label the plasma membrane, or cell membrane pictured below. 28. What do proteins embedded in the plasma membrane, or cell membrane do to help the cell? Proteins help facilitate large polar molecules to move across the plasma. Carbohydrates all the cells to communicate with each other, identifying the type of cell it is.