MPA Forensic Science 2.pdf

Am§VadJ© à{ejU (gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma) {df` H«$. : 5 ^mJ : ~ Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó FORENSIC MEDICINE (V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr : gZ 2015) _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$ àñVmdZm JwÝho AÝdofU H$aV AgVmZm VgoM Iam JwÝhoJma emoYyZ H$mT>VmZm ~hþg§»` Ho$gog_Ü`o VÁk d¡ÚH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Mr àm_w»`mZo _XV ¿`mdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio Amamonrbm {ejm d ~ir Joboë`m§Zm Ý`m` {_iy eH$Vmo. `m Amdí`H$Vo_wio nmobrg H$m_H$mOmgmR>r ghmæ`^yV Ý`m`d¡ÚH$emó CX`mbm Ambo. IyZ, ~bmËH$ma, OirVmÀ`m Ho$gog, {dfà`moJ, Ji\$mg d BVa Aem AZoH$ KQ>Zm/XþK©Q>Zm§Mm Vnmg H$aVmZm Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ VÁkm§Mr VgoM AZwf§{JH$ nwamì`m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. _wiV: d¡ÚH$emó hm {df` B§J«OrV Agë`mZo gXa nwpñVHo$Mm ~amMgm ^mJ _amR>rV AZwdm{XV H$ê$Z àñVwV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m nwñVH$mMm à{ejUmWvZm `mo½` àH$mao AW©~moY hmoB©b, Aer Amem Amho. gXa nwpñVH$m hr à{ejUmWu A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emómMo kmZ ìhmdo `mH$[aVm _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_rMo g§MmbH$ lr. g§O` ~d} (^m.nmo.go.) `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Aä`mgH«$_ gwYmaUm g{_VrÀ`m gyMZoZwgma ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Cng§MmbH$ S>m°. {Z{Ib JwßVm (^m.nmo.go.) nmobrg AYrjH$ (à{ejU) lr. gwZrb \w$bmar d nmobrg AYrjH$ (àemgZ) lr. g§O` nmQ>rb `m§Zr `m H$m_mV gh^mJ KoVbm. ho nwñVH$ g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¡ÚH$s` A{YH$mar S>m°. g§O` Jm§JwS>} `m§Zr BPR & D À`m (Bureau of Police Research & Development) ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma AmYm[aV g§H$bZ d ^mfm§Va Ho$bo AgyZ à{e. nmobrg Cn{ZarjH$, n[a. nmobrg CnAYrjH$ VgoM godm§VJ©V nmobrg A{YH$mar `m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë` dmT>{dÊ`mg Z¸$sM Cn`wº$ R>aob. gXa nwpñVHo$V H$mhr ÌwQ>r Agë`mg d Ë`mg§~§{YV gyMZm Amë`mg, Ë`mMm {ZpíMVM {dMma Ho$bm OmB©b. g§O` ~d}, g§MmbH$, {XZm§H$ : 30/10/2012 _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$. _ZmoJV ""Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó'' `m nwñVH$mMr àñVwV V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$ `oWo g§emoYZ d {dûcofU àH$ën hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. _yb^yV à{ejU AmT>mdm H$m`©H$« _ “Training Needs Analysis” hm àH$ën gZ 2014-15 Xaå`mZ nyU© H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m A§VJ©V nmobrg XbmVrb H$m`©H$mar emIm, {d{dY {deof emIm `m_Ü`o H$m`©aV {d{dY XOm©Mo A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar, g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Vrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr, _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$ `oWrb à{ejUmWu, _mJrb gmYmaUV… 10 dfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrV gdm}ËH¥$ï> R>abobo à{ejUmWu A{YH$mar `m§Zm Am_§{ÌV H$ê$Z {d{dY MMm©gÌo d _§WZ ~¡R>H$s Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. `m MMm©gÌmV _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$ `oWrb _yb^yV à{ejU nÕVr d Aä`mgH«$_ `mV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m? ~Xb H$am`Mm Agë`mg H$emàH$mao? `m~m~V gdmªMo A{^àm` Zm|XdyZ KoÊ`mV Ambo hmoV.o Ë`mAZwfJ§ mZo Aä`mgH«$_mV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z g§~{§ YV {df`m§Mo nwñVH$m§_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. AemàH$mao Amdí`H$ ~Xb A§V^yV© H$ê$Z hr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ""Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó'' ho nwñVH$ à{ejUmWu `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {df`mMo gwb^ ^mfoV kmZ {_imdo, `mÑï>rZo g§MmbH$ lr. Zdb ~OmO `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr ghg§MmbH$ lr. {Za§OZ dm`§JUH$a, Cng§MmbH$ (à{ejU) d Training Needs Analysis g_Ýd`H$ lr. gwZrb ~. \w$bmar, Cng§MmbH$ d Aä`mgH«$_ nwñVH$ g{_Vr AÜ`j, lr_Vr CÁdbm dZH$a, Cng§MmbH$ lr. {edamO nmQ>rb, d¡ÚH$s` A{YH$mar S>m.° g§O` Jm§JSw >} `m§Zr gVV n[al_ KoD$Z `m H$m`m©V gh^mJ KoVbm Amho. `m nwpñVHo$V H$mhr ÌwQ>r AmT>ië`mg qH$dm H$mhr gwYmaUm dmMH$m§Zm gwMdm`À`m Agë`mg Vgo H$idmdo, Ë`mda {ZpíMVM {dMma Ho$bm OmB©b. Zm{eH$ Zdb ~OmO {X. 1 E{àb, 2015 g§MmbH$, _hmamï´> nmobrg AH°$S>_r, Zm{eH$ 4 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó AZwH«$‘{UH$m àH$aU {df¶mMo Zmd nm Z§. 1. Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ emómMr ì¶már d nmobrg VnmgmVrb ‘hÎd 5 Scope & Importance of Forensic Medicine to Police. 2. JwÝømÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gmnS>Umao Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` Xþdo 6 Exam. of Scene of Occurence from the point of view of medicolegal evidence. 3. ‘mZd earaaMZm emó 8 Human Anatomy 4. {Od§V d ‘¥V ì¶º$sMr AmoiI nQ>dÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVr (qbJ d d¶mMr AmoiI) 11 Methods of Establishing identity of Living & dead persons including determination of Age & Sex. 5. ‘¥Ë¶yMo Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ ‘hÎd, Ë¶m§Mr H$maUo, àH$ma, AdñWm 20 Medicolegal aspects of death with emphasis on Causes, Types, Stages 6. _¥Ë`yMr bjUo d _¥Ë`yZ§Va earamV hmoUmao ~Xb (_¥Ë`yMo A§XmOo d`) 25 Signs of Death & Time since death 7. OI_m§Mo àH$ma, dJuH$aU, ¶m§{ÌH$s OI‘m, A¾reómZo hmoUmè`m OI‘m, 32 ^mObobr OI_ Types of Wounds & Classification. Mechanical Injuries & Gunshot & Burn Inguries 8. dmhVwH$ AnKmVmVrb OI_m 41 - Traffic accident injuries. 9. ídgZmdamoYmZo hmoUmao ‘¥Ë¶y, CXm. Ji’$mg, ~wS>Uo B. 45 Asphyxial deaths by Hanging, drowning etc. 10. ed{dÀN>oXZ, ed{dÀN>oXZ Ahdmb, edCËIZZ, {N>Þ {dpÀN>Þ àoVmMr d gm§JmS>çmMr 53 ed n[ajm gm_mÝ` eãX d n[a^mfm. Postmortem Exam. Autopsy, Exhumation, Common words & Terminology. 11. {dfemó, {dfm§Mo àH$ma, JwÝømV dmnaÊ¶mV ¶oUmar {dfo 58 Toxicology, Classification of poison, Medicolegal aspects of poisons commonly used in commission of crime. 12. b¢{JH$ JwÝho, ~bmËH$ma, ~oH$m¶Xoera J^©nmV, ~mbhË¶m 66 Sexual offences, Rape, illegal abortion & Infanticide. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 5 àH$aU - 1 Chapter - 1 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emómMr ì`már d nmobrg VnmgmVrb _hÎd (SCOPE & IMPORTANCE OF FORENSIC MEDICINE TO POLICE) Ý`m`d¡ÚH $emó : AmoiI d _hÎd ì`m»`m : Ý`m`emómMm {M{H$Ëgm emómer Agbobm g§~§Y Xe©{dUmao emó åhUOoM Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó hmo`. B§J«OrVrb doJdoJir Zmdo : Forensic Medicine, Legal Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence. \$m°aopÝgH$ eãXmMr ì`már : nyduÀ`m H$mir JmdmVrb AS>MUr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Ý`m` {ZdmS>çmgmR>r bmoH$ EH$m {R>H$mUr Jmoim hmoV AgV, Ë`m OmJobm b°{Q>Z ^mfoV "\$moa_' åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. AmVm Ë`m eãXmÀ`m ì`márg "\$m°aopÝgH$' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$emó ho EH$ H$m`Úmbm _XV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d¡ÚH$s` emó Amho Am{U Ë`mMm g§~§Y nwamdm d H$moQ>© H$m_H$mOmer `oVmo. åhUyZ à{gÕ emók boAm°Z `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "H$moQ>m©VyZ Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mH$[aVm d JwÝhm CKS>H$sg AmUÊ`mH$[aVm VgoM ì`º$sbm, g_mOmbm Am{U Xoembm g§ajU XoÊ`mH$[aVm `m emómMm dmna Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U nwamì`mH$m_r Vmo Vgm dmnaVmV. ^maV XoemV JwÝho emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mH$[aVm nwT>rb AS>MUr `oVmV : 1) {d{dY JwÝøm§Mr dmT>Vr g§»¶m. 2) nmo{bgm§H$Sy>Z Vnmg H$aÊ¶mg Cera hmoUo. 3) {d{Yd¡ÚH$ emómMo nmo{bgm§Zm Anwao kmZ AgUo. 4) gd©gm‘mÝ¶ OZVoMm nmo{bg ¶§ÌUoda A{dœmg AgUo. darb n[apñWVr bjmV KoVm nmobrg VnmgmV {d{Yd¡ÚH$ emómMo ‘hÎd nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho. i) gXmof ‘Zwî¶dYmMo JwÝho : h„m, IyZ ii) ~imMm dmna : OI‘m§Mo Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ ‘hÎd iii) AmË‘hË¶m {deofV: {ó¶m§‘Yrb OirV ‘¥Ë¶y iv) ed{dÀN>oXZ Ahdmb v) {df~mYoVrb ‘¥Ë¶y, ídgZmamoYmZo hmoUmao ‘¥Ë¶y : ’$mer, ~wSy>Z ‘¥Ë¶y, Jim Xm~yZ ‘¥Ë¶y vi) ~§XþH$sÀ¶m JmoirZo hmoUmam ‘¥Ë¶y vii) b¢{JH$ JwÝho : ~bmËH$ma, J^©nmV, ~mbhË¶m BË¶mXr. viii) AZmoiIr àoVmMr AmoiI nQ>dUo. ix) ‘¥Ë¶yMm àH$ma : Z¡g{J©H$ Amho H$s AZ¡g{J©H$. darb àH$maÀ¶m JwÝøm§~m~V S>m°³Q>a nmo{bgm§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. lll 6 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó àH$aU - 2 Chapter - 2 JwÝømÀ`m {R>H$mUr gmnS>Umao Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ Xþdo EXAM. OF SCENE OF OCCURENCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF MEDICOLEGAL EVIDENCE. JwÝømÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gmnS>Umao ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo : JwÝømÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gmnS>Umao ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo CXm. ~moQ>m§Mo R>go, nm¶m§Mo R>go, aº$mMo S>mJ, Ho$g, hmS>o, H$mnS>mMo V§Vy, {dfg§~§{YV Xþdo Am{U ed{dÀN>oXZmVrb earamVrb ‘hÎdmMo Ad¶d CXm. OR>a, bhmZ AmVS>o, {H$S>Zr, {bìha, ’w$â’w$go BË¶mXtMo Ý¶m¶ghmæ¶H$ d¡km{ZH$ à¶moJemioV narjU Ho$bo OmVo. emór¶ nÕVrÀ¶m AmYmao Ahdmb V¶ma H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm Ý¶m¶ ghmæ¶H$ {dkmZ emómMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. darb emó ho S>m°. bmoH$mS>© ¶m {~«{Q>e emókmÀ¶m VÎdmda AmYm[aV Amho. bmoH$mS>©Mo VÎd (Locard's Principle) : {ZgJ©V: Á¶m doiog XmoZ dñVy EH$‘oH$m§À¶m gm{ÞÜ¶mV ¶oVmV, Ë¶m doiog Ë¶m§À¶mVrb KQ>H$m§Mr a§J, ê$n, AmH$ma, dOZ, dmg BË¶mXr JwUY‘mªMr XodmUKodmU hmoVo. ¶m VÎdmda KQ>ZmñWir Á¶m dñVy qH$dm nXmW© Á¶mMm g§~§Y g§e{¶V AJa Amamonrer Ambm Agob Aem dñVy {‘iVmV, Ë¶mbmM ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo åhUVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo nwT>rb ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo JwÝømÀ¶m OmJr {‘iyZ ¶oVmV. 1) hmVmMo ~moQ>mMo Ñí¶/AÑí¶ R>go. 2) aº$mZo ‘mIbobo, ‘mVrda, {MIbm§darb nm¶m§Mo d ~wQ>m§Mo R>go. 3) ~wboQ> Jmoir bmJë¶mÀ¶m {ZemÊ¶m, dmnabobo H$mS>Vyg (nw§Jù¶m) d hË¶ma ({nñVyb) 4) aº$, dr¶©, bmi, Ho$g, ZIo, H$nS>çm§Mo V§Vy, XmV BË¶mXr. 5) àoV d VoWrb aº$mMo S>mJ, ~m°å~ñ’$moQ>mVrb OI‘m, ‘mgm§Mo VwH$S>o BË¶mXr. 6) AnKmVmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Q>m¶a ‘m³g©, ~«oH$À¶m {ZemÊ¶m. 7) {df~mYoVrb dñVy d BVa nXmW© 8) ½bmgmMo VwH$S>o, {dS>r, {gJaoQ> d Ë¶mdarb bo~b. ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo {‘iÊ¶mMr {R>H$mUo : 1) JwÝhoJma ¶oÊ¶mMm ‘mJ©, 2) JwÝømMo {R>H$mUr àdoe Ho$ë¶mMr OmJm, 3) JwÝømMo {R>H$mU d VoWrb dñVy, 4) KQ>ZmñWimVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê¶mMr OmJm, 5) naV OmÊ¶mMm ‘mJ©, 6) Amamonr qH$dm g§e{¶VmÀ¶m A§Jmdarb Xþdo, 7) gmdO, ~ir, OI‘r d {’$¶m©XrÀ¶m A§Jmdarb Xþdo. 1) aŠVmÀ`m S>mJm§Mr VnmgUr (Exam. of Blood Stains) : JwÝømÀ`m {R>H$mUr gmnS>bobo aŠVmMo S>mJ, aŠV{_{lV _mVr, H$nS>o, bmHy$S>, eñÌo BË`mXr dñVy IyZ, ~bmËH$ma, Añdm^m{dH$ JwÝøm§_Ü`o S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o nmR>dë`m OmVmV d Ë`m§Mo _V {dMmabo OmVo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 7 A) nS>bobo S>mJ aŠVmMoM AmhoV qH$dm BVa nXmWm©Mo? ~) S>mJ _Zwî`mÀ`m aŠVmMo AmhoV qH$dm newnú`m§Mo? H) S>mJ _¥Ë`ynyduMo Amho qH$dm _¥Ë`yZ§VaMo? S>) S>mJ amo{hUrÀ`m (Arterial), {ZboÀ`m (Venous) aŠVmnmgyZ nS>bobo qH$dm _m{gH$ nmirMo AmhoV. aŠVmÀ`m VnmgUrMo _hÎd : A) _wbmMm {nVm H$m`Xoera {nVm AgyZ gwÕm ho _mPo _yb Zmhr åhUVmo Voìhm aŠVmMr D.N.A. Finger Prints VnmgUr H$ê$Z R>adbo OmVo. ~) JamoXa am{hë`mMo T>m|J H$ê$Z EImXr ñÌr Xþgè`mMo _yb Amnbo Amho åhUyZ dmX {Z_m©U H$arV Agë`mg H$) _ÚnmZ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m VnmgUrH$[aVm 2) dr`m©Mo S>mJ (Semen Stains) ~bmËH$ma d Añdm^m{dH$ JÝømV {d`m©À`m S>mJm§À`m VnmgUrgmR>r Amamonr d ñÌr XmoKm§Zm AmUbo OmVo. A) XmoKm§À`m H$nS>çmdarb dr`m©Mo S>mJ ~) ñÌrÀ`m JwßV^mJmda dr`©nVZ Pmbo Agë`mg dr`m©Zo {^Obobo Ho$g gwH$bobo AmT>iVrb Aem doir Ho$g H$mnyZ VnmgUr H$[aVm nmR>dVmV. H$) `moZr_mJm©V dr`m©Mo S>mJ VnmgUrgmR>r nmR>dVmV. 3) Ho$gm§Mr VnmgUr (Exam. of hairs) : h„m, ~bmËH$ma, IyZ, Añdm^m{dH$ b¢{JH$ JwÝømV eñÌmda, aŠVmÀ`m S>mJmV, H$nS>çmda Ho$g {_iy eH$VmV d Ho$gmMo VnmgUrdê$Z JwÝhoJma nH$S>bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. ’$m°aopÝgH$ ‘o{S>{gZ d ’$m°aopÝgH$ gm¶Ýg ¶mVrb ’$aH$ : Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ emó Ý¶m¶ghmæ¶H$ {dkmZ emó 1) Ý¶m¶emómMm {M{H$Ëgmemómer g§~§Y Xe©{dVo 1) JwÝho{df¶H$ ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo BË¶mXtda amgm¶{ZH$ à¶moJm§er g§~§Y Xe©{dVo. 2) ¶mV JwÝømer g§~§{YV ‘¥V dm {Od§V ì¶º$sMr d¡ÚH$s¶ 2) ¶mV JwÝømÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gmnS>Umao ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo, ed- VnmgUr d {ZXmZ H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© XoÊ¶mV ¶oVmo. {dÀN>oXZmVrb Z‘wZo d pìhgoam ¶mda emór¶ nÕVrZo à¶moJ H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© XoÊ¶mV ¶oVmV. 3) ¶mV d¡ÚH$s¶ A{YH$mar ‘¥V AWdm {Od§V ì¶º$sMr àË¶j 3) ¶mV à¶moJemioVrb V§Ìk ho ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo BË¶mXtda {M{H$Ëgm H$aVmV. emór¶ nÕVrZo amgm¶{ZH$ n¥W¸$aU H$aVmV. 4) ¶mV d¡ÚH$s¶ A{YH$mar ¶m§Zr Ho$bobo VÁk {ZîH$f© ho WoQ> 4) ¶mV d¡ÚH$s¶ A{YH$mar, nmobrg A{YH$mar d Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV. ¶m§À¶m AmXoemZwgma V§Ìkm ‘m’©$V MmMÊ¶m H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© _mJdVmV. 5) ¶oWo nmobrg VnmgmH$[aVm JwÝho g§~§{YV ì¶º$sMr d¡ÚH$s¶ 5) ¶oWo nmobrg nwamì¶mgmR>r ^m¡{VH$ Xþdo CXm. aº$mMo S>mJ, VnmgUr H$ê$Z OI‘m, bjUo B. dê$Z d ed{dÀN>oXZ hmVm§Mo, nm¶m§Mo R>go, aº {‘{lV ‘mVr BË¶mXtda H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© {Xbo OmVmV. à¶moJemioV amgm¶{ZH$ n¥W¸$aU H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© {Xbo OmVmV. lll 8 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó àH$aU - 3 Chapter - 3 _mZd earaaMZm emó HUMAN ANATOMY INTRODUCTION OF BONES AND MUSCLES HUMAN SKELETON Skull Neck bone Collar bone Shoulder blade (Joint) Breast bone Humerus Back bone Rib Elbow Joint Vertebra Pelvis Radius Ulna Wrist Joint Tail bone Femur Patella Knee Joint Fibula Tibia (Shin bone) Ankle Joint Human body has 206 bones. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 9 PARTS OF THE BODY Hair Forehead Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelash Temple Nose bridge Cheek Nostril Lip Ear-Lobe Jaw Chin UPPER LIMB Neck LOWER LIMB Thigh Knee Upper arm Elbow Calf Shin Thumb Wrist Ankle Palm Toe Nail Heel Sole Finger Toe 10 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó Pineal body Cerebrum BRAIN Cerebellum Pituitary Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Mouth Tongue Tooth Esophagus DISESTIVE SYSTEM Liver Diaphragm Gall Bladder Stomach Spleen Duodenum Pancreas Caecum Appendix Large intestine Recuim Anus Small intestine Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 11 àH$aU - 4 Chapter - 4 {Od§V d _¥V ì`º$sMr AmoiI, qbJ d d`mMr AmoiI IDENTIFICATION OF LIVING AND DEAD PERSON, DETERMINATION OF AGE & SEX ì`{º$JV AmoiI (Personal Identity) : EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m ì`{º$ËdmMr {ZpíMVr H$aUo åhUOo ì`{º$JV AmoiI hmo`. H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sÀ`m Iè`m ì`{º$ËdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z KoUo qH$dm Ë`mbm AmoiIUo åhUOo ì`{º$JV AmoiI qH$dm d¡`{º$H$ AmoiI hmo`. Identification is the recognition of an individual based on certain physical charac- teristics which are unique to each individual. AmnU g_mOmV XaamoO {H$Ë`oH$ {XdmUr qH$dm \$m¡OXmar JwÝho KS>V Agbobo nhmVmo d EoH$Vmo, H$Yr H$Yr JwÝhm KS>ë`mZ§Va JwÝhoJma niyZ OmVmV. JwÝøm_wio Á`m ì`º$sda AÝ`m` Pmbobm Amho, Ë`mbm Ý`m` {_iÊ`mH$[aVm JwÝhoJmambm nH$Sy>Z Ë`mbm {ejm hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. {H$Ë`oH$ ì`º$s¨VyZ JwÝhoJmambm emoYyZ H$mT>mdo bmJVo. Imbrb JwÝøm§V ì`{º$JV AmoiI H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. 1) \$m¡OXmar JwÝho (Criminal Cases) 1) g¡{ZH$, g¡Ý`mVyZ ZmoH$ar H$arV AgVmZm niyZ OmVmo. 2) h„m, ~bmËH$ma, hË`m B. \$m¡OXmar JwÝho H$aUmè`m ì`º$sMr AmoiI. 3) ñ_aUeº$s Zï> hmoU,o doS>no Um BË`mXr _mZ{gH$ à^mdJ«ñV ì`º$s. 4) hadboë`m bhmZ _wbm§Mm emoY. 5) ZdOmV ~mbH$m§Mr AXbm~Xb hmoVo. 2) {XdmUr IQ>bo (Civil Cases) 1) Iè`m ì`º$sEodOr EImXr XþgarM ì`º$s T>m|J H$ê$Z _rM g§nÎmrMm dmag Amho Agm Xmdm H$aVmo. 2) {då`mMo aH$_oda Amnbm h¸$ XmI{dUo. 3) noÝeZ ~§X Pmë`mZ§Va nwÝhm gwê$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm. 3) àoV qH$dm ed (Dead Body) 1) B_maVrg, Kamg qH$dm BVa {R>H$mUr AmJ bmJyZ Ë`mV EImÚm ì`º$sMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. 2) ñdV:g AmJ bmdyZ AmË_hË`m Ho$boë`m _¥V ì`º$sMr AmoiI. 3) bT>mB©V, Jmoir~mamV, Xmê$Jmoim BË`mXtMm ñ\$moQ> hmoD$Z Ë`mV ì`º$s _aU nmdë`mg AmoiIUo Oê$arMo AgVo. 4) aoëdo, {d_mZ, Q´>H$, H$ma BË`mXt_wio AnKmV KSy>Z Ë`mV _¥Ë`y hmoUo. 5) Jim Xm~yZ, OI_m hmoD$Z qH$dm AÝ` H$maUm§Zr YmoH$m XoD$Z EImÚm ì`º$sMm _¥Ë`y Pmbobm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. 12 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 4) earamMo Adeof Am{U hmS>o (Remnants of body and bones) ^maVmV A{Ve` CîUVm Agë`m_wio àoV bdH$a gS>Ê`mMr g§^mdZm AgVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ Odinmg ZXr Agë`mg àoVo ZXrV gmoS>VmV, JwÝhm Ho$ë`mZ§Va _¥V ì`º$sMo eara O§JbmV \o$Hy$Z {Xbo OmVo qH$dm KmB©KmB©Zo nwabo OmVo. Aemdoir O§JbmVrb qH$dm IoS>çmÀ`m AmOy~mOybm Agbobr OZmdao àoV CH$ê$Z eara ImVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio earamMo nwîH$igo Ad`d Im„o OmD$Z H$mhr Adeof qH$dm Ad`d {e„H$ amhVmV. eara gS>bobo AgVo, Adeof d hmS>o Oar {e„H$ Agbo Var Vr ì`º$s H$moU ho AmoiIUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. nmo{bgm§Ûmao earamMo Adeof, hmS>o BË`mXr S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o VnmgUrH$[aVm AmUbo OmVmV. VnmgUr H$ê$Z S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm Amnbo _V Úmdo bmJVo. CXmhaUmW© _¥V eara órMo, nwéfmMo qH$dm _wbmMo Amho, hmS>o _Zwî`mMr AmhoV H$s àmÊ`mMr BË`m{X{df`r ñnï>rH$aU Úmdo bmJVo. 1) OmV (Race) 2) qbJ (Sex) 3) d` (Age) 4) A°ÝW«m°nm°_oQ´>r (Anthropometry) (Galton Method and Dactylography) 5) nm`mMo R>go (Foot Print) 6) j-{H$aU narjm (Radiographs) 7) Serological Studies 8) ì`§J (Deformity) 9) d«U (Scar) 10) Jm|XUo (Tattoo Marks) 11) ì`mdgm{`H$ {MÝho (Occupational Marks) 12) hñVmja (Handwriting) 13) H$nS>o d Xm{JZo (Cloths and Jewellery Articles) 14) ~mobUo d AmdmO (Speech / Voice) 15) Mmb (Gait) 16) gd`r Am{U ì`dhmamÀ`m arVr (Tricks of manner & habit) 1) OmV (Race) - nwîH$iXm _¥V ì`º$sMo eara ~odmag pñWVrV añË`mV, O§JbmV, AmJJmS>rV, ZXrV, {d{harV, VbmdmV nS>bobo AmT>iVo. _¥V ì`º$s H$moU Agmdm, Ë`mMr OmV BË`mXtMr AmoiI H$amdr bmJVo. ^maVmV àm_w»`mZo XmoZ OmVr AmT>iVmV. 1) qhXÿ, 2) _wgb_mZ. Imbrb à_wI {MÝhm§dê$Z Vr ì`º$s qhXÿ Amho qH$dm _wgb_mZ Amho ho H$iyZ `oVo. qhXÿ-nwéf _wgb_mZ-nwéf 1) qhXÿ nwéfmMo {eíZmMo gwnmardarb ËdMm H$mnbobr 1) _wgb_mZ nwéfmÀ`m {eíZmMo gwnmardarb ËdMm ZgVo. H$mnbobr AgVo. (IVZm) 2) ~«m÷U d BVa H$mhr OmVr Jù`mV OmZdo KmbVmV. 2) OmZdo KmbV Zmhr. 3) Jù`mV VwierMr qH$dm éÐmjmMr _mi AmT>iVo. 3) Aer _mi KmbV ZmhrV. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 13 qhXÿ-nwéf _wgb_mZ-nwéf 4) H$nmimda M§XZ-Hw§$Hy$-J§Y BË`mXr bmdbobo AgVo. 4) Z_mO nR>U Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$nmimda _Ü`^mJr, JwS>¿`mMo dmQ>rda {ZemUr AmT>iyZ `oVo. 5) qhXÿ bmoH$mV S>moŠ`mÀ`m Ho$gm_Ü`o e|S>r AgVo. 5) Aem àH$mao e|S>r R>odrV ZmhrV. 6) H$mZ N>oXbobo AgVmV. 6) H$mhr ì`º$sV S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m H$mZmV {N>Ð Ho$bobo {XgyZ `oVo. qhXÿ-ór _wgb_mZ-ór 1) earamda {H$Ë`oH$Xm Jm|Xbobo AmT>iVo. 1) Jm|Xbobo AmT>iV Zmhr. 2) ZmH$mÀ`m S>mì`m ZmH$nwS>rV ZW KmbÊ`mH$[aVm 2) \$º$ ZmH$mÀ`m _Yë`m nS>ÚmVM {N>Ðo nmS>bobr {N>Ð Ho$bobo AgVo. H$Yr H$Yr _Yë`m nS>ÚmVhr AgVmV. AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. 3) XmoÝhr H$mZmV [a¨J KmbÊ`mg EH$ {N>Ð AgVo. 3) XmoÝhr H$mZmV AZoH$ {N>Ðo AgVmV. 4) gm¡^m½`dVr {ó`m S>moŠ`mÀ`m Ho$gmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr 4) e|Xÿa qH$dm Hw§$Hy$ dmnaV ZmhrV. e|Xÿa qH$dm Hw§$Hy$ bmdVmV. 5) gm¡^m½`dVr {ó`m H$mMoÀ`m ~m§JS>çm dmnaVmV. 5) gmYmaUV: AerM àWm AmT>iVo, {dYdm ~m§JS>çm {dYdm dmnaV ZmhrV. dmnaV ZmhrV. 6) OwÝ`m àWoVrb {dYdm {ó`m S>moŠ`m§Mo Ho$g H$mT>VmV. 6) S>moŠ`mMo Ho$g H$mT>V ZmhrV. h„r hr àWm ~§X Pmbobr Amho. VarnU Zdg åhUyZ VéU {ó`m gwÕm Xodmbm Ho$g dmhVmV. CXm. {VénVr XodñWmZ. 7) nm`mMo ~moQ>mV Mm§XrMo OmoS>do dmnaVmV. 7) dmnaV ZmhrV. 2) qbJ (Sex) - ~mø narjodê$Z Or{dV qH$dm _¥V ì`º$s qbJmMr, åhUOo ór Amho H$s nwéf _wbJm qH$dm _wbJr Amho ho AmoiIbo OmD$ eH$Vo. H$mhr nwéf d {ó`m C^` qbJr (Hermophrsdite) AgVmV. H$Yr H$Yr gS>boë`m àoVmMr qH$dm gm§JS>çmMo qbJ AmoiIÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. 1) dmag h¸$, 2) g§nÎmr {hñgodmQ>n, 3) b¾, 4) Znw§gH$Vm, 5) ~bmËH$ma, 6) _VXmZ BË`mXr. nwéfm§_Ü`o - A§S>H$mof (Testis), nwapñWVm J«§Wr (Prostate gland), {eíZ (Penis), AmoR>mda, XmT>rda Ho$g AgVmV. ~m§Ym _O~yV AgyZ AmdmO H$S>H$ AgVmo. 14 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó {ó`m§V - aO: qnS> (Ovary), J^m©e` (Uterus), `moZr (Vagina) AmT>iyZ `oVo. Ë`m§Mm ~m§Ym ZmOyH$ AgyZ AmdmO H$mo_b AgVmo. N>mVrda ñVZ AgVmV. XmT>r {_em ZgVmV. gS>boë`m edmV qbJmMr AmoiI - ed gS>bo Agbo Var {ó`m§Mo aO:qnS> Am{U nwéfmÀ`m nwapñWVm J«§Wr nwîH$i H$min`ªV {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV. Ë`mdê$Z ed nwéfmMo qH$dm órMo Amho ho AmoiIbo OmD$ eH$Vo. gm§JmS>çmMr qbJ AmoiI (Sex- identity of Skeletal Remains) : hmS>o - d`ñH$ órMr hmS>o nwéfmnojm bhmZ d hbH$s AgyZ ñZm`y {MH$Q>Ê`mH$[aVm ~mhoa {ZKmbobo ^mJ (Processes) H$_r à_mUmV AgVmV. VgoM C§MdQ>ogwÕm (Ridges) H$_r AgVmV. H$dQ>r (Skull) - {ó`m§Mr H$dQ>r nwéfm§À`m H$dQ>rnojm hbH$r d bhmZ AgVo. H$dQ>rMr nmoH$ir nwéfmMo H$dQ>rnojm bhmZ AgVo. Moham (Face) - {ó`m§À`m Mohè`mMr hmS>o ZmOyH$ d bhmZ AmT>iVmV, {deofV: daMm d ImbMm O~S>m. N>mVrMm qnOam (Thoracic Cage) - {ó`m§Mo N>mVrMm qnOam AmIyS> d é§X AgyZ N>mVrMo hmS> AmIyS> AgVo. ~aJS>çm nmVi AgyZ Ë`mV dH«$Vm OmñV AmT>iVo. H$Q>ra nmoH$ir (Ischio Pubic Fossa) - {ó`m§Mr H$Q>ra nwéfmnojm é§X d CWi AgVo. O§KZmpñWVrMr H$_mZ é§X d Jmob AgyZ Am°ãQy>aoQ>a \$moa°_oZ {ÌH$moUr d nwéfmnojm bhmZ AgVo. VgoM {ÌH$mpñW daÀ`m ~mOybm H$_r dH«$ AmIyS> d é§X AgVo. _¥V ì`º$sMm \$moQ>mo - _¥V ì`º$sMm \$moQ>mo KoVë`mg qbJmMr AmoiI hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo, VgoM Ë`mMm emar[aH$ ~m§Ü`mdê$Z d`mMr {ZpíMVr H$aVm `oVo. \$moQ>moÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AZoH$ ì`º$s¨Ûmao AmoiI nQ>Ê`mg ghm`Vm {_iVo. 3) d` (Age) - Determination of Age : d` {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm S>m°ŠQ>aH$S>o Amamonr d ~bmËH$m[aV ór [H§$dm _wbJr nmR>{dbr OmVo. Aemdoir d`mMm A§XmO gm§Jmdm bmJVmo. OÝ_mnmgyZ 22 Vo 25 df} d`mn`ªVM d`mMr {ZpíMVr Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. Ë`mZ§Va \$º$ A§XmO ì`º$ H$aVm `oVmo. Imbrb ~m~r d`mMr {Z[íMVr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. (Age estimation) A) XmV, ~) ApñW{dH$mg, H$) b¢{JH$ d Jm¡U {MÝho. A) XmV- gwédmVrbm bhmZ _wbm§Zm Oo XmV `oVmV Ë`m§Zm AñWm`r XmV Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 20 AgVo. H$mhr dfmªZr Vo XmV nSy>Z Ë`m§Mo OmJr XmV `oVmV. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 32 AgyZ Ë`m§Zm ñWm`r XmV Ago åhUVmV. Classification and Eruption of Deciduous teeth (Milk Teeth) Tolth Eruption Central incisor Lower : 6 to 8 months Upper : 7 to 9 months Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 15 Lateral incisor Upper : 7 to 9 months Lower : 10 to 12 months First molar : 12 to 14 months Canine : 17 to 18 months Second molar : 20 to 30 months Classification and Eruption of Permanent teeth : Tooth Eruption First molar : 6 to 7 years. Central incisor : 6 to 8 years. Lateral incisor : 7 to 9 years. First bicuspid : 9 to 11 years. Second bicuspid : 10 th 12 years. Canine : 11 to 12 years. Second molar : 12 to 14 years. Third molar : 17 to 25 years. Difference between : Temporary teeth Permanent teeth Size : Ligher, smaller narrow Heavier, Stronger, broader Crown : China white in colour Ivory white in colour Neck : More constricted Less constricted Ridge : Thick on junction of crown with fangs. No ridge ñWm`r XmVmnojm AñWm`r XmV nm§T>aoew^« (China White) AgVmV. ñWm`r XmV hpñVX§Vmà_mUo nm§T>ao (Ivory white) AmT>iVmV. åhVmanUr XmVm§Mr pñWVr OrU© hmoVo, H$maU d`mo_mZmà_mUo Ë`mVrb nmofH$ VÎd H$_r hmoV OmVo, Ë`m_wio XmV nSy> bmJVmV, {haS>çm (Gums) AmHw§$MZ nmdVmV. ~) ApñW{dH$mg (Ossification of Bones) : bm§~ hmS>m§Mm _Ybm ^mJ (Shaft-Diaphysis) Am{U daMm ^mJ (Epiphysis) `mVrb OwiÊ`mÀ`m H$mimZwgma d`mMr {ZpíMVr H$aVm `oVo. g§Yr hmoÊ`mÀ`m H$mimMo kmZ j-{H$aUm§Mo ghmæ`mZo Ho$bo OmVo. AñWtMm nyU© {dH$mg Pmë`mg d`mMr {ZpíMVr ApñWdê$Z Ho$br OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$mhr _w»` hmS>m§Mm {dH$mg - 1) gw_mao XrS> dfm©Mo d` Pmë`mZ§Va bhmZ _wbm§Mr Q>miy (Closer of ant. frontanelle) ^aVo. 2) 14 Vo 16 df© `m d`mV {Q>~r`m (Tibia), {\$~wbm (Fibula) øm hmS>m§Mo daMo Q>moH$ Xm§S>çmer (Shaft) OwiVo. 3) 16 Vo 17 dfm©Mo d`mV "Am°boH«o$ZZ' Olecranon Vo Ulna Xm§S>çmer OwiVo. 16 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 4) 16 Vo 17 dfm©Mo AdYrV ao{S>`g (Radius) øm hmS>m§Mo S>moŠ`m§Mm ^mJ d øw_ag (Lower end of Humerus) øm hmS>mMo ImbMo Q>moH$ Xm§S>çmer OwiVo. 5) 18 Vo 19 ì`m dfu {\$_a (Lower end of Femur) øm hmS>m§Mm daMm ^mJ Ë`mMoer OwiVmo. 6) 25 dfm©Mo d` hmoB©n`ªV bm§~ hmS>m§Mo daMo ^mJ (Epiphysis) Amnë`m OdiÀ`m (Shaft) ^mJm§er g§Yr H$aVmV. 7) N>mVrÀ`m hmS>mMo VwH$S>o (Tubercles of rib) ImbyZ da `mà_mUo 14 Vo 25 `m d`mV AmngmV g§Yr H$aVmV. 8) 40 df} d`mV N>mVrMo hmS>mMm _°Ý`w{~«`_ (Manubrium) hm ^mJ earamer OwiVmo. 9) H$dQ>rÀ`m aofm (Sutures) 30 Vo 35 dfm©Mo d` Pmë`mg hiyhiy Zmhrem hmoD$ bmJVmV Va d¥ÕmdñWoV nyU© Zï> hmoVmV. d`mMo Ý`m`d¡YH$ _hÎd (Medicolegal importance Age determination) : 1) 7 months of intra uterine life : below seven months not viable. 2) 7 years : No criminal responsibility below 7 years. 3) 7 to 12 years : Criminal responsibility if he has attained sufficient maturity of understanding and judgement. 4) 12 years : Can give consent for medical examination. 5) 15 years : a) can work in factory as adult if he is medically fit. b) Age of consent for sexual intercourse by the wife. 6) 16 years : a) Age of consent for sexual intercourse by a girl. b) Kidnaping from lawful guardianship in case of boy under 16 years. 7) 18 years : a) A person become major, b) A girl can contract marriage, c) Juvenile in case of girl\boy, d) Can give valid consent to suffer any harm from an act not intende or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. e) Kidnaping from lawful guardianship in case of a girl under 18 yrs. f) procuring a girl below 18 years for prostitution becomes kidnaping. H$) b¢{JH$ {MÝho (Secondary Sex Characters) : Secondary sex differences with age Trait Male Female Chest hair Usually present Absent Pubi hairs appears 14yrs. 13 yrs. Moustache & beard 16-18yrs. Absent Voice Low pitched High pitched Breast Rudimentary Develop.12-14yrs Menses --------- Onset 13-14yrs. Adams apple Prominent Not developed. Genitals Penis Vagina Nuclear sexing :. Sex chromatin (Barr Body) is a condensation of nuclear material present in the nuclei of female cells. This can be studied in the mucosa of the mouth, fresh blood stains, hair roots, tags. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 17 4) A°ÝW«m°nm°_oQ>ar (Anthropometry) : gamB©V JwÝhoJmam§Mo ~m~VrV hr nÕVr A§_bmV AmUbr OmVo. `mMo XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV. A) ~aQ>rbm°Z nÕVr, ~) JmëQ>Z nÕVr A) ~aQ>rbm°Z nÕVr (Bertillon System) : hr nÕVr ~aQ>rbm°Z øm emókmZo emoYyZ H$mT>br. øm§À`m VÎdmZwgma 21 dfm©Mo d`mZ§Va gm§JmS>çmMo AmH$mamV \$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. àË`oH$ _Zwî`mÀ`m Ad`dm§À`m bm§~r-é§XrV \$aH$ AmT>iyZ `oVmo. `m nÕVrV ì`º$sÀ`m H$mhr Ad`dm§Mo _moO_mn Ho$bo OmVo d Ë`mdê$Z Ë`mMr AmoiI nQ>Vo. {deofV: S>moŠ`mMr bm§~r, é§Xr, S>mì`m hmVmMo _Ybo ~moQ>, S>mì`m nm`mMr bm§~r, S>mì`m Cn~mhÿMr bm§~r (forearm) d H$mhr ì`º$sÀ`m COì`m H$mZmMr bm§~r _moObr OmVo. MohaonÅ>r d a§J - n¥ÏdrVbmdarb ì`º$s H$mio, Jmoao, gmdio BË`mXr doJdoJù`m a§Jm§Mo AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ì`º$sbm AmoiIÊ`mg Ë`mÀ`m a§JmMr \$ma _XV hmoVo. JwÝhm H$aVmZm Ë`mbm nm{hbo Jobo Agob Va nhmUmam Ë`mMo a§Jmdê$Z Ë`mbm AmoiIy eH$Vmo. a§Jmà_mUoM Ë`mMm Moham d AmH¥$Vr gwÕm _hÎdmMr AgVo. àË`oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m Mohè`mMr R>odU doJdoJir AgVo. H$Yr H$Yr H$mhr ~m~VrV gmå` AmT>iV Agbo Var gyú_ {ZarjUmZo H$mhr {MÝhmdê$Z Ë`mMo doJionU ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo. JwÝhoJma Amnbm Moham H¥${Ì_arË`m ~XbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. VnmgUr H$aVmZm ZmH$mMr R>odU, S>moio, XmV, hZwdQ>r BË`mXtMo dU©Z H$miOrnyd©H$ {bhmdo. H$mhr ì`º$s¨Mo S>moio Kmao Va H$mhtMo H$mio AgVmV. gd© dU©Z gyú_ {ZarjU H$ê$Z {bhmdo. Ho$g - Ho$gmdê$Z ì`º$sMr AmoiI H$aVm `oVo. _aUmZ§Va Ho$g bdH$a gS>V Zgë`m_wio Vo Zï> hmoV ZmhrV. ~odmag ed qH$dm gm§JmS>m S>m°ŠQ>aH$S>o VnmgUrH$[aVm nmR>{dbm OmVmo, Voìhm Ho$gm§Mr gwoÕm VmnmgUr H$ê$Z dU©Z {bhmdo bmJVo. Aem doir Ho$gm§Mm a§J, àH$ma, bm§~r B. Mr _m{hVr H$miOrnyd©H$ {bhmdr. Amnbm AnamY bn{dÊ`mH$[aVm AnamYr nyduÀ`m Ho$gm§Mm a§J ~XbVmV. H¥${Ì_ a§J XoD$Z Amnbo ApñVËd bn{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. H¥${Ì_ a§JmZo a§J{dboë`m Ho$gmV EH$ê$nVm AmT>iV Zmhr. gmnS>boë`m Ho$gm§Mr earamdarb Ho$gm§Mr VwbZm H$ê$Z nhmdr. g§e` Agë`mg Ho$g H$mnyZ, ZdrZ Ho$g `oB©n`ªV nmo{bgm§Mo Vmã`mV R>odbo OmD$ eH$Vo. Ho$gm§Mm a§J nhmVm§Zm H$mhr Y§ÚmV Ho$gm§Mm a§J ~XbVmo ho bjmV R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo CXm. Vm§ã`mMo H$maImÝ`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`mMo Ho$gm§Mm a§J {hadQ> Va {ZirÀ`m Y§ÚmV Ho$gm§Mm a§J {Ziga hmoVmo ~) JmëQ>Z nÕVr (Galton Method ) : ~moQ>m§Mo R>go Am{U nm`m§Mo R>go (Dactylography) : `m nÕVrV ~moQ>mÀ`m d A§JR>çmÀ`m C§MdQ>çm§Mo R>go nm§T>è`m H$mJXmda N>nmB©À`m emB©Zo KoVbo OmVmV d gyú_ H$mMoZo Vnmgbo OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m VÎdmZwgma bhmZnUmnmgyZ Va åhmVmanUmn`ªV àË`oH$ _Zwî`mMo R>go H$m`_ amhVmV, Ë`mV \$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. ed gSy>Z ~moQ>o Jië`mZ§Va Vo Zmhrgo hmoVmV. àË`oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m R>í`mV \$aH$ AgVmo. EH$m ì`º$sMo R>go Xþgè`m ì`º$sÀ`m R>í`m§er OwiV ZmhrV. R>go KoÊ`mnydu ~moQ>o gm~UmZo ñdÀN> YwVbr OmVmV. Hw$ð>amo½`mMo R>go KoD$ Z`oV. g§gJ©OÝ` amo½`mMo Ë`mMm amoJ ~am hmoB©n`ªV R>go KoVbo OmV ZmhrV. {ZarjUmZo Ago gwÕm AmT>iyZ Ambobo Amho H$s, Owù`m _wbm§À`m ~moQ>m§Mo R>go gmaIo ZgVmV. ~moQ>m§Mo R>go KoÊ`mMo XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV 1) gmYo R>go (Plain Prints) 2) JmobmH$ma R>go (Rolled Prints) gmYo R>go Zoh_rÀ`m nÕVrà_mUoM KoVbo OmVmV, na§Vw JmobmH$ma R>go hmVmÀ`m ZIm§À`m EH$m ~mOynmgyZ Xþgè`m ~mOyn`ªV {\$adyZ KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ~moQ>m§À`m R>em§Mr {MÝho OmñV à_mUmV C_Q>bobr {XgVmV. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó - 2 18 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó ~moQ>m§À`m R>em§Mo _hÎd : 1) AkmV edmMr AmoiI 2) hadboë`m ì`º$sMr AmoiI 3) JwÝhoJmamMo hmV JwÝhm H$aVmZm Vob, J«rg, aº$ BË`mXtZr _mIbo OmD$Z Xþgè`m nSy>Z Ë`mMo R>go C_Qy> eH$VmV. Ë`m§Mr OwidUr g§e{`V AnamÜ`mÀ`m R>í`m§er Ho$ë`mg Iè`m AnamÜ`mMr AmoiI nQy> eH$Vo. 4) emgH$s` ZmoH$ar - emgH$s` H$m_H$mOmV Cn`wº$ CXm. godmnwñVH$mVrb ~moQ>m§Mo R>go. 5) A{e{jV _Zwî`mMo ghr EodOr Ë`mMm A§JR>m KoVbm OmVmo. 5) nm`mMo R>go (Foot Prints) : JwÝhoJmamÀ`m nm`mMo R>go KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`mdê$Z nmobrg VnmgmV _XV hmoVo. JwÝhoJmamMr AmoiI `m nÕVr_wio nQy> eH$Vo. VnmgUr H$aVmZm nm`mda Agbobo ì`§J, d«U R>go BË`mXrMo gyú_ {ZarjU H$ê$Z {bhmdo. ~moQ>m§Mo R>go H$go AmhoV? MmbÊ`mMr nÕV H$er Amho, Viì`mbm {N>Ðo AmhoV H$m`, BË`mXr nhmdo. dmiyda C_Q>bobo R>go _moR>o AgVmV. nm`mÀ`m R>emdê$Z Vmo YmdV Jobm qH$dm MmbV Jobm ho H$iyZ `oVo. H$mhr àgy{VJ¥hmV _yb OÝ_ë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m nm`m§Mo R>go KoD$Z R>odVmV Ë`m_wio MwH$sZo bhmZ_wbm§Mr AXbm~Xb Pmbr [H§$dm AmoiIrMr Amdí`H$Vm nS>br Va nm`mMo R>emdê$Z AmoiI nQ>{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo. 6) j-{H$aU narjm (Radiographs) - Films obtained during the life are compared with postmortem films. 7) Serological Studies - Blood groups, Gm factor, sex chromatin and karyotyping. 8) ì`§J (Deformity) - earamV AgUmè`m ì`§Jm_wio ì`º$s AmoiIbr OmD$ eH$Vo. Or{dV ì`º$sMr VgoM edmMr VnmgUr H$aVm§Zm hr ì`§Jo H$miOrnyd©H$ VnmgmdrV. ì`§Jo AmZwd§{eH$ Agy eH$VmV qH$dm Am`wî`mV Ho$ìhmhr KSy>Z `oD$ eH$VmV. Q>miyV ^oJ AgUo, AmoR>mMo _Ü`^mJr ^oJ (Hare lip), nm`mbm 11 qH$dm 12 ~moQ>o, Vri BË`mXr AmZwd§{eH$, Va AnKmVmZ§Va nm`, hmV, S>moio AYy hmoUo BË`mXr ì`§Jo {Z_m©U hmoVmV. H$mhr ì`º$s¨Mo Hw$~S> {ZKmbobo AgVo. 9) d«U (Scar) - A§Jmdarb d«U ì`º$sMr AmoiI nQ>{dÊ`mV _XV H$aVmV. VrúU hË`mamZo Pmbobo d«U gai aofoà_mUo Va R>oMboë`m d _wH$m_ma OI_oMo d«U é§X AgVmV. bhmZnUr Pmboë`m OI_oMm d«U d`mo_mZmà_mUo dmT>V OmVmo. Oimë`m_wio qH$dm ^mOë`m_wio Pmbobo d«U _moR>o d A{Z`{_V AgVmV. ~§XwH$sÀ`m JmoirZo Pmbobo d«U A{Z`{_V AmH$mamMo AgVmV. Oimboë`m OI_m§da Ho$g CJdV ZmhrV. ZdrZ d«UmMm a§J bmb hmoD$Z Ë`mV doXZm AgVo. hiyhiy Ë`mMm a§J ~XbyZ Vmo Vn{H$ar hmoVmo d eodQ>r nm§T>am hmoVmo, d«UmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm Imbrb _m{hVr ¿`mdr. 1) d«UmMr, 2) AmH$ma, 3) AmH¥$Vr, 4) a§J, 5) _D$nUm-H$S>H$nUm. d«UmMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd 1) ì`º$sMr AmoiI nQ>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. 2) d«UmMo AmH$ma d àH$mamdê$Z Vo H$moUË`m eómZo Pmbo AgmdoV ho H$iyZ `oVo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 19 3) g§e{`V ì`º$sÀ`m A§Jmdarb d«U d AnamY H$aVmZm Pmboë`m OI_oMm d«U OwidyZ nhmVm `oVmo. Ë`m_wio AnamYr nH$S>bm OmVmo. 10) Jm|XUo (Tattoo marks) - H$moaHy$, Jm|S> BË`mXr Am{Xdmgr VgoM BVa H$mhr OmVrV A§Jmda Jm|XdyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m àWm AmT>iVmV. {ó`m§Mo hZwdQ>rda, H$nmimda, Jmbmda, hmVmda hr {MÝho AmT>iVmV. OJmV nwîH$i O_mVrV hr àWm {XgyZ `oVo. _mUgo hmVmda XodmMo, OZmdamMo, ào`grMo Zm§d Jm|XdyZ KoVmV. {ó`m§Zr gwÕm Amnbo hmVmda nVrMo, {à`H$mamMo Zmd Jm|XdyZ KoVbobo AmT>iVo. dU©Z H$aVmZm Ë`mMr AmH¥$Vr, a§J AmH$ma, ñWmZ BË`mXrMo dU©Z H$miOrnyd©H$ {bhmdo. XmoZ ì`º$sÀ`m Jm|XÊ`mV gmå` Agy eH$Vo, na§Vw Xþgè`m {MÝhmdê$Z AmoiI Ho$br OmVo. ed gS>ë`mZ§Vahr {MÝh {e„H$ amhVo. Imob Jm|Xbo Jobo Agë`mg b{gH$m J«§Wrda à^md nS>bobm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. AnamYr AmåbmZo OmiyZ qH$dm ËdMm H$mnyZ hr {MÝho {_Q>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Aemdoir d«U {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo. EH$m {MÝhm§da Xþgao {MÝhgwÕm H$mT>ë`mMo CXmhaU gmnS>Vo. Jm|XÊ`mdê$Z ì`º$sMo Zmd H$iyZ `oVo. 11) ì`mdgm{`H$ {MÝho - _Zwî`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mà_mUo Ë`mMo earamda H$mhr {MÝho {Z_m©U hmoVmV d Ë`mdê$Z Or{dV qH$dm _¥V ì`º$sMm ì`dgm`, OmV BË`mXtMr AmoiI hmoVo. CXm. nmUr ^aUmè`mÀ`m Im§Úmda H$mdS> dmhV Agë`m_wio XÅ>o nS>bobo AgVmV. dOZ H$aUmè`mÀ`m COì`m hmVmda dma§dma VamOy Yaë`m_wio Vr OmJm H$S>H$ Pmbobr AmT>iyZ `oVo. Mm§^mamÀ`m N>mVrÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV gVV Xm~ nS>V Agë`m_wio N>moQ>m IiJm V`ma Pmbobm AgVmo. qeß`mÀ`m S>mì`m hmVmÀ`m _Yë`m ~moQ>mda {N>Ðo AmT>iVmV. 12) hñVmja - KQ>ZmñWimda gmnS>bobr S>m`ar qH$dm BVa gm{hË`mdê$Z AnamKmÀ`m hñVmjamMr OwidUr Ho$ë`mg AnamYr ì`º$s qH$dm BVa _Zwî`mMr AmoiI hmoVo. `mMr narjm hñVmjaVÁk H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _mZ{gH$ amoJ, bH$dm, ~moQ>m§Mm H§$n BË`mXr amoJmV hñVmjamV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. 13) H$nS>o d Xm{JZo - H$nS>o d Xm{JZo ì`{º$JV AmoiIrg _XV H$aVmV. A§Jmda Agbobo H$nS>o, KS>çmi, Xm{JZo, {IemV gmnS>bobr dñVy, ^oQ>H$mS>© BË`mXrdê$Z AmoiI nQ>Vo. øm gd© dñVy OnyZ R>odmì`m. VnmgVmZm H$nS>çmda Q>obaMo d Ymoã`mMo {ZemU, aº$mMo, dr`m©Mo S>mJ Agy eH$VmV. 14) ~mobUo d AmdmO - àË`oH$ ì`º$sMr ~mobÊ`mMr Vèhm d AmdmO doJdoJim AgVmo d Ë`mdê$Z hr ì`º$s H$moU Agmdr ømMm A§XmO bmdbm OmVmo d hm A§XmO ~hþYm Iam {ZKVmo. AnamY H$aVmZm EImÚmZo Ë`mMm AmdmO EoH$bm Agob Vmo gmjrXma AnamÜ`mbm AmoiIy eH$Vmo. H$mhr ì`º$s ZmH$mVyZ Va H$mhr AS>IiV ~mobVmV. H$mhtMm AmdmO VmoVam Va H$mhtMm OmoamMm d H$H©$e AgVmo. 15) Mmb - ì`º$sÀ`m MmbÊ`mÀ`m Vèhodê$Z Vmo AmoiIbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. H$mhr ì`º$s¨Mr {d{eï> Aer Mmb AgVo. AnKmVm_wio EImÚmMm nm` _moS>bm Agob Va Vmo b§JS>V Mmbob. AYmªJdmV BË`mXr H$mhr amoJmV Mmb ~Xbbobr AmT>iVo. {XdmUr Xmì`mV H$_©Mmè`mZo _mbH$m{déÕ ^anmB©H$[aVm Xmdm Ho$bm Agob Va S>m°ŠQ>abm _V {dMmabo OmVo. Ë`mdoir AnKmVmZo MmbÊ`mV \$aH$ Pmbm qH$dm nyduMmM hmoVm øm~Ôb _V Úmdo bmJVo. nyd© B{Vhmg {dMmê$Z _V Úmdo. AnamY H$aVmZm EImÚm ì`º$sZo JwÝhoJmambm nm{hbo Agë`mg Ë`mMo Mmbrdê$Z Ë`mbm hm gmjrXma AmoiIy eH$Vmo d JwÝhm e{~V Ho$bm OmVmo. 16) gd`r d ì`dhmamÀ`m arVr - bhmZnUmnmgyZ OS>boë`m gd`r d amhUrdê$Z _Zwî`mbm AmoiIbo OmD$ eH$Vo. CXm. S>mì`m hmVmZo {b{hUo, Im§Xo CS>{dV MmbUo, ~mobUo, ~mobVm§Zm Mohè`mÀ`m ñZm`y§Zm PQ>H$m XoUo BË`mXr. lll 20 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó àH$aU - 5 Chapter - 5 _¥Ë`y d Ë`mMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ _hÎd, H$maUo, àH$ma (DEATH AND ITS MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE, CAUSES, TYPES) DEATH : It is irreversible stoppage of life due to loss of functions of brain, heart & lungs. 2- Stages : 1) Somatic death : It is Complete and permanent termination of functions of vital organs i.e. Brain, Heart and Lungs. Here the body remains warm. A person who cannot survive upon withdrawal of artificial ventilators, is called as dead. But with modern technology, the heart and lungs can be made to function through mechanical support in ICU of the hospitals and have changed this in favour of new concept 'Brain Death' that is irreversible loss of cerebral functions. Brain death results from a severe head injury or brain haemorrhage in major road accidents. Now it is possible to retrieve some organs such as kidney, heart, liver, cornea, skin, bone from the dead body 6 hours after death for transplantaion with the consent of relatives of brain death person. The govt. of India has now accepted and formulated as Transplantation of Human organs Act, 1994. 2) Molecular death : It is death of cells and tissues individually which take place 2 to 3 hours after the somatic death. Here the body becomes cold. Modes of Death : According to Bichat, there are 3 modes of death: 1) Coma : Coma is derived from the Greek word "KOMA" Meaning deep sleep. It is a insensibility of brain functions. There is a chance person may regain conciousness but there is no chance of recovery after death. Signs of Coma : i) Complete loss of conciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused by painful stimuli. All the superfial and deep reflexs are lost including comeal, light, cough and swallowing, etc. ii) Respiration depends on the site of lesion and its etiology. iii) Pupils are variable depends on the site of lesion. iv) Motor signs - Hemiparesis, Hemiplegia, etc. v) Stupor - This is a state of partial loss of response to the environment, confusion and delerium - disorientation in place and person. Causes : Early Causes : i) Head injury :- Brain hemorrhages. ii) Infections :- Meningitis, encephalitis. iii) CVA (Cerebrovascular accidents) :- Thrombosis, embolism. iv) SOL :- Space occupying lesions. e.g. Neoplasms and abscess. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 21 v) Post epileptic siezures. vi) Toxic :- Barbiturates, alcohol, opium, heroin, Kerosene, etc. vii) Heat stroke and extreme cold. Late Causes : i) Severe systemic infections :- Septicemia, typhoid, cholera, pneumonia, malaria. ii) Infections :- Meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess. iii) Cerebral tumours. iv) Metabolic causes :- Diabetes, hypoglycemia, uremia, etc. v) Toxic :- Arsenic, lead poisoning, etc. 2) Syncope : Sudden cessation of action of the heart. Syncope or fainting is due to vasovagal attacks resulting from reflex parasympathetic stimulation; There is a profuse sweating, chest pain, vomitting, low B.P., severe pallor followed by rapid uncociousness due to cerebral anaemia. Causes : Heart diseases like IHD, CAD, RHD, Cardiaomyopathies. 3) Asphyxia : Described in Chapter-8 Page No. 44 (asphyxial deaths) Types of Death : 1) Natural, 2) Unnatural 1) Natural : It is caused by solely from the disease only. 2) Unnatural : It is caused by solely from the voilence or injury. Manner of death: a) Suicidal, b) Homicidal c) Accidental d) Undetermined. _¥Ë`y d Ë`mMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd _¥Ë`y åhUOo H$m`? _mZdr earamVrb _|Xÿ{H«$`m, öX`{H«$`m Am{U ídgZ{H«$`m nyU©nUo Wm§~yZ earamVrb noetMm H$Ue: _¥Ë`y Pmë`m_wio Or AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ë`m AdñWobm _¥Ë`y Ago åhUVmV. _¥Ë`yÀ`m AdñWm (Stages of Death) : 1) X¡{hH$ _¥Ë`y (Somatic Death) :- _mZdr earamMo OrdZ d ñdmñÏ` Á`m§Moda Adb§~yZ Amho Ago _w»` Ad`d _|Xÿ, öX`, \w$â\w$go (Tripod of life) øm§Mo H$m`© nyU©nUo ~§X hmoVo, Ë`mbm X¡{hH$ _¥Ë`y Ago åhUVmV. `mV earamVrb gd© ñZm`y {e{Wb hmoVmV na§Vw {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m noetMm _¥Ë`y hmoV Zmhr d eara Ja_ amhVo, Ë`m_wio `m§{ÌH$ qH$dm {dÚwV CÔrnZmZo Ë`mV CÎmoOZm {Z_m©U Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. 2) AmpÊdH$ _¥Ë`y (Molecular Death) :- Aem àH$maÀ`m _¥Ë`yV earamVrb nyU© noetMm Am{U noerOmbmMm H$Ue: _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. hm _¥Ë`y earamMr OrdZ{H«$`m Wm§~ë`mZ§Va H$mhr doimZo hmoVmo. `mV `m§{ÌH$ qH$dm {dÚwV CÔrnZmZo MoVZm {Z_m©U Ho$br OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. eara W§S> hmoVo Am{U ~mø dmVmdaUmVrb Vmn_mZm~amo~a earamMo Vmn_mZ `oVo. _¥Ë`yÀ`m arVr/_mJ© (Modes of Death) _Zwî`mMm _¥Ë`y ñdm^m{dH$ qH$dm Añdm^m{dH$ `mgma»`m H$maUmZo hmoV AgVmo, Ë`mMo 3 _mJ© AgVmV. 1) H$mo_m (Coma) - (H$m`_Mr ~oewÕr) 22 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 2) qgH$mon (Syncope) - (öX`mdamoY)$ 3) Añ\o$pŠg`m (Asphyxia) - (ídgZmdamoY) I) H$mo_m - H$mhr H$maUm_wio qH$dm amoJm_wio _|XÿMo H$m`© nyU©nUo ñW{JV hmoD$Z H$m`_ñdê$nr _yÀN>m© Am{U H$m`_Mr ~oewÕr `oVo, Ë`mbm H$mo_m Ago åhUVmV d Ë`mVM amo½`mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. H$maUo - A) S>moŠ`mbm _ma bmJyZ _|Xÿbm BOm hmoUo. ~) _|Xÿdarb AmdaUm§Zm OI_ qH$dm amoJ hmoUo. H$) _|Xÿbm Y¸$m ~gUo, ApñW^§J hmoD$Z _|XÿV aº$òmd hmoUo. S>) _|XÿV Jiy hmoUo (Brain tumour) qH$dm ZdrZ _m§g dmT>Uo (New growth). B) _|XÿVrb Y_Zr Aé§X hmoUo. B©) _|XÿVrb Y_ZrMm {dñVma hmoD$Z Vr \w$Q>Uo. C) A\y$, _Ú, BË`mXr {dfm§Mm à^md _|Xÿda nSy>Z _¥Ë`y hmoUo. E) `H¥$V, _yÌqnS> `m§À`m H$mhr amoJmVrb {df earamVrb aº$mV {^Zë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_ _|Xÿda hmoD$Z _¥Ë`y `oUo CXm. `wao{_`m, _Yw_oh. {MÝho : _|Xÿda à^md nS>VmM gwédmVrbm _yÀN>m© (Stupor) `oVo. amoJr H$mhr jU Ag§~§{YV ~moby eH$Vmo. à{V{já {H«$`m§Zm (Reflexes) à{VgmX XoV Zmhr. ñZm`yV Aeº$nUm `oD$Z AMoVZm {Z_m©U hmoVo, Z§Va nyU© ~oewÕr `oVo. H$mo_m : _aUmoÎma VnmgUrMo ñdê$n (Post Mortem Appearances) : 1) _|Xÿ d _|XÿMr AmdaUo aº$g§M``wº$ AgVmV. 2) H$dQ>rÀ`m hmS>m§Mm ApñW^§J d H$dQ>rda OI_m, _|XÿVrb OI_m§_wio gVV aº$òmd Pmë`m_wio H$dQ>rÀ`m nmoH$irV aº$mMo Jmoio O_bobo, _pñVîH$mdaUmV qH$dm _|XÿÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m ^mJmV amoJm_wio Pmbobm aº$òmd AmT>iVmo. 3) öX`mMo COì`m ~mOyV aº$ ^abobo Am{U S>mdo [aH$m_o AmT>iVo. 4) \w$â\w$go Am{U Zrbm aº$mZo ^aboë`m AgVmV. II) qgH$mon - öX`mMo aº$m{^gaU H$m`© H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo ñW{JV Pmë`m_wio Amboë`m _¥Ë`ybm qgH$mon qH$dm öX`mdamoY Ago åhUVmV. H$maUo- A) öX`mÀ`m PS>nm§Mo AmOma, H$amoZar amo{hUtMo AmOma, öX`mÀ`m ñZm`y§Mo AmOma, B. ~) H$Yr H$Yr earamMo AmVrb Ad`dmVyZ AH$ñ_mV d nwîH$i à_mUmV aº$òmd hmoD$Z Pmboë`m aº$òmdm_wio _¥Ë`y KSy>Z `oVmo. CXm. EImXm ApñW^§J hmoD$Z `H¥$V, ßbrhm B. da _ma bmJyZ aº$òmd hmoUo, earamVrb _moR>r aº$dm{hZr \w$Qy>Z Ë`mVyZ nwîH$i à_mUmV aº$ OmUo BË`mXr. H$) ^`mKmV (Vagal Shock) AMmZH$ ^rVr dmQ>Uo, S>moŠ`mda AMmZH$ _ma bmJUo, nmoQ>mMo Ii½`mda AMmZH$ _ma, B. H$maUm§_wio _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 23 {MÝho - A) S>mì`m N>mVrV XþIUo. ~) earamda Km_ `oUo. H$) S>moHo$ XþIUo. S>) S>moù`m§Zm A§YyH$ {XgUo. B) Vrd« ~oM¡Zr_wio hdoMr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm OmUdVo, Ë`m_wio amoJr ídmgmoÀN>dmg OmoamZo KoV AgVmo. amoJr eodQ>n`ªV ewÕrda AgVmo Am{U AMmZH$ öX` ~§X nSy>Z Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. qgH$mon : _aUmoÎma VnmgUrMo ñdê$n A) aº$mënVo_wio (Anaemia) _¥Ë`y Pmbm Agë`mg, öX`mMo H$ßno AmH§w$MZ nmdbobo d [aH$m_o AmT>iVrb. ~) Iyn à_mUmV WH$dm `oD$Z _¥Ë`y Ambm Agë`mg öX`mMo ñZm`y H$_Omoa (Asthenia) Pmë`m_wio Ë`mV Iyn Aeº$nUm `oVmo Am{U nyU©nUo aº$ H$_r Z hmoVm öX`mMo H$ßno aº$mZo ^abobo AgVmV. H$) \$â\w$go, _|Xÿ, CXa nmoH$irVrb BVa Ad`dm§Mm a§J {\$H$Q> AgVmo. III) Añ\o$pŠe`m - ídgZmdamoY H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo ídgZg§ñWobm àmUdm`yMm nwadR>m ~§X Pmë`mg Ë`mbm ídgZmdamoYmZo _¥Ë`y Pmbm Ago åhUVmV. H$maUo - A) ídgZ_mJm©V AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ídmg KoÊ`mV AS>MU d àmUdm`yMm nwadR>m Wm§~ë`m_wio _¥Ë`y `oVmo. CXm. ídgZ_mJm©V ~mhoarb dñVy AS>H$Uo, J«§WrMm Xm~, JwX_aUo, KemV íboî_mMm nS>Xm V`ma hmoD$Z ídgZ_mJ© ~§X hmoUo, ~wS>Uo, Ji\$mgm_wio ídgZ_mJ© ~§X hmoUo. ~) A{Ve` C§M OmJoda qH$dm {d_mZmV nwîH$i C§Mrda Joë`m_wio àmUdm`yMm nwadR>m Z hmoUo. H$) A{Ve` W§S>r, Aeº$Vm qH$dm AÝ` H$maUm_wio, ídgZH$m`m©V ^mJ KoUmè`m ñZm`y§Mr hmbMmb Wm§~Uo, ídgZmV Cn`moJr ñZm`y§Mm bH$dm hmoUo. S>) \w$â\w$gmMo OwZo AmOma. {MÝho - Aem àH$maÀ`m _¥Ë`yV {MÝhm§Mr {Z{_©Vr VrZ AdñWoV hmoVo. 1) ídmgmoÀN>dmg Iyn OmoamV MmbUo (Stage of Exaggerated Breathing) 2) AmMHo$ `oUo (Stage of Convulsions) 3) WH$dm `oUo (Stage of Exhaustion) n{hë`m AdñWo_Ü`o Moham H$miOr`wº$ hmoD$Z S>moHo$ OS> nS>Vo Am{U H$mZmV AmdmO `oÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. S>moio da Ambobo, AmoR> {Ziga, ídmgmoÀN>dmg Imob d doJmV hmoVmo. ídmgH$ï>, ídgZ ñZm`y§Mr hmbMmb OmoamZo, eara, hmVnm`, Moham {Ziga hmoV OmVmo. Xþgè`m AdñWoV Iyn OmoamV ñZm`y§Mr hmbMmb hmoVo d AmMHo$ `oVmV. {Vgè`m AdñWoV nwîH$i WH$dm `oVmo. _|XÿVrb ídgZH|$ÐmMm bH$dm hmoVmo. à{V{já {H«$`m Zï> hmoVmV, S>moù`mÀ`m ~mhþë`m {dñVmaboë`m, ZmS>rMm doJ hiyhiy H$_r hmoV OmD$Z amo½`mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. ídgZ{H«$`m Wm§~ë`mZ§Va H$mhr goH§$Xn`ªV öX` gwê$ amhVo. darb AdñWm _¥Ë`ynydu 5 {_{ZQ>o AgVmV. 24 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó A°ñ\o$pŠg`m : _aUmoÎma VnmgUrMo ñdê$n ~møñdê$n (External Appearance) : 1) hiyhiy ídgZmdamoY hmoD$Z _¥Ë`y Ambobm Agë`mg Moham em§V d [\$H$Q> {XgVmo. 2) EH$X_ ídgZmdamoY Pmbm Agob Va Moham {Zim, aº$g§M``wº$ {XgVmo. 3) AmoR> Am{U ZIo H$mù`m {Zù`m a§JmMr AmT>iVmV. 4) Or^ ~mhoa Ambobr, ZmH$mVm|S>mVyZ aº${_{lV \o$g AmT>iVmo. 5) _aUmZ§Va `oUmam VmR>anUm hiyhiy `oVmo. 6) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm ñnï> {XgVmo. A§V:ñdê$n (Intemal Appearance) : 1) ñda`§Ì d ídmgZ{bHo$À`m íboî_b ËdMoV aº$g§{MV òmd AmT>iVmo. 2) \w$â\w$gmMm a§J Om§^im, \w$â\w$go H$mnë`mg àmUdm`y{da{hV aº$ ^abobo {XgVo. 3) öX`mMr COdr ~mOy, Zrbm, _hmamo{hUr H$mù`m d AnyU© JmoR>boë`m aº$mZo ^aboë`m AmT>iVmV, öX`mÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyV aº$ ZgVo. H$maU \w$â\w$gmMo àmUdm`y KoD$Z aº$ ewÕ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© ~§X Pmbobo AgVo. 4) _¥Ë`yZ§Va bJoM VnmgUr Ho$ë`mg H$Yr H$Yr öX`mMo XmoÝhr H$ßno ^abobo AmT>iVrb, na§Vw _aUmoÎma VmR>anUm gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va öX` AmHw§${MV Pmë`m_wio Vo [aH$m_o hmoVo. 5) _|Xÿ aº$g§M``wº$ (H$mo_mV `mnojm OmñV à_mUmV aº$g§M` AgVmo) 6) CXanmoH$irVrb Ad`d aº$g§M``wº$ AmT>iVmV. 7) bhmZ-bhmZ Ho$edm{hÝ`m \$mQ>ë`m_wio Q>mMUrÀ`m S>moŠ`mEdT>o bhmZ-bhmZ aº$mMo {R>nHo$ (Tardeu Spots) \w$â\w$gmda AmT>iVmV. _¥Ë`yMo àH$ma (Types of death) : 1) Z¡g{J©H$ (Natural) :- \$º$ AmOmanUm_wio hmoUmam _¥Ë`y. 2) AZ¡g{J©H$ (Unnatural) :- emar[aH$ AË`mMmam_wio hmoUmam _¥Ë`y. A) AmË_KmVr (Suicidal), ~) AÝ`KmVr (Homicidal), H$) AnKmVr (Accidental) 1) Z¡g{J©H$ _¥Ë`y : ñdm^m{dH$ _¥Ë`y : H$maUo a) öX`mMo {dH$ma : IHD, RHD, Cardiomyopathies b) aŠVdm{hÝ`m§Mo amoJ CAD (Embohism / Thrombosis) c) _|XÿVrb aŠVòmd (Brain Hamorrages) _Yw_oh d) Shock e) ídgZ _mJm©Vrb amoJ f) AÝZnMZ _mJm©Vrb amoJ : OR>a \w$Q>Uo, ñdmXÿqnS>mMm Xmh g) J^m©e`mMo AmOma, BË`mXr. 2) Añdm^m{dH$/AZ¡g{J©H$ _¥Ë`yMr H$maUo {df~mYm, àmUm§{VH$ OI_m, {ddm{hVog OmiUo, AnKmV, IyZ BË`mXr g§e{`V _¥Ë`y. lll Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 25 àH$aU - 6 Chapter - 6 _¥Ë`yMr bjUo d _¥Ë`yMo A§XmOo d` (SIGNS OF DEATH & TIME SINCE DEATH) _¥Ë`yMr Imbrb bjUo AmT>iyZ `oVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s gwédmVrMr VrZ X¡{hH$ _¥Ë`yMr d ~mH$sMr AmpÊdH$ _¥Ë`yMr bjUo hmoV. Immediate signs of death :- 1)$ _|XÿMo H$m`© Wm§~Uo 2) öX`mMo aº$m{^gaU H$m`© Wm§~Uo 3) ídgZ{H«$`m Wm§~Uo Early signs of death :- 4) S>moù`mVrb ~Xb 5) ËdMoVrb ~Xb 6) eara W§S>Jma nS>Uo 7) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm 8) ñZm`yV ~Xb hmoUo Late Signs :- 9) earamV gS>Ê`mMr d Hw$OÊ`mMr {H«$`m hmoUo. (Putrefaction or Decomposition) 10) earamVrb {ndiga _oX`wº$ nXmWmªMo énm§Va hmoUo. (Saponification) 11) edajU {H«$`m- earamV gwH$Ê`mMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oUo. (Mummification) 1) _|XÿMo H$m`© Wm§~Uo (Stoppage of Brain Function) : _|Xÿda H$mhr H$maUmñVd qH$dm AmOmam_wio _|XÿMo H$m`© nyU©nUo ñW{JV hmoD$Z H$m`_Mr ~oewÕr `oD$Z _¥Ë`y `oVmo. narjm (Test) : A) earamda Xm~ {Xë`mg qH$dm Q>moMë`mg Hw$R>ë`mhr g§doXZm hmoV ZmhrV. ~) S>moù`m§Mr hmbMmb ~§X hmoD$Z àH$memg à{VgmX XoV Zmhr. H$) ~oewÕr/_yÀN>m© Amë`mgmaIr AdñWm hmoVo. S>) ñZm`yV Aeº$nUm AMoVZm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z AYmªJdm`y hmoVmo. B) E.C.G. - Flat line 2) öX`mMo aº$m{^gaU Wm§~Uo (Stoppage of Heart Circulation) : H$moUË`mhr H$maUmñVd qH$dm AmOmamZo öX`mMo aº$m{^gaUmMo H$m`© ~§X nSy>Z _¥Ë`y `oVmo. narjm (Test) : A) ldUZ{bHo$Zo (Stethoscope) : nmM {_{ZQ>on`ªV Vnmgë`mZ§Va öX`mMo AmdmO EoHy$ Z Amë`mg _¥Ë`y {ZpíMV Pmbobm Amho Ago g_Omdo. öX` Wm§~ë`mg aº$m{^gaU ~§X hmoVo, Pulse not feeble, B.P. not recordable, ECG-Flat line. ~) _°¾g narjm (Magnus Test) : {Od§V ì`º$sMo ~moQ>m^modVr Xmoam AmdiyZ ~m§Yë`mg Xmoè`mMo ^modVr gyO {Z_m©U hmoVo, na§Vw _¥V _Zwî`mMm nyU© ^mJ nm§T>am hmoVmo d Ë`m {R>H$mUr gyO AmT>iyZ `oUma Zmhr, `mdê$Z aº$m{^gaU Wm§~bobo Amho Ago g_Omdo. 26 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó H$) {Od§V ì`º$sMo ZI Xm~ë`mg Vo nm§T>ao hmoVo d Xm~ H$mT>ë`mg Jwbm~r hmoVo. Aem àH$maMr AdñWm _¥V ì`º$sV hmoV Zmhr. 3) ídgZ{H«$`m Wm§~Uo (Stoppage of respiration) : H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo qH$dm AmOmamZo ídgZ g§ñWoMo H$m`© ~§X nSy>Z ídmgmoÀN>dmg {H«$`m gmS>o VrZ {_{ZQ>on`ªV Wm§~bobr Agë`mg _¥Ë`y Pmbm Ago g_Omdo. narjm (Test) : A) ídmgmoÀN>dmg gwê$ AgVm§Zm {Od§V _Zwî`mMo ZmH$mg_moa Amagm qH$dm M_H$Umar H$mM R>odë`mg Ë`mModa dm\$ nS>ë`m_wio Vmo Amagm qH$dm H$mM A§YyH$ hmoVo. ídmgmoÀN>dmg ~§X Pmbobm Agë`mg A§YwH$Vm `oUma Zmhr d _Zwî` _aU nmdbm Ago g_Omdo. hr nÕVr W§S> hdm_mZmV Cn`moJr nS>Vo. ~) Or{dV ì`º$sMo ZmH$mg_moa _moamMo nrg qH$dm H$mnyg R>odë`mg Ë`mMr hmbMmb AmT>iyZ `oUma Zmhr, `mdê$Z ídmgmoÀN>dmg Wm§~bm Ago g_Omdo. 4) S>moù`mVrb ~Xb (Eye changes) : _Zwî`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m S>moù`mV ~Xb AmT>iyZ `oVmV. A) S>moù`m§Mr M_H$ (Lusterness) Zï> hmoVo. ~) S>moù`m§Mr à{V{já {H«$`m (Corneal Reflex) KSy>Z `oV Zmhr. H$) S>moù`m§À`m H$mio ~w~wi AnmaXe©H$ d A§YyH$ hmoVo. S>) S>moù`m§À`m ~mhþë`m {dñVmaboë`m {XgVmV. B) ZoÌJmob {e{Wb hmoD$Z AmV OmVmV. 5) ËdMoV hmoUmao ~Xb (Skin changes) : _¥Ë`yZ§Va H$mVS>rMm a§J amIoÀ`m a§Jmà_mUo nm§T>am qH$dm _mVH$Q> {XgyZ ËdMoVrb ~Xb Jmoè`m _Zwî`mV àm_w»`mZo AmT>iyZ `oVmo. _¥Ë`yZ§Va ËdMoMr bd{MH$Vm Zmhrer hmoD$Z ËdMoV OI_ Ho$br AgVm Ë`mV OmJm (Gap) Pmbobr {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo Jm|XÊ`mÀ`m {MÝhm§V H$mhrM ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. \$m°ñ\$a {df~mYoVrb [H§$dm H$mdri amoJmVrb {ndionUmV H$mhr \$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. 6) eara W§S> nS>Uo (Cooling of the body) : _¥Ë`yÀ`m doioMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mg ho {MÝh \$ma _XV H$aVo. _¥Ë`yZ§Va earamMo CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo Am{U ho H$_r hmoV OmUmao CîUVm_mZ dmVmdaUmVrb Vmn_mZmBVHo$ hmoVo. W§S> hmoÊ`mMo à_mU W§S> àXoemV OmñV à_mUmV AgVo. àoV CKS>o Agë`mg CîU Vmn_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mMo à_mU ObXJVrZo hmoVo. _Zwî`mMo gm_mÝ` CîUVm_mZ 98.4 \°$aZhrQ> AgVo. `m CîUVm_mZmV 15 Vo 20 {S>J«r \°$aZhrQ> CVma Pmë`mg Vmo _Zwî` _aU nmdbm Ago åhUVm `oVo. eara W§S> hmoÊ`mMm {ZpíMV Agm {Z`_ Zmhr. _¥Ë`yZ§Va H$mhr VmgmV earamMo Vmn_mZ bdH$a H$_r hmoVo d Ë`mZ§Va hiyhiy W§S> hmoVo. gmYmaUV: n{hë`m 6 VmgmV, XaVmer 2.5 \°$aZhrQ> øm JVrZo d Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m 6 VmgmV 1.5 \°$aZhrQ> à_mUo CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoVo. AemàH$mao gmYmaUnUo earamMo CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mg 12 Vmg bmJVmV. na§Vw earamMo AmVrb Ad`dm§Mo CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mg 24 Vmg bmJVmV. eara W§S> hmoÊ`mMo à_mU ì`º$sMo d`, emar[aH$ pñWVr, _¥Ë`yMo H$maU qH$dm àH$ma d g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr `m KQ>H$mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 27 A) d` - VéU d _Ü`_ d`mVrb ì`º$s_Ü`o CîUVm_mZ hiyhiy Va åhmVmao Am{U bhmZ _wbo `m§Mo CîUVm_mZ ObX JVrZo H$_r hmoVo. ~) emar[aH$ pñWVr - bÇ> d gwÑT> _mUgmMo Vmn_mZ, gS>nmVi d Aeº$ _mUgmnojm C{eam H$_r hmoVo. H$) _¥Ë`yMo H$maU qH$dm àH$ma - j`, H°$Ýga, Q>m`\$mB©S> BË`mXr OwZmQ> amoJ VgoM nwîH$i aº$òmd Pmë`mg _¥Ë`y AmoT>dyZ Ambm Va CîUVm_mZ bdH$a H$_r hmoVo. S>) g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr - _¥V eara CKS>o Agbo d W§S> àXoemV Agbo Va Ë`m dmVmdaUmà_mUo earamMo CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoVo. _¥V eara ~§X ImobrV R>odë`mg CîUVm_mZ bdH$a H$_r hmoUma Zmhr. Á`m {R>H$mUr hdm _wº$nUo dmhV Agob Aem {R>H$mUr àoV R>odbobo Agë`mg CîUVm_mZ hiyhiy H$_r hmoVo. CKS>çm _¡XmZmV R>odbobo eara bdH$a W§S> hmoVo. nmÊ`mV ~wS>boë`m earamg W§S> hmoÊ`mg H$_r doi bmJVmo Va CîU nmÊ`mV doi bmJob. A{V W§S> àXoemV Vmn_mZ bdH$a H$_r hmoD$Z eara JmoR>ob, na§Vw earamMo Ad`d ~XbV ZmhrV. 7) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm (Zr{b_m) (Post Mortem Staining or PM lividity) : öX`mMo H$m`© ~§X Pmë`mZ§VaM earamda _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm `oÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. _Zwî`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZ§Va bJoM earamV IoiUmao Ðdê$nr aº$ KÅ> hmoV Zmhr. JwéËdmH$f©UmÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma ho Ðdê$nr aº$ Ho$edm{hÝ`m Am{U bhmZ Zrbm_Ü`o O_m hmoD$Z a§Jm_Ü`o ~Xb KSy>Z `oVmo. Ë`mbm _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm Ago åhUVmV. ho _¥Ë`yMo {ZpíMV Ago bjU Amho. Ðdê$nr aº$ Ho$edm{hÝ`m Am{U bhmZ Zrbm_Ü`o O_m hmoD$Z earamÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV O_m hmoVo d Ë`m_wio ËdMoVrb a§JmV ~Xb KSy>Z `oVmo. hm ~Xb earamÀ`m pñWVrda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ì`º$s nmR>rda nS>bobr Agob Va hm ~Xb S>moŠ`mMo _mJÀ`m ^mJmV, H$mZ, _mZ d hmVnm` `mV AmT>iVmo. V§J dó Agboë`m {R>H$mUr AmT>iyZ `oUma Zmhr. hm {ZiganUm _¥Ë`yZ§Va EH$m VmgmV {Xgmd`mg bmJVmo Am{U Ë`mbm nyU© hmoÊ`mg gw_mao 4 Vo 12 Vmg bmJVmV. ËdModa Vm§ã`mgmaIo bmb qH$dm Om§^iQ> Ago MÅ>o {XgyZ `oVmV. gwédmVrbm ho MÅ>o doJdoJio AgyZ Z§Va hiyhiy EH$Ì _moR>r OmJm ì`mnVm§Zm Jmoè`m _mUgmV hm H$mVS>rVrb ~Xb ñnï>nUo {XgyZ `oVmo. aº$ Omon`ªV Ðdê$nmV Amho Vmon`ªVM hm ~Xb hmoVmo. earamÀ`m pñWVrZwgma Ë`mV ~Xb KSy>Z `oVmo. pñWVr ~Xbë`mg Ë`m ~mOybm aº$ OmB©b. aº$ JmoR>ë`mZ§Va Agm ~Xb KSy>Z `oUma Zmhr. H$mVS>rV hmoUmè`m a§Jmdê$Z _¥Ë`yMo H$maU emoYyZ H$mT>Vm `oVo. 1) ídgZmdamoYmZo Amboë`m _¥Ë`yV ËdMoMm a§J {Ziga hmoVmo. 2) H$m~©Z _moZm°ŠgmB©S> øm {dfm_wio _¥Ë`y Pmbm Agob Va ËdMm bmb^S>H$ a§JmMr AmT>iyZ `oVo. 3) \$m°ñ\$ag {df~mYoV ËdMoMm a§J H$aS>m hmoVmo. _aUmoÎma {ZiganUmMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd : 1) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUm ËdMoMo da CRy>Z {XgV Zmhr d earamV EH$gmaIonUm AgVmo Va di ËdMoÀ`m da CRy>Z {XgVmo d Ë`mV EH$gmaIonUm ZgVmo. 2) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUmV ËdMoMm a§J gmaIm AgVmo na§Vw dimMo a§JmV doJdoJionUm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. 3) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUmV ËdModa AmoaIS>m AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. dim_Ü`o ËdModa AmoaIS>m AmT>iyZ `oVmo. 4) _aUmoÎma {ZiganUmV, Á`m OmJoda Vmo àH$Q> Pmbobm Amho Vr OmJm H$mnë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m ËdMoVyZM nmVi qH$dm JmoR>bobo aº$ {ZKob na§Vw di Agboë`m {R>H$mUr noerOmbmVgwÕm aº$ AmT>iob. 8) ñZm`yV ~Xb hmoUo- _aUmoÎma VmR>aVm (Rigor Mortis) : hr AdñWm earamMr AmHw§$MZeº$r Zï> Pmë`mZ§Va gwê$ hmoVo. `mV ñZm`yVrb ATP's Zï> hmoD$Z Lactic Acid Jmoim hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ñZm`y VmR>aVmV. ømV earamVrb gd© EopÀN>H$ Am{U AZ¡pÀN>H$ ñZm`y H$S>H$ hmoVmV. åhUyZ `m AdñWobm 28 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó _aUmoÎma VmR>aVm Ago åhUVmV. earamVrb CîUVm_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mMr {H«$`m gwê$ AgVo Ë`mdoir qH$dm Ë`mZ§Va eara VmR>a hmoÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. gd© ñZm`y H$S>H$ d H$R>rU hmoVmV na§Vw earamMm qH$dm Ad`dmMm AmH$ma ~XbV Zmhr. gwédmVrbm AZ¡pÀN>H$ ñZm`yV gwê$ hmoD$Z Z§Va EopÀN>H$ ñZm`yV H$S>H$nUm AmT>iVmo. öX`mMo ñZm`yV _¥Ë`yZ§Va EH$ VmgmZo H$S>H$nUm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. COì`m H$ßß`mnojm S>mì`m H$ßß`mda OmñV à^md nS>Vmo. EopÀN>H$ ñZm`y_Ü`o gwÕm H$S>H$nUm H«$_mZwgma `oVmo. gwédmV S>moù`m§À`m nmnÊ`m§nmgyZ, Mohè`mZ§Va _mZoMm _mJMm ^mJ, ImbMm O~S>m, _mZoMm g_moaMm ^mJ, CXa nmoH$irVrb Ad`d à^m{dV hmoVmV d Z§Va Vmo H$S>H$nUm Imbr nm`mbm CVaVmo. H$S>H$nUm Á`m H«$_mZo `oVmo Ë`mM H«$_mZwgma Zmhrgm hmoVmo. _aUmoÎma VmR>anUm `oÊ`mMr doi : earamV VmR>anUm `oÊ`mg {Za{Zamù`m ì`º$sV H$_r A{YH$ doi bmJy eH$Vmo. {ZpíMV doi gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. hdm_mZmMm XoIrb ømda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CîU àXoemV 18 Vo 36 Vmg Va A{V W§S >àXoemV 24 Vo 48 Vmg doi bmJVmo. ^maVmV VmR>anUm `oÊ`mg EH$ XmoZ VmgmV gwédmV hmoD$Z Ë`mbm dmT>Ê`mg 12 Vmg bmJVmV. earamV hm VmR>anUm gw_mao 12 Vmg ahmVmo Am{U nwT>rb 12 VmgmV g_má hmoVmo. j`, H°$Ýga, Q>m`\$mB©S> BË`mXrgma»`m OwZmQ> amoJmV hm bdH$a gwê$ hmoD$Z bdH$a g§nVmo. _aUmoÎma VmR>anUm bdH$a gwê$ Pmë`mg bdH$a g§nVmo. _aUmoÎma VmR>anUmda à^md nmS>Umar n[apñWVr - A) d`, ~) ñZm`y§Mr pñWVr, H$) _¥Ë`yMm àH$ma, S>) dmVmdaU A) d` : geº$ ì`º$sV _aUmoÎma VmR>anUm hiyhiy `oVmo VgoM ñnï> AmT>iyZ `oVmo. bhmZ _wbo d åhmVmè`mV ObX `oVmo. ~) ñZm`y§Mr pñWVr : _¥Ë`ynydu ñZm`y {dlm§VrMo AdñWoV Agë`mg VmR>anUm hiyhiy `oD$Z nwîH$i doi {Q>H$Vmo. d¥Õ ì`º$sV bdH$a gwê$ hmoD$Z bdH$a g§nVmo. H$) _¥Ë`yMm àH$ma : H$m°bam, ßboJ, Q>m`\$g, Q>m`\$mB©S>, Q>r. ~r., H°$Ýga BË`m{Xgma»`m OwZmQ> amoJmV ñZm`y {POV Joë`m_wio d WH$ë`m_wio VmR>anUm bdH$a `oD$Z bdH$a g§nVmo. Ý`y_mo{Z`m, aº$O_yÀN>m©, ídgZmdamoY `m àH$mamV Ceram gwê$ hmoVmo. _Ü`dVu _‚mmg§ñWoda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m {dfm_wio _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg VmR>anUm bdH$a gwédmV hmoD$Z OmñV doi {Q>H$Vmo. pñQ´>H$ZrZ {df B. S>) dmVmdaU : _oboë`m earamÀ`m ^modVr AgUmè`m n[apñWVrMm XoIrb n[aUm_ hmoVmo. W§S> àXoemV VmR>anUm hiyhiy gwadmV hmoD$Z OmñV doi {Q>H$Vmo. CîU àXoemV bdH$a gwédmV hmoD$Z bdH$a g§nVmo, W§S> nmÊ`mV eara ~wS>bo AgVm VmR>anUmg bdH$a gwédmV hmoD$Z nwîH$i doin`ªV {Q>H$Vmo. _aUmoÎma ñV§^ (Cadaveric Spasms) : `m AdñWoV ñZm`y§Mr àmW{_H$ {e{WbVm Z `oVm eara EH$X_ H$S>H$ d H$R>rU hmoVo. _¥Ë`yg_`r EopÀN>H$ ñZm`y AË`m{YH$ AmHw§${MV d H$m`©erb AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Aer AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXm. aUm§JUmda bT>Umam {enmB©, AH$ñ_mV ídgZmdamoY hmoUo, BË`mXr AdñWoV earamMr hmbMmb \$ma OmoamMr AgVo, Ë`m_wio Aem AdñWoV _¥Ë`y Ambm Agob d hmVmV Yabobo eó qH$dm dñVy \$ma _O~yV Aer Yabobr Agob Va Vr dñVy gmoS>{dÊ`mg \$ma Omoa bmdmdm bmJVmo. øm pñWVrbm "_aUmoÎma ñV§^' Ago åhUVmV. _aUmoÎma VmR>anUmnydu hmVmV eó Yabobo Agob Va Vo _O~yVrZo Yabobo ZgVo d WmoS>çmM ñnem©Zo nSy> eH$Vo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ IQ>ë`mV _aUmoÎma `oUmè`m ñV§^mMo \$ma _hÎd AgVo Ë`m_wio 1) _¥Ë`yMr doi d _¥Ë`ynydu _¥V ì`º$sMr H$moUVr pñWVr hmoVr ho H$iyZ `oVo. 2) hmVmV Yabobo eó, Ho$g, H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o BË`mXr dñVy nŠŠ`m Yaë`m Joë`m AgVrb Va Ë`m ì`º$sZo AmË_hË`m Ho$bobr Amho qH$dm Ë`mMr hË`m Pmbobr Amho ho emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mV _XV hmoVo. AmË_hË`m H$aUmè`mMo hmVmVrb eó OS> d aº$mZo {MH$Q>bobo Agob Va hmVmVyZ JiyZ nS>Vo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 29 9) gS>Uo qH$dm Hw$OUo (Decomposition) : gS>Uo qH$dm Hw$OUo ho _¥Ë`yMo {ZpíMV Ago {MÝh Amho, hr {H«$`m \$ma hiyhiy gwê$ hmoVo. earamV Agboë`m gyú_ O§VyZr V`ma Ho$boë`m agmÀ`m {H«$`o_wio Hw$OÊ`mMr {H«$`m gwê$ hmoD$Z {Od§V _Zwî`mMo AmVS>çmV H$mhr gyú_ O§Vy (Bacillus Proteus) AgVmV. _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZ§Va Vo AmVS>rMo ~mhoa {ZKyZ earamÀ`m gd© noerOmbmV, B§{Ð`mV Am{U aº$mV àdoe H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio earamV Hw$OÊ`mMr {H«$`m gwé hmoVo. gS>Ê`mÀ`m {H«$`oV Imbrb H«$_ AmT>iyZ `oVmo. A) earamMm a§J ~XbUo - 1) ~mø n[adV©Z, 2) A§V:n[adV©Z ~) KmU dmg `oUmè`m dm`y§Mr {Z{_©Vr d dmT> H$) earamMo AmVrb Ad`dmVrb n[adV©Z A) earamMm a§J ~XbUo : 1) ~mø n[adV©Z : gwédmVrbm CXa ^mJmda {hadQ> a§JmMr (Marbling) N>Q>m `oVo. øm a§JmMm ~Xb {hdmù`mV 1 Vo 3 {XdgmV Va CÝhmù`mV 6 Vo 12 VmgmVM {Xgmd`mg bmJVmo. Jmoè`m a§JmÀ`m ì`º$sV earamMm ~Xb ñnï>nUo AmT>iyZ `oVmo. S>moù`mMm a§J ~XbVmo, S>moio _D$ hmoD$Z H$mù`m ~w~wimda øm AdñWoMr {H«$`m hmoVo. Vo XþYmà_mUo nm§T>ao {Xgmd`mg bmJVmV d hiyhiy S>moio AmV YgVmV. gmYmaUV: 12 Vo 18 VmgmZ§Va nmoQ>mda AgUmam a§J BVa ^mJmda ngaÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVmo. N>mVr, Vm|S>, hmVnm`, BË`mXtda øm a§JmMo MÅ>o {XgVmV d øm§Mm gwédmVrMm {hadQ> a§J ~XbyZ {hadQ> {Zim {Xgy bmJVmo. ho MÅ>o gwédmVrbm doJdoJio AgVmV, na§Vw hiyhiy EH$Ì `oD$Z EH$ _moR>m ^mJ V`ma hmoD$Z earamMr nyU© ËdMm darb a§JmMr hmoVo. 2) A§V:n[adV©Z : aº$dm{hZrV AgUmao aº$ {dK{Q>V hmoVo Am{U bmb aº$H$UmVrb VÎd aº$dm{hÝ`m§À`m q^Vrda `oD$Z ñnï> {XgVo, Ë`m_wio earamda {XgUmè`m Zrbm R>iH$nUo {Xgy bmJVmV d Ë`m Om§^iQ> bmb qH$dm {hadQ> aofoà_mUo AmT>iVmV. JmoR>bobo aº$ Ðdê$nmV `oVo Am{U _aUmoÎma {ZiganUmV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. ~) KmU dmg `oUmè`m dm`y§Mr {Z{_©Vr d dmT> ËdMoV hmoUmè`m a§JmÀ`m ~Xbm~amo~aM, eara gS>Ê`mMr {H«$`m hmoV AgVmZm hm`S´>moOZ gë\$mB©S>, A_mo{Z`m, {_WoZ BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m dm`§§yMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ \$ma KmU dmg gwQ>Vmo. 1) dm`y§Mm B§{Ð`mda Xm~ nS>Uo : gw_mao 12 Vo 18 VmgmZ§Va ho dm`y AmVS>çmV O_m hmoVmV d Ë`m_wio nmoQ>mbm \w$Jmam `oVmo. hm \w$Jmam H$Yr H$Yr BVH$m dmT>Vmo H$s ednarjm H$aVmZm nmoQ> {Maë`mg \$ma OmoamMm AmdmO `oVmo. nmoQ>mbm \w$Jmam Amë`m_wio d dm`yMm Xm~ dmT>ë`m_wio nwîH$iXm bKdr, nagmH$S> AmnmoAmn hmoVo. Xm~m_wio nmoQ>mVrb AÞmMm Adeof Vm|S>, Kgm, ZmH$ BË`mXrVyZ ~mhoa nS>Vmo. nwéfmMo {eíZ A§S>H$mof \w$JVmV. gd© eara nyduÀ`m AdñWonojm Iyn _moR>o Pmbobo AmT>iyZ `oVo. hr AdñWm 36 Vo 48 VmgmZ§Va {d^Ëg ê$n YmaU H$aVo. dm`yMm Xm~ nS>ë`m_wio J^m©e`mVrb J^© XoIrb ~mhoa nSy> eH$Vmo. Vm|S>mVyZ \o$g, KmU nmUr ~mhoa `oVo. {ó`m§Mo ñVZ _moR>o hmoVmV. OZZ|{Ð` gwOyZ _moR>o hmoVo. öX`mda Am{U aº$dm{hÝ`m§da dm`yMm Xm~ nS>ë`m_wio OI_m§VyZ aº$ {ZKy bmJVo. earamda \$moS> V`ma hmoVmV d Ë`mV bmbga a§JmMm Ðd nXmW© AmT>iyZ `oVmo. ËdMm _D$ hmoVo d gmobbr OmVo. OI_m \w$JVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m AmoiIë`m OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV, ZoÌJmob, Or^ ~mhoa `oVo, nmÊ`mVrb ed hbHo$ hmoD$Z Va§Jy bmJVo. 48 Vo 72 VmgmV J^m©e`, JwXÛma ~mhoa `oVo, Ho$g d ZIo {ZKy bmJVmV, 3 Vo 5 {XdgmV H$dQ>rMr hmS>o d BVa gm§Yo _moH$io hmoVmV. 2) Aù`m§Mr (Maggots) {Z{_©Vr (Entomology) : Vm|S>, ZmH$ d OI_m BË`mXr {R>H$mUr _mem A§S>r XoD$ bmJVmV Am{U gw_mao 18 Vo 24 VmgmVM Ë`m§À`m Aù`m V`ma hmoVmV d AmVrb earamV àdoe H$aVmV d AmVrb Ad`dm§Mm Zme KSy>Z `oVmo. nmM {XdgmV Ë`m _moR>çm hmoD$Z _mem V`ma hmoVmV d CSy> bmJVmV. 30 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó H$) earamMo AmVrb Ad`dm§Mo n[adV©Z : gS>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV Á`mà_mUo earamMo darb ^mJmMm a§J ~XbVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo AmVrb Ad`d CXm. `H¥$V ßbrhm, _yÌqnS> `m§Mm XoIrb a§J ~XbVmo. hm a§J gwédmVrbm JS>X bmb d Z§Va H$mim hmoVmo. nmoQ>mda gS>Ê`mMr {H«$`m Ama§^ hmoVo. Ë`mMdoir ñda`§Ì d dm`y Z{bH$m Hw$Oy bmJVo. bhmZ _wbm§Mm _|Xÿ, OR>a `mda {H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. OR>am_Ü`o hr {H«$`m {hdmù`mV 4 Vo 6 VmgmV Va CÝhmù`mV 24 Vo 36 VmgmV KSy>Z `oVo. `mZ§Va AmVS>o, `H¥$V, ßbrhm `mda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. OR>a d AmVS>çmnojm öX` d \w$â\w$go `mda Hw$OÊ`mMr {H«$`m C{eam hmoVo, J^m©e`mda \$ma Cera bmJVmo. _¥Ë`yZ§Va 6 Vo 9 _{hÝ`mV gwÕm J^m©e`mV gS>Ê`mMr {H«$`m KSy>Z Amë`mMo CXmhaU gmnS>Vo. nmÊ`mV Hw$OÊ`mMr {H«$`m XþßnQ> doimZo hmoVo. ^maVmV eara Hw$Oë`m_wio nmÊ`mVrb ed {hdmù`mV 2 Vo 3 {XdgmV Va CÝhmù`mV 24 VmgmVM n¥ð>^mJmda Va§JVmZm AmT>iVo. gS>Ê`mÀ`m {H«$`oMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd : 1) ho _¥Ë`yMo {ZpíMV Ago {MÝh Amho. 2) `mdê$Z _aUmÀ`m doioMr {ZpíMVr H$aVm `oVo. 10) g°nm°Zr{\$Ho$eZ (Saponification) : H$mhr {d{eï> n[apñWVrV eara gS>Ê`mMr (Decomposition) {H«$`m Wm§~Vo Am{U Ë`mEodOr _oUmgmaIm nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo. hm nXmW© (Adipocere) VobH$Q> d nm§T>è`m a§JmMm AgVmo. earamMr Ma~r _oUmà_mUo _D$ hmoVo d ~amM H$mi {Q>H$Vo. ømMm à^md M~u Agboë`m Ad`dmV OmñV à_mUmV AmT>iyZ `oVmo. gwédmVrbm hm ~Xb H$mVS>rImbr AgUmè`m Ma~rV hmoVmo. {ó`m§Mo ñVZ, JmbmMo _m§g, H§$~a `m {R>H$mUr à^md OmñV nS>Vmo, H$maU `m ^mJmV Ma~r OmñV AgVo. amgm`{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {díbofU Ho$ë`mg `mV p½bgarZ, gm~U, àmo{Q>Z ho nXmW© AmT>iyZ `oVmV. àoVmVyZ Am§~Q> Agm dmg `oVmo d ñne© Ho$ë`mg Ë`mV MmonS>onUm OmUdVmo d ghOmghOr H$mnbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. øm {H«$`oV earamMo AmH$mamV ~Xb hmoV Zgë`m_wio _obobm _Zwî` ghO AmoiIbm OmVmo. gmYmaUnUo hr AdñWm n[apñWVrZwgma 3 AmR>dS>o Vo 3 _{hÝ`mV KSy>Z `oVo. hdm_mZmà_mUo doJdoJim AdYr bmJV AgVmo. Imbrb AdñWoV g°nm°Zr{\$Ho$eZMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo. 1) eara nmÊ`mV nyU©nUo ~wS>bobo AgUo. 2) ed Amoë`m OmJoV JmS>Uo. 3) {dð>m Agboë`m JQ>mamVrb ed. 4) CîU Am{U Amoë`m OmJoV ed CKS>o AgUo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd : 1) ho EH$ _¥Ë`yMo {ZpíMV Ago {MÝh Amho. 2) `m pñWVrdê$Z _¥Ë`yMr doi {ZpíMV Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. 3) _¥Ë`yMo H$maU R>a{dVm `oVo. 11) edajU{H«$`m (Mummification) : dmid§Q>mV qH$dm A{V CîU àXoemV CXm. B{Oá, qgY, ~by{MñVmZ, amOñWmZ, BË`mXr {R>H$mUr A{V CîUVo_wio earamVrb nmUr ~mînrH$aUmZo bdH$a Zmhrgo hmoVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo eara hiyhiy gwH$V OmVo d àË`oH$ Ad`d dmiVmo. na§Vw earamMm Z¡g{J©H$ AmH$ma H$m`_ amhVmo Ë`m_wio _Zwî` {H$Ë`oH$ df© ñnï> AmoiIbm OmVmo. øm AdñWoV ËdMm Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 31 dmibobr, Mm_S>çmgmaIr d H$aS>çm a§JmMr hmoVo d Vr hmS>mbm {MH$Qy>Z Jobobr AgVo. earamMm dmg bmH$S>mgmaIm `oVmo Am{U AmVrb Ad`d EH$_oH$m~amo~a {MH$Q>VmV. gmYmaUV: 3 _{hZo Vo 1 df} bmJVo. B{Oá_Yrb dmibobr àoVo AmOhr B§½b§S>À`m AO~KamV nmhmd`mg {_iVmV Ë`m§Zm __r Ago åhUVmV. hOmamo dfm©Z§VagwÕm Ë`m§Mo Mohao AmnU AmoiIy eH$Vmo. _obobo eara {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mH$[aVm _o{S>H$b H$m°boO_Ü`o Ag}{ZH$, boS> gë\$mB©S>, nmoQ>°{e`_ H$m~m©oZoQ>À`m ÐmdUmMm dmna _m§S>rÀ`m amo{hUrV (Femoral Artery) qH$dm _hmamo{hUrV (Carotid Artery) Q>mHy$Z Ho$bm OmVmo. edajU{H«$`oMo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$s` _hÎd : 1) _¥Ë`yMo {ZpíMV Ago {MÝh Amho. 2) _¥V ì`º$sMr AmoiI H$aVm `oVo. Ë`m§Mo A§Jmdarb OI_m AmoiIVm `oVmV. 3) _¥Ë`yMo H$maU emoYyZ H$mT>Vm `oVo. 4) _¥Ë`yMr doi {ZpíMV R>a{dVm `oVo. 5) ed Hw$Ry>Z àmá Pmbo `mMr OmUrd hmoVo. _aUmMr doi {ZpíMV H$aUo : H$moUVohr àoV, ednarjoH$[aVm Amë`mZ§Va, Ý``d¡ÚH$s` Ñ{ï>>H$moZmVyZ, _¥Ë`yZ§Va {H$Vr doi Pmbobm Agmdm, `mMm A§XmO S>m°ŠQ>abm Úmdm bmJVmo. _mJo {Xboë`m _¥Ë`yMo {MÝhmdê$Z hr doi R>a{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo. CXm. eara W§S> hmoUo, _aUmoÎma VmR>anUm, gS>Uo BË`mXr AdñWmdê$Z _¥Ë`yZ§Va Pmbobm doi {ZpíMV H$aVm `oVmo. Imbrb n[apñWVrgwÕm `m~m~VrV _XV H$aVo. 1) gmYmaUV: emH$mhmar AÞmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. OR>amVyZ ho AÞ OodUmZ§Va gw_mao 6 Vo 7 Vmgm§Zr ~mhoa nS>Vo. B§J«O bmoH$ {_l AÞ CXm. _m§g d nmbo^mÁ`m gwÕm KoVmV d Aem àH$maMo Adeof 4 Vo 5 VmgmV nMZ hmoD$Z OR>amVyZ AmVS>çmV Q>mH$bo OmVmV. ednarjoV hm A§XmO bmdë`mg _¥Ë`yMr doi R>a{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo. H$mhr amoJmV nMZ{H«$`oV doi bmJVmo hm _wÔm bjmV ¿`mdm. 2) ~hþYm gdmªZm amÌr Pmonr OmVmZm Am{U gH$mir CR>ë`mZ§Va bKdrbm OmÊ`mMr gd` AgVo. ednarjoMo doir _yÌme` nyU© ^abobo AmT>ibo Va Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y amÌr qH$dm gH$mi hmoÊ`mnydu Pmbm Agmdm Agm A§XmO ~m§YVm `oVmo. 3) H$mhr ì`º$s¨Zm ~hþYm gH$mir XmT>r H$aÊ`mMr gd` AgVo. edmMo XmT>rda Ho$g AmT>ië`mg gH$miMo nwîH$i doionydu Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm Agmdm Ago _ZmV `oVo. XmT>rMo Ho$g Mmodrg VmgmV gw_mao 0.4 {__r. JVrZo dmT>VmV. 4) _¥Ë`y Pmboë`m ì`º$sOdirb g_mMmanÌ, KS>çmi, ì`{º$JV {b{hbobo nÌ BË`mXrdê$Z gwÕm doioMo kmZ àmá hmoD$ eH$Vo. 5) ed EImÚm O§JbmV qH$dm PmS>oPwS>no Agboë`m {R>H$mUr nmM-ghm {Xdg nS>bobo Agob Va edmImbrb dZñnVr, PwS>no BË`mXr gy`©àH$memMo A^mdm_wio {ndir nS>bobr AgVmV. 6) ~hþYm ì`º$s gH$mir _bË`mJ H$aVmo. ednarjm H$aVmZm _moR>o AmVS>o ^abobo AmT>ië`mg gH$mi hmoÊ`mnydu Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm Agmdm Agm A§XmO bmdVm `oVmo. lll 32 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó àH$aU - 7 Chapter - 7 OI_m§Mo àH$ma (TYPES OF WOUNDS) OI_m§Mo àH$ma : 1) ABRASION (A°~«oOZ) IaMQ>boë`m, AmoaIS>boë`m OI_m. 2) CONTUSION / BRUISE (H$m°ÝQw>OZ {H§$dm ~w«P/Q>|Jyi, di, _wH$m_ma B.) 3) INCISED WOUND (BZgmB©ÁS> dw§S>/H$mnrd OI_) 4) LACERATED WOUND (b°gaoQ>oS> d§wS>/\$mQ>bobr OI_) 5) STAB WOUND / PUNCTURED WOUND (ñQ>°~ dwÝS>/n§ŠMaS> d§wS>/^mogH$bobr OI_) 6) FIRE ARM WOUND (\$m`a Am_© d§wS>/A{¾e_Z/~§XþH$sÀ`m JmoirMr OI_) CLW - CONTUSED LACERATED WOUND : H$R>rU d ~moWQ> (Hard & Blunt Substance) dñVyÀ`m AmKmVmZo Aem OI_m hmoVmV. Ë`m OI_m§À`m H$S>m§da gyO AmT>iyZ `oVo. 1) IaMQ>boë`m OI_m (Abrasion) : EImÚm H$R>rU d ~moWQ> qH$dm IS>~S>rV dñVyÀ`m earamdarb Kf©UmZo IaMQ>boë`m OI_m hmoVmV. CXm. Amo~S>Ymo~S> XJS>, XJS>mMm H$monam, hmVmMr ZIo O{_ZrMm n¥ð>^mJ ({deofV: AnKmVmV) gwédmVrbm IaMQ>boë`m OI_m bmbga {XgVmV Z§Va 12 Vo 24 VmgmZo Ë`mda Inbr V`ma hmoVo. 1) 2-3 {Xdgmn`ªV InbrMm a§J `mH$mimV bmbga {Zim hmoVmo. `mZ§Va hr Inbr H$miga {XgVo. 2) gmYmaU 4-7 {Xdgmn`ªV hr Inbr AmnmoAmn nSy>Z OmVo InbrÀ`m Imbr nm§T>aQ> MÅ>m gmYmaU 7-8 {Xdg {XgVmo d Z§Va 3) 10 {Xdgm§Z§Va nm§T>aQ> MÅ>m ~mH$sÀ`m Odirb ËdMogmaIm nyd©dV hmoVmo. `mdê$Z `m OI_m Ho$ìhm Pmë`m AgVrb `m~Ôb d¡ÚH$s` A{YH$mar _V àX{e©V H$aVmV. {H$aH$moi dmQ>Umè`m IaMQ>boë`m OI_m H$mhr KQ>Zo_Ü`o VnmgH$m_r Cn`moJr nS>VmV. Mohè`mdarb, ZmH$mVm|S>m Odirb IaMQ>boë`m OI_m hmoÊ`mMo H$maU ZmH$ d Vm|S> Xm~yZ _maÊ`mÀ`m KQ>Zm (Suffocation) JwX_ê$Z _¥Ë`y. Jù`mda ZIm§_wio Pmbobo AmoaIS>o Jim hmVmZr Xm~ë`m_wio AmT>iVmV (Throttling) ~bmËH$mamÀ`m KQ>Zo_Ü`o ór d nwéfm§À`m Xm|KmÀ`mhr A§Jmda ZIm§Mo AmoaIS>o AmT>iyZ `oVmV Jù`mda, hmVmda, N>mVrda, _m§S>rda d Jwám§Jmda B. {R>H$mUr. AnKmVmV IaMQ>boë`m OI_m O{_Zrda ì`º$s nS>ë`mZ§Va H$mhr A§Va KgaV OmVo Ë`m_wio H$nS>çmÀ`m AmVyZ Pmboë`m AgVmV. VgoM EH$mM {XeoZo Pmboë`m AgVmV. 2) _wH$m_ma/di (Contusion / Bruise) : H$moUË`mhr H$R>rU d ~moWQ> dñVyMm AmKmV earamda Pmë`mda H$m°ÝQy>OZ hmoVo. `m_Ü`o _ma bmJë`mda ËdMoImbr Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 33 Agboë`m aº$dm{hÝ`m M|Jaë`m OmVmV Ë`m_YyZ Pmbobm aº$òmd ËdMoImbr ñZm`y_Ü`o EH$m {R>H$mUr O_m hmoVmo. Ë`mg EH$mo_rgrg Agohr åhUVmV. H$m°ÝQw>OZMr H$mb_`m©Xm Ë`mVrb a§J ~Xbm_wio {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo Vr Aer :- 1) gwédmVrbm OI_ bmbga {XgVo. 2) Z§VaÀ`m VrZ {Xdgm§V {Zir, {Ziga H$mir, Vn{H$ar a§JmMr {XgVo. 3) 5 Vo 6 {Xdgm§V Ë`mV {hadQ> a§J {Z_m©U Pmbobm {XgVmo. 4) 7 Vo 12 {Xdgm§V Ë`mV {ndiQ> a§J {Z_m©U Pmbobm {XgVmo. 5) gmYmaU 14-15 {Xdgm§V {ndiQ> a§J hiyhiy {\$¸$Q> hmoV OmD$Z Vr ËdMm nyd©dV {Xgy bmJVo. `m a§J ~Xbmdê$Z d¡ÚH$s` A{YH$mar OI_ Ho$ìhm Pmbr Amho? ho gm§Jy eH$VmV. H$m°ÝQw>OZMo {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd : 1) OI_ H$em_wio Pmbr Amho Vo g_OVo. CXm.- {H«$Ho$Q> qH$dm hm°H$sMm M|Sy> bmJë`mda Jmob-OI_ {XgVo. (O) 2) H$mR>r, bmR>r, Cgm_wio Pmbr Agë`mg g_m§Va aofoV di C_Q>VmV. 3) MoZ, Mm~yH$ `m_wio hmoUmè`m OI_m Ë`m dñVyÀ`m AmH$mamà_mUo {XgVmV. 4) AZoH$ H$m°ÝQw>OZ_wio Vrd« ñdê$nmÀ`m doXZo_wio EImÚm doiog _¥Ë`y `oD$ eH$Vmo. nmoQ>mÀ`m darb ^mJmV qH$dm nwéfm§_Ü`o A§S>me`mg OmoamV _ma bmJë`mg _¥Ë`y KSy>Z `oVmo. `m OI_m AÝ`KmVr qH$dm AnKmVr AgVmV. AmË_KmVr AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm \$ma H$_r AgVo. 3) doS>rdmH$S>r/\$mQ>bobr OI_ (Lacerated Wound) : EImÚm H$R>rU d ~moWQ> dñVyMm àhma Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m {R>H$mUMr ËdMm \$mQ>Vo ËdMoImbrb noer, ñZm`y \$mQ>VmV. OI_m§À`m H$S>m A{Z`{_V, doS>çmdmH$S>çm, XmVaboë`m Aem {XgyZ `oVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m OI_m, XJS>, {dQ>m, ~mQ>br, H$mR>r, bmoI§S>r nhma OS> ^m§S>o B. _wio hmoVmV. VgoM _moR>çm XJS>mda AmnQ>ë`m_wio qH$dm nS>ë`m_wio gwÕm hmoVmV. OZmdam§À`m XmVm§_wio, OZmdam§À`m ZIm§_wio VgoM qeJm_wio gwÕm Aem OI_m Pmboë`m AmT>iyZ `oVmV. Aem OI_mVyZ aº$òmd _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbobm {XgVmo. H$mhr doiog AmKmV OmoamV Pmbm Agë`mg Imbr Agboë`m hmS>mMo \°$ŠMa hmoVo. Á`m dñVy_wio OI_ Pmbr Amho, Ë`m dñVyMm H$mhr A§e OI_oV AmT>iVmo. CXm :- a§JrV H$mR>rMm a§J (~marH$ H$U) OI_oV AmT>iVmV. Oa OI_m AnKmVr AgVrb Va O{_ZrÀ`m g§nH$m©_wio VoWrb _mVr, Yyi, {MIb B. OI_oV AmT>iVo. H$mhr doiog dmhZm§À`m Imbrb ^mJmVrb Am°B©b, J«rg B. OI_oV AmT>iyZ `oVo. {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd :- OI_m ~hþYm AÝ`KmVr qH$dm AnKmVr AgVmV ¹${MV AmË_KmVr AgVmV. CLW Contused Lacerated Wound : Aem OI_m {deofV: S>moŠ`mda, nm`mÀ`m ZS>Jrda åhUOoM ËdMoImbr hmS> AgUmè`m ^mJmda {XgVmV. H$R>rU d ~moWQ> dñVyÀ`m àhmamZo ËdMm bJoM \$mQ>Vo. \$mQ>boë`m ËdMoÀ`m H$S>m gwOboë`m {XgVmV. 4) H$mnrd OI_ [Incised Wound (I.W.)] : Aem OI_m YmaXma eómZo Pmboë`m AgVmV. (Sharp cutting edged Weapon) eómMm Yma Agbobm ^mJ ËdModê$Z Mmbdbm AgVm ËdMm, ËdMoImbrb noer, ñZm`y H$mnbo OmVmV. `m OI_m§Mo R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó - 3 34 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó OI_m§À`m H$S>mdê$Z H$mnrd OI_ AmoiIVm `oVo. OI_oÀ`m H$S>m g\$mB©XmanUo ì`dpñWVnUo (Clean Cut Margins) (edges) H$mnboë`m AgVmV. ËdMoImbrb noer ñZm`y, g\$mB©Xma H$mnbobo {XgVmV. OI_oVrb aº$dm{hZrgwÕm g\$mB©XmanUo H$mnë`m Joë`m_wio `m OI_oVyZ aŠVòmd _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVm§Zm AmT>iVmo. Aem OI_m _Ü`^mJr \$mH$boë`m CH$bboë`m (Gaping) d ~mOy§Zr {Z_wiË`m Pmboë`m {XgVmV. AmH¥$Vr OI_ Aem OI_m Imbrb eóm§Zr hmoVmV. CXm :- ãboS>, dñVam, \w$Q>bobr H$mM, MmHy$ B. Hw$R>bohr Yma Agbobo eó. {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd : 1) `m OI_m H$em_wio Pmë`m AmhoV Vo gm§JVm `oVo. 2) eó H$moUË`m {XeoZo Mmb{dbo Amho ho gm§JVm `oVo. eó àW_ earamda bmJboë`m {R>H$mUr OI_ WmoS>r Imob AgVo d {OWyZ eó ~mhoa H$mT>bo Agob Ë`m {R>H$mUr OI_ dada d OmñV {Z_wiVr Pmbobr {XgVo. 3) Aem OI_m ~hþYm AÝ`KmVr earamda Hw$R>ohr AmT>iVmV. AnKmVr H$mnrd OI_m AnKmVm_wio AmoiIUo eŠ` hmoVo. AmË_KmVr/ñdV:hÿZ Ho$boë`m OI_m earamÀ`m R>am{dH$ ^mJmda d dada Ho$boë`m AgVmV. CXm. : COì`m hmVmÀ`m ì`º$sZo earamÀ`m S>mì`m ^mJmda, X§S>mda _ZJQ>mda, N>mVrda B. {R>H$mUr d S>mdIwè`m _mUgmZo COì`m ^mJmda OI_m Ho$boë`m AmT>iVmV. åhUOoM WmoS>Š`mV hmV ghOmghOr nmohmoMob Ë`m ^mJmda OI_m AmT>iVmV. (ãboS>, H$mMoZo Ho$boë`m AgVmV) {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd : ñdV:hÿZ Ho$boë`m OI_m H$ñQ>S>rVrb Amamonr, Vwé§JmVrb H¡$Xr, qH$dm doS>r _mUgo H$aVmV. Amamonr / H¡$Xr OI_m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$maU Vnmgr A§_bXmamda _mahmUrMo ImoQ>o Amamon H$aUo `m_wio VnmgmMr {Xem ~XbUo, Vnmgr A§_bXmamg AS>MUrV AmUUo Agm AgVmo. `m OI_m dada AgVmV `mVyZ \$maM H$_r aº$òmd hmoVmo. VihmVmda d hmVmÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOyÀ`m OI_m AÝ`KmVr AgVmV. H$maU ñdV:Mm ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm eó hmVmV nH$S>ë`m_wio Aem OI_m Pmboë`m AmT>iVmV. 5) ^mogH$bobr OI_ (Stab Wound / Punctured Wound) : `m àH$maÀ`m OI_m EImXo Q>moH$ Agbobo (Pointed) eó qH$dm hË`ma A§JmV Kwgë`m_wio hmoVmV. bm§~r é§Xr nojm `m OI_m A{YH$ Imob Agë`mMo AmT>iVo åhUyZ `m OI_mV ImobnUm _hÎdmMm AgVmo. `m OI_m hmoÊ`mgmR>r Q>moH$ Agbobo hË`ma H$maUr^yV AgVo. CXm. Q>moH$Xma MmHy$, I§Ora, ^mbm, ~mU, gwB©, Xm~U, Q>moMm, Q>moH$ Agbobm nÌm, Q>moH$ Agbobr H$mÌr, H$mM B. H$mhr doiog hË`ma EH$m ~mOyZo AmV OmVo, Ë`mMo Xþgao Q>moH$ earamÀ`m Xþgè`m ~mOyZo ~mhoa Ambobo AmT>iVo. CXm. ~mU, ^mbm. Vbdma B. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 35 `m OI_m {H$Vr Imob AmhoV `mda Ë`m§Mo Jm§^r`© Adb§~yZ AgVo åhUOo earamVrb _hÎdmMo Ad`d, _moR>çm aº$dm{hÝ`m§Zm BOm hmoVo, A§VJ©V aº$òmd _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmo d _¥Ë`ygwÕm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$mhr doiog dê$Z OI_ {H$aH$moi {XgyZ `oVo na§Vw OI_ OmñV Imob Agob Va J§^ra AgVo. CXm. Q>moMm g§nyU© AmV earamV Jobm Agë`mg J§^ra BOm hmoVo. na§Vw dê$Z OI_ bhmZ {XgyZ `oVo. `m OI_m hmoVm§Zm eó qH$dm hË`mam_wio A§Jmdarb H$nS>çmMm bhmZ VwH$S>m OI_oV AmT>iyZ `oVmo, OI_m VnmgyZ nm{hë`mZ§Va H$moUË`m eómZo Pmë`m AmhoV ho gm§JVm `oVo. CXm. JmobmH$ma eó (Q>moMm, Xm~U, gwB©) EH$m ~mOyZr Yma Agbobo qH$dm XþYmar eó. 1) Single edged Weapon 2) Double edged Weapon. {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd : Aem OI_m ~hþYm AÝ`KmVr qH$dm AnKmVr AgVmV. AÝ`KmVr OI_m AZoH$ AgVmV ~hþYm N>mVr nmoQ> d _mZoÀ`m Imbrb ^mJmV OmñV à_mUmV AgVmV. H$maU eómZr àhma H$aVmZm ho ^mJ g_moa `oVmV. AnKmVr OI_m : dmhZmÀ`m AnKmVmV EImXm Q>moH$ Agbobm dmhZmMm ^mJ añË`mdarb Q>moH$ Agbobm XJS> B. A§Jm_Ü`o Kwgy eH$Vmo. AmË_KmVr ^mogH$boë`m OI_m ¹${MV AmT>iVmV. 6) Fire Arm Wound (Gun Shot Wound) (A¾r eómZo hmoUmar OI_) : (~§XþH$sÀ`m JmoirMr OI_) : ~§XþH$sÀ`m JmoirÀ`m OI_m Imbrb ~m~tda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. 1) {H$Vr A§Vamdê$Z Jmoir bmJbr Amho? 2) {H$Vr doJmZo Jmoir earamV Jobr Amho? 3) H$moUË`m eómZo Pmbr Amho? 4) Jmoir earamV OmVm§Zm EImÚm {R>H$mUr AmnQy>Z JmoirMm doJ H$_r Pmbm Amho H$m? Contact Shot - åhUOo _Pb (Muzzle) earamda Q>oH$bobo AgVo. Close range / Near range shot - åhUOo earamnmgyZ H$mhr B§M qH$dm 4 Vo 5 \y$Q> A§Vamdê$Z Jmoir bmJbr Agob. Distant Range Shot - åhUOo Xþê$Z Jmoir bmJbr Agob Va. OdiyZ Jmoir bmJbr Agë`mg EÝQ´>r dwÝS> ^modVr Burning, Blackening, Singeing of hairs, Scorch- ing, Tattooing {XgyZ `oVo. åhUOo CîUVo_wio ^mOë`mgma»`m JZ nmdS>a_wio d Ywam_wio H$miganUm OI_oÀ`m ^modVmbMo Ho$g hmoanibobo AY©dQ> Oimbobr d nyU© Oimbobr JZ nmdS>a doJmV ËdMo_Ü`o éVë`m_wio Jm|Xë`mgma»`m IwUm {XgVmV. Oa Jmoir Xÿa A§Vamdê$Z bmJbr Agob Va EÝQ´>r dw§S> ^modVmbÀ`m darb (ψ) IwUm {XgyZ `oV ZmhrV. EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m earamV Jmoir H$moUË`m {XeoZo Jobr Amho ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r Entry Wound d Exit Wound `mVrb \$aH$ AmoiIUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 36 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó ~§XþH$sÀ`m JmoirÀ`m ~hþYm XmoZ OI_m AgVmV EH$ n«doemMr OI_ (Entry Wound) d Xþgar Jmoir ~mhoa nS>ë`mMr OI_ (Exit Wound). EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m earamV Jmoir H$moUË`m {XeoZo Jobr Amho ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r Entry Wound d Exit Wound `mVrb \$aH$ AmoiIUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Entry Wound Exit Wound JmoirÀ`m àdoemMr OI_ Jmoir ~mhoa nmS>ë`mMr OI_ 1. hr OI_ ~hþYm bhmZ AgVo (JmoirÀ`m AmH$mamnojm 1. ~hþYm _moR>r AgVo. AmV JmoirMo VwH$S>o Pmbo AgVrb gwÕm bhmZ Agy eH$Vo) qH$dm hmS>mMo VwH$S>o Pmbo Va EH$mnojm OmñV Jmoir ~mhoa nS>ë`mÀ`m OI_m {XgVmV. 2. OI_oVyZ aº$òmd H$_r à_mUmV hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo. 2. aº$òmd _moR>çm à_mUmV {XgyZ `oVmo Oa Jmoir hmS>mbm bmJbr Agob Va aº$m~amo~a hmS>mMm Mwam ~mhoa `oVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo H$mhrdoiog Ad`dm§Mm bJXm gwÕm {XgyZ `oVmo. 3. OI_oÀ`m H$S>m AmVrb ~mOyg diboë`m AgVmV. 3. OI_oÀ`m H$S>m ~mhoarb ~mOyg diboë`m {XgyZ `oVmV. 4. H$nS>çmdê$Z Jmoir AmV Jobr Agë`mg H$nS>çmMm 4. H$nS>çmMm VwH$S>m OI_oÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOyg VwH$S>m OI_oÀ`m AmV {XgyZ `oVmo. bm|~H$iVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo. 5. OdiyZ Jmoir bmJë`mg OI_o^modVr CîUVo_wio 5. `mgma»`m IwUm `m OI_o^modVr {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. ^mOë`mgmaIm IwUm, JZ nmdS>a Ywam_wi,o H$miganUm, A§Jmdarb Ho$g hmoanibobo, JZ nmdS>a ËdMoV éOë`m_wio Jm|XÊ`mÀ`m IwUm (Burning Blackening] Singeing of hairs & tattooing) {XgyZ `oVmV. H$mhr H$nS>çm§da gwÕm H$miganUm CîUVo_i w o H$mnS> Oimbobo {XgyZ `oVo. 6. OI_oMm _mJ© H$m~m}Šgr {h_mo½bmo~rZ_wio Jwbm~r {XgyZ 6. Agm Jwbm~r a§J {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. `oVmo Oa _Pb Q>oH$dyZ Jmoir AmV Jobr Agob Va 7. OI_oÀ`m ^modVmbr ~°aob_Yrb J«rg_wio (Grease 7. Aer (Grease Collar) {XgV Zmhr. Collar) {XgVo- 8. ""j''-{H$aU qH$dm à`moJemioVrb VnmgUrdê$Z `m 8. Ago {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. OI_oImbr {egmMo dVw©i (Lead Ring) {XgyZ `oVo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 37 ~§XþH$sÀ`m JmoirÀ`m OI_m AmË_KmVr, AnKmVr d AÝ`KmVr H$em AmoiIm`À`m AgVmV. AmË_KmVr KQ>Zm AÝ`KmVr / AnKmVr KQ>Zm 1. VéU n«m¡T> nwéf `m nÕVrZo AmË_hË`m H$aVmZm 1. H$moUË`mhr d`moJQ>mVrb ì`º$s Agy eH$Vo. AmT>iVmV. 2. AmË_hË`m H$aUmè`m ì`º$sZo R>amdrH$ ^mJmda Jmoir 2. earamÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmda Jmoir bmJbobr AgVo. PmSy>Z KoVbobr AgVo. CXm. H$mZ{ebmMm ^mJ, H$nmimMm _Ü`^mJ, hZwdQ>rÀ`m ImbyZ Vm|S>mV nmoQ>mÀ`m darb ^mJmVyZ Vm|S>m_Ü`o Q>miyÀ`m ^mJmVyZ 3. earamda _Pb Q>oH$dyZ Jmoir PmS>bobr AgVo qH$dm 3. ~hþYm Xþê$Z Jmoir PmS>bb o r AgVo ¹${MV n«gJ§ r OdiyZ A{Ve` OdiyZ PmSy>Z KoVbobr AgVo. gwÕm Jmoir PmS>bobr AmT>iyZ `oVo. 4. ~hþYm EH$mM JmoirZo _¥Ë`y Pmbobm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. 4. EH$mnojm AZoH$ Jmoù`m bmJboë`m AmT>iVmV. (Hasitation shots) ¹${MV _mê$ H$s ZH$mo Aem _Z…pñWVrV EImXr Jmoir N>Vmbm qH$dm q^Vrg bmJbobr AmT>iVo. 5. AmË_hË`og eó hmVmÀ`m _wR>rV _aUmoÎma noQ>Š`mV 5. _aUmoÎma noQ>Š`mV eó AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr H$maU eó (Cadaveric Spasm) KÅ> nH$S>bobo AmT>iyZ `oVo. Ë`m {R>H$mUr ZgVo. _¥Ë`yZV§ a AmË_hË`oMm XoImdm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r IyZ H$ê$Z _¥VmÀ`m hmVmV eó R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg KÅ> nH$S>boë`m AdñWoV AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. 6. KQ>ZmñWimÀ`m {R>H$mUr AñVmì`ñVnUm, PQ>mnQ>rÀ`m 6. AñVmì`ñVnUm d PQ>mnQ>rÀ`m IwUm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. IwUm AmT>iyZ `oV ZmhrV. o r Amho 7. _maoH$è`m§Mr Jmoir H$moUË`mhr {XeoZo Jobobr AmT>iVo. 7. Jmoir earamV Jobëo `m OI_odê$Z ñdV: PmS>bb H$m Vo AmoiIVm `oVo. CXm.- COì`m hmVmÀ`m ì`º$sZo COì`m ~mOyZo Jmoir PmSy>Z KoVbobr AgVo. 38 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó ^mOboë`m OI_m : ^mOUo d nmoiUo (Burns & Scald) {d{Yd¡ÚH$ _hÎd : ^mOboë`m OI_m _¥Ë`wnyd© AmhoV qH$dm _¥Ë`yZ§VaÀ`m AmhoV. H$maU H$mhr JwÝhoJma EImÚm ì`º$sMm _¥Ë`y AmYr KS>dyZ AmUVmV (IyZ H$aVmV) d Vmo bn{dÊ`mgmR>r XoImdm {Z_m©U H$aVmV åhUyZ Aem doiog _¥Ë`wnyd© ^mOboë`m OI_m d _aUmoÎma ^mOboë`m OI_m `mVrb \$aH$ _mhrV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _¥Ë`wnyd© ^mOboë`m OI_m _aUmoÎma ^mOboë`m OI_m 1) ^mOboë`m OI_m ^modVmbr bmbganUm {XgyZ `oVmo. bmbganUm {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. 2) \$moS> `oVmV. Ë`m \$moS>mV ÐdnXmW© AgVmo. Ë`m ghgm \$moS> `oV ZmhrV Oa \$moS> Amë`mg Ë`mV \$º$ ÐdnXmWm©V jma, à{WZo d aº$noer AgVmV. hdm AgVo. 3) OI_ ~ar hmoÊ`mMr {MÝho {XgyZ `oVmV OI_ ~ar hmoÊ`mMr {MÝho {XgyZ `oV ZmhrV. (Oa OI_ OwZr Agob Va) 4) OI_oV amoJO§Vy Jobo Va ny Pmbobm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. ny Pmbobm AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. 5) nmoñQ>_mQ>_© H$aVmZm ídmg_mJm©À`m darb ^mJmV AmVrb nmoñQ>_mQ>©_ _Ü`o Ago AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. ~mOyg H$miga H$mOirgmaIm Wa AmT>iyZ `oVmo H$maU ídmg KoVm§Zm ZmH$mVm|S>mVyZ Yya ídmg_mJm©V Joë`m_wio Ago {XgVo. (ho ImÌrera {MÝh _¥Ë`y ^mOë`m_wio Agë`mMo Amho.) ^mOUo : earamÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmg A¾rÀ`m Ádmbm, CËg{O©V CîUVm qH$dm EImXm H$R>rU Vmnbobm YmVy `mMm ñne© Pmë`mg Á`m OI_m hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm ^mOUo Ago åhUVmV. {d{Yd¡ÚH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Kf©Um_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m OI_m, T>JmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m {dOo_wio hmoUmè`m OI_m, KaJwVr dmnamÀ`m {dOo_wio Pmboë`m OI_m "j' {H$aU qH$dm Vrd« ñdê$nmÀ`m XmhH$ agm`Zm§Zr Pmboë`m OI_m§Zm ^mOUo Ago åhUVmV. nmoiUo : EImXm Ðd nXmW© Ë`mÀ`m CËH$bZ q~Xÿn`ªV Vmnbobm AgVmZm A§Jmda nS>ë`mg AWdm H$moUË`mhr Ðd nXmWm©Mr dm\$ A§Jmda Amë`mg Ë`m_wio Á`m OI_m hmoVrb Ë`m§Zm nmoiUo Ago åhUVmV. ^mOboë`m OI_m§Mo dJuH$aU : 1 br {S>J«r : earamMm n¥ð>^mJ \$º$ bmbga hmoD$Z \$moS> `oUo. 2 ar {S>J«r : ^mOë`m_wio g§nyU© ËdMm ^mOUo. 3 ar {S>J«r : ñZm`y, earamÀ`m AmVrb ZmOyH$ d _hÎdmMo Ad`d d hmS>o OiyZ Zï> hmoUo. Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 39 ^mOë`m_wio Or{dVmg YmoH$m {Z_m©U H$aUmao _wÔo : 1) earamMm ^mObobm ^mJ (Ad`d). 2) ^mOboë`m OI_oMr Imobr. 3) ^mOboë`m OI_m§Zr ì`mnbobm earamMm n¥ð>^mJ. 4) ^mOboë`m ì`º$sMo d`. 5) CîUVoMm earamda n[aUm_ Pmbobm H$mi. 6) Oa earamÀ`m EHy$U n¥ð>^mJmn¡H$s 1/3 n¥ð>^mJ ^mObobm Agob Va _¥Ë`y AQ>i AgVmo. _aUmoÎma {MÝho : ~mø {MÝho : 1) ËdModa {Z`{_V d A{Z`{_V H$S>m Agboë`m ^oJm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. 2) S>moŠ`mÀ`m H$dQ>rMr hmS>o gwQ>r gwQ>r Pmbobr AgVrb d Ë`m_YyZ _|XÿMm ^mJ ~mhoa Ambobm {Xgob. 3) g§ajUmË_H$ (_w{ï>`moÜ`mMm n{dÌm) `m àH$mamV àoVmMo nm`, H$_a d JwS>Ko `m_YyZ Q>mH$bobo d hmV H$monam_YyZ dmH$bobo AgyZ, _wÇ>r KÅ> Amdiboë`m AgVmV. XmoÝhr hmV earamÀ`m g_moa AmT>iyZ `oVmV. Am§Va {MÝho : 1) S>moŠ`mÀ`m H$dQ>rÀ`m hmS>m§À`m AñVr^§J Pmbobm {XgyZ `oB©b. 2) _|Xÿ d _|Xÿdarb AmdaUo aº$g§M``wº$ AmT>iyZ `oVmV. 3) \w$â\w$gmdarb AmdaU gwObobo d aº$g§M``wº$ {XgyZ `oB©b. 4) \w$â\w$go gwObobr d aº$g§M``wº$ AmT>iyZ `oVrb. 5) öX`mMo H$ßno aº$mZo ^abobo AmT>iyZ `oVrb. 6) OR>a d bhmZ AmVS>o `m§Mo AmVrb ^mJ gwObobm d aº$g§M``wº$ {XgyZ `oB©b. 7) bhmZ AmVS>çmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m ^mJmda ~è`mM à_mUmV Aëga {Z_m©U Pmbobo {XgyZ `oVrb. ho ^mOyZ _¥Ë`y Pmë`mMo ImÌrera {MÝho Amho. {d{Yd¡ÚH$s` _wÔo : 1) _¥Ë`y ^mOë`m_wioM KSy>Z Ambm Amho H$m`? 2) EImXo AY©dQ> Oimbobo n«oV AmT>iyZ Amë`mg Ë`mdê$Z _¥Ë`yMo H$maU earamÀ`m Z Oimboë`m ^mJmda J§^ra ñdénmÀ`m OI_m AmT>iyZ Amë`mg ~maH$mB©Zo VnmgyZ nm{hbo nm{hOo. bhmZ AmVS>çmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m ^mJmda ~è`mM à_mUmV Aëga AmT>iyZ Amë`mg Vmo _¥Ë`y ^mOë`m_wioM Pmbm, Ago {gÕ hmoVo. 3) ^mOUo hr {H«$`m AnKmVr, AmË_KmVr qH$dm AÝ`KmVr hmoVr H$m`? AnKmVr : ^mOboë`m OI_m§À`m _wio _¥Ë`y `oUo ho AnKmVr ñdê$nmMo AgVo. H$maUo : 1) IoS>çmV CKS>çmda XJS>m§À`m qH$dm {dQ>m§À`m Mwbrda ñd`§nmH$ H$aUo. 2) IoS>çmV amÌr COoS>mH$[aVm am°Ho$bÀ`m {Xì`m§Mm dmna H$aUo. 40 Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó 3) AnKmVmZo EH$mEH$s CH$iË`m XþYmV qH$dm nmÊ`mV nS>Uo. 4) H$maImZo d B§{OZ ê$åg `m {R>H$mUr AnKmVmZo nmoibo OmUo. 5) CîUVoMm earamda n[aUm_ Pmbobm H$mi. 6) Oa earamÀ`m EHy$U n¥ð>^mJmn¡H$s 1/3 ^mJ ^mOyZ Zï> Pmbobm Agob Va _¥Ë`y AQ>i AgVmo. _aUmoÎma {MÝho : ~mø{MÝho : 1) ËdModa {Z`{_V d A{Z`{_V H$S>m Agboë`m ^oJm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. 2) H$dQ>rMr hmS>o gwQ>r gwQ>r Pmbobr AgVrb d Ë`mVyZ _|Xÿ ~mhoa Ambobm H$Yr H$Yr {Xgob. 3) g§ajUmË_H$ n{dÌm - øm àH$mamV àoVmMo nm`, H§$~a d JwS>Ko øm_YyZ dmH$bobo VgoM hmV H$monamVyZ dmH$bobo d _wR>r Amdiboë`m Am{U hmV N>mVrg_moa Yabobo {XgVmV. Am§Va{MÝho : 1) H$dQ>rMm ^§J Pmbobm AmT>iyZ `oVmo. 2) _|Xÿ d AmdaUo aº$g§M``wŠV Ago {XgVmV. 3) \w$â\w$gmdarb AmdaUo gwObobr d aº$g§M``wº$ Aer {XgVmV. 4) \w$â\w$go gwObobr d aº$g§M``wº$ Aer AmT>iyZ `oVmV. 5) öX`mMo H$ßno aº$mZo ^abobo AmT>iVmV. 6) OR>a d bhmZ AmVS>çmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m ^mJmda Aëgg© {Z_m©U hmoD$Z \w$Q>bobo AmT>iVmV. ho ^mOyZ _¥Ë`y Amë`mMo ImÌrera Ago {MÝh Amho. 7) `H¥$V ßbrhm d _yÌqnS> gwObobo AgVmV. {d{Yd¡ÚH$s` : _wÔo : 1) _¥Ë`y ^mOë`m_wioM KSy>Z Ambm Amho H$m`? EImXo AY©dQ> Oimbobo àoV AmT>iyZ Amë`mg àoVmMm Omo ^mJ em~yV Agob Ë`mda J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m OI_m Agë`mg Ë`mdê$Z _¥Ë`yMo H$maU g_OyZ `oVo. bhmZ AmVS>çmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m ^mJmda Aëgg© AmT>iyZ Amë`mg _¥Ë`y ^mOë`m_wioM Pmbobm Amho Ago {gÕ hmoB©b. 2) ^mOUo AnKmVr, AmË_KmVr qH$dm AmË_KmVr hmoVo H$m`? A) AnKmVr ^mOUo - ^mOë`m_wio hmoUmè`m OI_m d KSy>Z `oUmao _¥Ë`y ho ~hþVm§er AnKmVr ñdê$nmMoM AgVmV. Ë`mMr H$maUo :- 1) IoS>çmV CKS>çmda ñd`§nmH$ H$aUo. 2) IoS>çmV amÌr COoS>mgmR>r am°Ho$bÀ`m {Xì`m§Mm dmna H$aVmV. 3) AnKmVmZo CH$iË`m XþYmV AWdm Ja_ nmÊ`mV nS>Uo. 4) H$maImÝ`mVrb B§{OZê$__Ü`o AnKmV Pmë`mg Ja_ Vob A§Jmda CS>më`mZoXoIrb AnKmVr nmoiUo øm ñdê$nmÀ`m OI_m hmoVmV. lll Ý`m`d¡ÚH$ emó

MPA Forensic Science 2.pdf

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