Human Anatomy and Physiology (MT-MLS 105) Lecture 3: Cellular Levels of Organization PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MT-MLS 105 (LAB) LECTURE 3: CELLULAR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OUTLINE ! EUKARYOTIC CELL ! ➔ Introduction ➔ Contains membrane-b...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MT-MLS 105 (LAB) LECTURE 3: CELLULAR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OUTLINE ! EUKARYOTIC CELL ! ➔ Introduction ➔ Contains membrane-bound organelles ➔ Parts and Function and are the basis for both unicellular ➔ Cell Movement and multicellular organisms. “Eu” ➔ Cell Division means “true” = True nucleus. ➔ Is 10 to 100 um in size. WHAT IS A CELL? ➔ Has a plasma membrane. ➔ Reproduces through mitosis and meiosis. CELL ! ➔ A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes. ➔ A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. ➔ Was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. ➔ There are 2 types of cell: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. FUNCTIONS ! ➔ Metabolize and release energy PARTS AND FUNCTIONS ➔ Synthesize molecules ➔ Communication contains genetic material ➔ Reproduction and Inheritance of the cell (DNA) and NUCLEUS nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal TYPES OF CELLS subunit assembly. PROKARYOTIC CELL ! ROUGH has many ribosomes ENDOPLASMIC attached; site of protein ➔ is a unicellular or single-celled RETICULUM synthesis (rough ER). (RER) organism that does not contain membrane-bound organelles or a site of lipid synthesis; nucleus. “Pro” means “before”. SMOOTH participates in ENDOPLASMIC ➔ A prokaryote neither has an RNA nor detoxification (smooth RETICULUM a DNA. ER); also a storage of (SER) ➔ A prokaryote is 0.1 to 0.5 um in size. calcium. ➔ They reproduce via binary fission. RIBOSOMES site of protein synthesis. modifies protein structure GOLGI and packages proteins in APPARATUS secretory vesicles. contains materials produced in the cell; SECRETORY formed by the Golgi VESICLES apparatus; secreted by exocytosis. CK, BSMLS 1-2 ౨ৎ 1  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MT-MLS 105 (LAB) LECTURE 3: CELLULAR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION substance outside the cells contains enzymes that digest material taken into (extracellular). the cell; sacs filled with ★ Cell attach to the extracellular LYSOSOMES digestive enzymes and environment to other cells. digest worn out cells and ★ Ability to recognize and communicate food absorbed by cell. with other cells through the plasma membrane. site of aerobic respiration MITOCHONDR ★ It determines what moves into and out and the major site of ATP ION of cells. (selective permeable synthesis. membrane) facilitate the movement of ★ Cell regulation of ion movement. (PISO chromosomes during cell = Potassium In and Sodium Out) CENTRIOLES division; a pair of bundled tubes that organize cell division. COMPOSITION OF A PLASMA MEMBRANE supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and MICROTUBULE forms components of cilia and flagella. move substances over CILIA surfaces of certain cell. increase surface area of certain cells for absorption MICROVILLI and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors. a biological membrane that separates and ★ 45-50% lipids (cholesterol); gives PLASMA protects the interior of a strength and flexibility MEMBRANE cell from the outside ★ 45-50% proteins; acts as a membrane environment. channel; regulates ions and carbohydrates. WHAT IS A PLASMA MEMBRANE? ○ Water comprises the total weight of cell ○ Glycocalyx = glycolipids + glycoproteins. regulates the movement of fluids between the endothelial cells and functions as barriers to macromolecules. Glyco = Carbohydrates Glycolipids - is responsible for the stability and cell to cell communication. Glycoproteins - for cell recognition or self FUNCTION OF A PHOSPHOLIPID LAYER recognition; attachment or ★ Boundary separates the substance bind to other cells. inside the cell (intracellular) to the ★ 4-8% carbohydrates ★ Fluid Mosaic Model CK, BSMLS 1-2 ౨ৎ 2  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MT-MLS 105 (LAB) LECTURE 3: CELLULAR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ★ Phospholipid head - hydrophilic across the plasma (water-loving) membrane in opposite ★ Phospholipid tail - hydrophobic directions. ○ Our cells are immersed in water ○ ATP Power Pumps - requires and the phospholipid tails aren’t energy. allowed to have an exposure to ★ Enzymes (catalyst) - increases the rate water. of chemical reaction. WHAT IS A PROTEIN MOLECULE PROTEIN MOLECULES ! ➔ Is flat among the phospholipid molecules. ➔ They are peripheral; Proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane. ➔ They are integral; Deeply integrated in the plasma membrane. FUNCTION OF A PROTEIN MOLECULES ★ Marker Molecules - cells to identify one another (cell recognition) ★ Receptor Proteins (glycoproteins) - glycoproteins that can attach to a specific chemical (attachment) ★ Attachment Proteins (cadherins and integrins) ○ Cadherins - attachment of a cell from another cell. ○ Integrins - attachment of cell to extracellular material. ★ Transport Proteins (channel, carrier, ATP power pumps) ○ Carrier - carries a specific ion or molecule across the plasma membrane. Classified into three: 1. Uniport - transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane. 2. Symport (co-transport) - refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules that move across the plasma membrane in the same direction (sabay). 3. Antiport (counter transport) - refers to the movement of two different molecules that move CK, BSMLS 1-2 ౨ৎ 3