Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller The Integumentary System Components of the Skin The Epidermis The epidermis is composed of four layers in thin skin and five layers in thick skin. They are (from deep to superficial): The stratum basale The str...

Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller The Integumentary System Components of the Skin The Epidermis The epidermis is composed of four layers in thin skin and five layers in thick skin. They are (from deep to superficial): The stratum basale The stratum spinosum The stratum granulosum The stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin) The stratum corneum The Epidermis The Epidermis is made up of epithelium, called keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and contains four major types of cells: 1. Keratinocytes – produce keratin, which acts to protect the skin from heat, microorganisms, and chemicals. 2. Melanocytes – produce melanin, which is responsible for the natural color of the skin and helps to defend it from the damaging effects of the sun (Stratum Basale) 3. Dendritic cells – produce microbial antigens, are part of the immune system, regulate immune reactions in the skin, and defend against microorganisms (Stratum Spinosum) 4. Tactile epithelial cells – tactile discs, capable of detecting touch sensations (Stratum Basale) Clinical Connection: Skin Cancer Basal cell carcinoma least malignant and most common Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum Melanoma a cancer of melanocytes the most dangerous type of skin cancer Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5 Skin Cancer: Malignant Melanoma Early warning signs of malignant melanoma: Use the ABCDE Rule A – asymmetry B – border is irregular C – color is uneven D – diameter is >6mm (pencil eraser) E – evolving and changing in size and shape Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6 Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller The Skeletal System  Cranial Bones (Neurocranium) Copyright ©2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9 9 Sutures 1. Sutures – a suture is an immoveable joint 2. Found in the skull holding bones, such as the temporal and parietal, together 3. 4 sutures present: Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous Coronal suture - between parietal bones and frontal bone Sagittal suture - between right and left parietal bones Lambdoid suture - between parietal bones and occipital bone Squamous (squamosal) sutures - between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10 Vertebral Column You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation. The Thorax (Thoracic Cage) The thorax is the entire chest region The structures that compose the thoracic cage are: Sternum Ribs and Costal cartilages Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12  Ribs There are 12 pairs of Ribs Provide structural support to the thoracic cavity True (vertebrosternal) ribs – first 7 pairs; their cartilage is directly connected to the sternum False (vertebrochondral) ribs – next 5 pairs; cartilage is indirectly connected to the sternum Floating (vertebral) ribs – last 2 pairs; these are not connected to the sternum Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13 Just general information Upper Limb (Extremity) 4. Metacarpals : 5 bones make up the palm and back of the hand: Numbered I through V (or 1–5) starting with the thumb Bases articulate with the distal carpals while their heads articulate with the proximal phalanges 5. Phalanges are the bones of the digits: 14 total The thumb contains 2 (proximal and distal) while the other 4 fingers contain 3 each (proximal, middle and distal) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 No need to know the names or the order of the tarsals Just be familiar Upper Limb (Extremity) 8 small bones connected to each other by ligaments and they are arranged in two rows of four bones each:  Proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) articulates with the distal radius and ulna  Distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) articulates with the metacarpals Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15  Classification of Joints Structure Joints can be classified: Fibrous o Structurally Cartilaginous Is there a joint cavity? Synovial Joint What type of connective tissue is involved? Function o Functionally What degree of movement is Synarthrotic permitted? Amphiarthroses Diarthrosis Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16  Structural Classification of Joints Based on material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present Fibrous – no articular Cartilaginous – no Synovial – have cavity articular cavity articular capsule Articulating bones held Articulating bones Characterized by together by dense held together by synovial cavity irregular connective hyaline cartilage and articular tissue (Synchondrosis) cartilage; may Types: Sutures and or fibrous contain accessory Syndesmoses cartilage ligaments, (Symphysis) articular discs and bursae Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 17 Structural and Functional Classification of Synovial Joints (1 of 3) Structural Description Degree of Example Classification Movement Characterized by Synovial Synovial Cavity, Articular Cartilage, and Articular (Joint) Capsule; May Contain Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Bursae. Plane Articulated surfaces flat or Many are biaxial: Intercarpal, intertarsal, slightly curved. back-and-forth and sternocostal (between side-to-side sternum and second to movements. Some seventh pairs of ribs), are triaxial: back- and vertebrocostal and-forth, side-to- joints. side, rotation. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18 Structural and Functional Classification of Synovial Joints (2 of 3) Structural Description Degree of Example Classification Movement Characterized by Synovial Synovial Cavity, Articular Cartilage, and Articular (Joint) Capsule; May Contain Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Bursae. Hinge Convex surface fits into Uniaxial: flexion- Elbow, ankle, and concave surface. extension. interphalangeal joints. Pivot Rounded or pointed Uniaxial: rotation. Atlanto-axial and surface fits into ring radioulnar joints. formed partly by bone and partly by ligament. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19 Structural and Functional Classification of Synovial Joints (3 of 3) Structural Classification Description Degree of Movement Example Characterized by Synovial Synovial Cavity, Articular Cartilage, and Articular (Joint) Capsule; May Contain Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Bursae. Ellipsoid Oval-shaped projection fits Biaxial: flexion- Radiocarpal and into oval-shaped depression. extension, abduction- metacarpophalangeal joints. adduction. Saddle Articular surface of one bone Biaxial: flexion- Carpometacarpal joint is saddle-shaped; articular extension, abduction- between trapezium and surface of other bone "sits" in adduction. metacarpal of thumb. saddle. Ball-and-socket Ball-like surface fits into Triaxial: flexion- Glenohumeral and hip cuplike depression. extension, abduction- joints. adduction, rotation. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Muscular System  How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement Origin and Insertion Most muscles cross at least one joint and are attached to the articulating bones When a muscle contracts, it draws one articulating bone toward the other o Origin – the attachment to the stationary bone o Insertion – the attachment Movement to the moveable bone Interactions Animation: Contraction and Movement 22 Fixator: When the arm muscles contract, the scapula must be held steady. In abduction of the arm, the deltoid muscle serves as the Coordination Within Muscle Groups prime mover, and fixators (pectoralis minor, trapezius, subclavius, serratus anterior muscles, and others) hold the scapula firmly against the back of the chest Most muscle movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles acting in groups rather than individually, and most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joints Prime mover (Agonist): muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement (Contracted, BICEPS) Antagonist: a muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover (Relaxed, Triceps) Synergist: a muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation(Brachioradialis) Fixator: stabilizes the origin of a prime mover 23 Naming Skeletal Muscles A muscle may be named based on: Location – structure near which a muscle is found e.g. Temporalis, muscle near the temporal bone. Origin and Insertion – Sites where muscle originates and inserts e.g. Sternocleidomastoid ( origin -sternum and clavicle, and insertion-mastoid process of temporal bone). Number of origins - Number of tendons of origin 24 Naming Skeletal Muscles Direction – Orientation of muscle fascicles relative to the body’s midline Size - Relative size of the muscle 25 Naming Skeletal Muscles Shape - Relative shape of the muscle Action - Principal action of the muscle 26 Muscles of Facial Expression COPYRIGHT ©2021 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 27  Muscles of the Abdomen (Torso) Muscles of the abdomen help contain and protect the abdominal viscera and the vertebral column The abdominal muscles also compress the abdomen and help produce the force required for defecation, urination, vomiting and childbirth COPYRIGHT ©2021 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 28 Muscles of the Abdomen Muscle Action Rectus abdominis Flexes the vertebral column, especially the lumbar portion, and compresses the abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth. External abdominal oblique Acting together (bilaterally), compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex vertebral column, Muscle Action Internal abdominal oblique Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, Transversus abdominis Compresses abdomen. Fixes and depresses the ribs and stabilizes the pelvis during walking COPYRIGHT ©2021 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 29 Selected Axial Muscles (Trunk Muscles)  Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder that Move the Humerus COPYRIGHT ©2021 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 31 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna 32 Sartorius Muscle- help effect the cross-legged sitting position in which the heel of one limb is placed on the knee of the opposite limb. Its name means tailor’s muscle; it was so called because Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula tailors often assume a cross-legged sitting position Muscles of anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh extend the leg and flex the thigh - Quadriceps Femoris and Sartorius Muscles Quadriceps Femoris is made up four muscles: 1. Rectus Femoris 2. Vastus Lateralis 3. Vastus Medialis and 4. Vastus Intermedius. Sartorius Muscle or ‘Tailors Muscle’ causes flexion of the leg at the knee joint and flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation at the hip joint. COPYRIGHT ©2021 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 33  Muscle Function Quadriceps femoris group Rectus femoris Flexes the thigh Muscles and extend the leg that move Vastus lateralis Extends the leg the leg Vastus medialis & intermedius Extends the leg (at the Sartorius Adducts and flexes the leg – knee Joint) permits crossing of the leg (tailor fashion) A Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula POSTERIOR (FLEXOR) COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH Hamstrings: A collective designation for three separate muscles 35 A 36