Morphology-of-Flowering-Plants-1.pdf

Morphology of Flowering Plants © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Key Takeaway Morphology 1 2 Shoot system 3 Functions Modifications Flower Arrangement Classification © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Root system Types of roots Functions of roots Tap root modifications 4 5 Leaves...

Morphology of Flowering Plants © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Key Takeaway Morphology 1 2 Shoot system 3 Functions Modifications Flower Arrangement Classification © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Root system Types of roots Functions of roots Tap root modifications 4 5 Leaves Parts of a typical leaf Types of leaves Arrangement of leaves Modifications 6 Fruit 7 8 Floral formula symbols 11 Fabaceae Solanaceae Liliaceae Brassicaceae © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Seeds 9 10 Floral families Ovary Summary Floral diagram Morphology Morphology: Study of external form and structure. Phytomorphology: Study of the form and structure of plants. Root develops from the radicle. Shoot system Root system Radicle © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Morphology Flower helps in reproduction Shoot system Leaf performs photosynthesis Fruit protects the seeds Stem supports the plant Root system © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Root absorbs water and minerals from soil Root System Root is a non-green, underground portion of the plant that primarily helps in mineral and water absorption, as well as provides anchorage to the plant. Root Root hair (epidermal cells) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Zone/ region of Description Maturation Cells in this zone are fully differentiated performing specific functions. Roots hairs are present for absorption. Elongation Cells undergo growth and elongation. Meristematic activity Cells undergo continuous cell division. Root cap Root cap protects meristematic tissue. Types of Roots Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root Direct elongation of radicle. Arises from stem base. Arises from parts other than radicle like stem, node, leaves, etc. Primary, secondary and tertiary roots are present; bears lateral roots. Primary root is short-lived; roots are of similar in size & highly branched. Can be nodal roots, stem roots, crown roots, junction roots. Present in dicots such as mustard. Present in monocots such as wheat. Present in both monocots (Monstera) & dicots (Banyan). © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Functions of Roots Support Water is drawn up the plant by roots. This column of water supports the plant. Anchorage The roots anchor the plant in the compost. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Absorption Roots take up water containing minerals. Synthesis of PGRs (plant growth regulators) Tap Root Modifications Storage of food Conical root Fusiform root Napiform root Tuberous root Conical in shape, i.e. they are widest at the top and taper towards the bottom. Spindle shaped, i.e. they are widest in the middle and taper towards the top and bottom. Top like, i.e. they are swollen at the top and taper abruptly at the bottom. Thickened tap root with no definite shape. Carrot © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Radish Turnip 4’ O clock plant Tap Root Modifications For respiration The aerial roots specialized for gaseous exchange in plants are called pneumatophores or respiratory roots. They develop in mangrove plants, i.e., plants growing in saline marshes. These roots grow vertically upward and are negatively geotropic. Air enters these roots through minute breathing pores called pneumathodes, present on the surface of vertical roots. Example., Rhizophora. Pneumatophore root Normal root Rhizophora © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Adventitious Root Modifications For storage of food For the support  Stilt roots o Roots arise obliquely from lower nodes of the stem. o Sweet potato Maize They get swollen and store food  Prop roots o They are thick, pillar-like roots. o Banyan tree © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Examples: Sugarcane, maize. o The roots arise from branches of the plant and grow downward towards soil. Example: Banyan tree. Shoot System   Stem is the ascending part of the plant that develops from plumule of the seed. It is positively phototropic, negatively geotropic & hydrotropic. Axillary Bud Condensed, embryonic shoot growing at the axil that grows into leaf or branch Internode Interval between two consecutive nodes Stem Apical Bud Helps in longitudinal growth Node Points on a stem where the buds, leaves and branching twigs originate Axil Angle between leaf and stem © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Functions of Shoot System Buds help the plant to grow Vegetative propagation through stem Eg., Rose Stem also stores food Supports aerial parts like fruit, flower, leaves © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Conduction of water, food and minerals Modifications of Shoot Underground stem modifications Sub-aerial stem modifications Modification for support & protection Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand and Colocasia are modified to store food in them. Some plants develop slender, spirally coiled structure from axillary buds which curl around for support. E.g. - gourds, cucumber. They help in riding over conditions unfavourable for growth. E.g. - Rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb. In other, axillary buds modify into woody, straight and pointed thorns which protect from predation and conserve water. E.g. - Citrus, Bougainvillea. Runner Grows parallel or horizontal to ground & bears buds, scale leaves (reduced & modified). Stolon Offset It grows like an arch and then touches the ground, gives rise to new shoots and roots. Grows laterally, bears rosette of leaves and a tuft of adventitious roots at the node. Seen in aquatic plants © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Bulb It comes out upward from the area below soil surface, giving rise to leafy shoots. It is known as an underground runner. Leaves Seed’s embryo has a region known as SAM (Shoot apical meristems). Leaves originate from SAM which is located between cotyledons. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) Cotyledons © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. As the shoot grows, the shoot apical meristematic region gets shifted to a position slightly above the region from where the first set of leaves emerge. Shoot apex has meristematic cells which are multipotent stem cells. Cotyledon Seed coat Root apical meristem (RAM) SAM Parts of a Typical Leaf  Leaf has a flat structure and arises from the nodes of a stem.  Bud arises from axil, which later develops into leaf, shoot, branch or flower.  The typical leaf has three main parts: leaf base, petiole and lamina/leaf blade. Bud Node Leaf Leaf base  The leaf is attached to the stem via leaf base. Lamina/ leaf blade Stem Structure of leaf  Two lateral leaf-like structures present on either side of the leaf base are known as stipules.  In monocots (grasses), the leaf base extends to form a sheath.  In some leguminous plants, the leaf base may become swollen. o This swollen leaf base is known as the pulvinus. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Parts of a Typical Leaf Petiole  Petiole helps hold the leaf blade above the level of stem to capture light.   Long, thin, and flexible petioles help leaf blades flutter in the wind. This brings fresh air to the leaf surface. Petioles are often referred to as stalks. Lamina  Leaf blade, also known as lamina, is the expanded green part of the leaf.  Veinlets (Network of veins arising from the lateral veins) Veins (Lateral veins arise from the midrib) Midrib (The middle prominent vein) Leaf lamina is of various shapes. Leaf may have different margins and apex as well. Veins  Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade. They also act as channels of transport for water, minerals, and food materials. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Parts of a Typical Leaf Venation: arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf lamina (Based on branching) Parallel Reticulate   Veinlets form a network Most dicots © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.   Veins run parallel Most monocots Types of Leaves Types of leaves (Based on the leaf blade) Simple Incisions of the lamina do not touch the midrib in simple leaf. A bud is present in the axil of petiole in simple leaves. It is known as the axillary or lateral bud. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Compound Incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib, breaks into a number of leaflets. Such a leaf is known as a compound leaf. Axillary bud is present in the axil of the petiole of compound leaves but absent in the leaflets. Midrib Leaflet Axillary bud Types of Leaves Types of leaves Simple Pinnately compound Leaflets found on common axis termed as rachis. e.g., Neem © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Compound Based on leaflet arrangement Palmately compound Leaflets are attached to a common point (tip of petiole) e.g., Silk cotton Arrangement of Leaves  Arrangement of leaves on the stem is called phyllotaxy Phyllotaxy Opposite Alternate Single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner. E.g: Hibiscus, sunflower, mustard © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other. E.g. – Calotropis Whorled More than two leaves arise from a single node. E.g: Alstonia Leaf Modification Types of leaf modification Defence and support Carnivorous leaves Spines Traps Pitchers © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Phyllode Tendrils Leaf Modification Carnivorous leaves Leaf lamina gets modified to trap insects. Insectivorous plants are photoautotrophic. However, they grow in soil which lacks nitrogen. To fulfil the requirement of nitrogen, they trap insects. Examples: Venus flytrap, Pitcher plant (Here, leaf lamina is modified as a pitcher). © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Spines Cacti have swollen stems. The leaves are modified as tender coiled structures which provide support and help in climbing. Example: Pea. Leaves are modified as spines, they also provide protection. In some plants, the axillary bud converts into tendrils. Example: Cucumber. In some plants, the leaf tip is modified to tendrils to touch and twine around objects. The leaves are reduced to spines to minimise water loss. Tendrils Leaf Modification Phyllode Storage  Some leaves are modified to store food.  Photosynthetic modified petioles are known as phyllodes. Example: Acacia.  Garlic and onion are edible leaves but their outer leaves are dry scale leaves.  The leaves are short-lived. To increase photosynthesis, the leaf petiole expands. It turns green and performs photosynthesis. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Flower  Flower is a modified shoot. Stigma  Leaf arises from the node.  The space between two nodes is the internode.  Shoot transforms into a flower, floral appendages develop at nodes.  As the shoot transforms to flower, the internodes do not elongate. Further, the axis gets compressed.  The floral appendages include calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), stamens (androecium), and carpels (gynoecium).  Pedicel is the stalk of a plant that connects the flower with the stem of the plant. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Style Stamen Ovary Anther Filament Petal Ovule Sepal Pedicel Pistil Arrangement of Flowers Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers on the floral axis Solitary Cymose Racemose  It is not a part of the inflorescence.  The main axis continues to grow and has no terminal flower.  Example: Pulsatilla  The flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession.   The main axis terminates in a flower. Hence, it is limited in growth.  The flowers are borne in a basipetal order.  Example: Jasmine Example: Gulmohar Young flowers Old flowers Pulsatilla Gulmohar © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Jasmine Classification of Flower  Bracts are green leaf-like structures.  Function: They protect the flower. Based on the presence of bracts Bracteate  Bracts Tulips - Bracteate Bracteate: Bracts are present at the base of pedicel. Example: Tulips o Symbol: Br Ebracteate  Ebracteate: In some flowers, bracts are absent. Example: Mustard flowers o Mustard flower Ebracteate Symbol: Ebr  Spathe: Bracts that are modified into colourful and bright ones.  Their function is to attract pollinators. Example: Bougainvillea © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Classification of Flower  A flower consists of four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.  Whorl is a term used for the arrangement of sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels, which radiate from a common point surrounding the stem or stalk. Based on the number of whorls Types of whorls Non-essential whorls (Accessory whorls) Calyx Corolla Essential whorls Androecium They are not directly involved in sexual reproduction of plants. These parts may participate in attracting the pollinators. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Complete Incomplete Carpel Gynoecium Stamen Petal These are directly involved in sexual reproduction, i.e., seed formation. Sepal All 4 whorls present 1 or more whorl absent Classification of Flower Classification of flower based on presence of sexual reproductive organ Staminate Pistillate Sex-switching plants  Only androecium is present.  Only gynoecium is present.  It is found in dioecious plants.   It is also found in unisexual flower in monoecious plants. o Example: Male papaya flower. It is found in dioecious plants. o Example: Female Cucurbit flower. Staminode  They express sexual differences at different stages of growth. Bisexual  The stamen present is rudimentary.   Stamen is sterile, i.e., it does not produce pollen grains. o Example: Cassia Both androecium and gynoecium are present in the same flower.  It is found in monoecious plants. o Example: Hibiscus. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Classification of Flower Based on number of appendages Trimerous 3 or multiple of 3 units  Example: Monocot flowers - Lily © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Tetramerous 4 or multiple of 4 units  Example: Dicot flowers - Primrose Pentamerous 5 or multiple of 5 units  Example: Dicot flowers - Crassula ovata Non-essential Whorls Calyx Corolla Perianth Definition Outermost whorl of flower consisting of green leaf like structures called sepals Whorl of flower consisting of petals of various shapes like tubular, bell shaped, funnel-shaped or wheelshaped enclosing reproductive organs of plant Petals and sepals together are called tepals. They are found in monocots Function Protection of flower at the bud stage Attract pollinators Protection of flower and to attract pollinators Symbol K C P Petal Sepal © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Tepal Tulip Non-essential Whorls Calyx Corolla Classification based on free or united appendages Polysepalous Gamosepalous Polypetalous Gamopetalous Definition Sepals are separated and free Sepals are fused and united Petals are separated and free Petals are fused and united Symbol Kn (n= number of sepals) K(n) (n= number of sepals) Cn (n= number of petals) C(n) (n= number of petals) Example Rose Tomato Rose Tomato © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Aestivation Aestivation : arrangement of sepals and petals with respect to other members of the same whorl Valvate Sepals or petals in a whorl touch one other at the margin Twisted One margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one Calotropis © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Cotton, lady's finger Imbricate Margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction Cassia, gulmohar Vexillary Largest petal (standard) overlaps the two lateral (wings) that overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel) Pea plant Symmetry in Flowers Symmetry Actinomorphic ( ) Flowers that can be cut in any plane to get equal halves Chilli © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Zygomorphic (%) Flowers that can be cut in only one plane to get equal halves Gulmohar and bean Asymmetric ($) Flowers that can not be divided into equal halves Canna Essential Whorls : Androecium  Stamens are collectively termed as androecium.  Function: It helps in sexual reproduction in plants.  Symbol: It is represented by A.  Parts of androecium o Stamen: It is the male reproductive organ of a flower. It has the following 3 parts: ▪ Filament: It is the stalk of the stamen. ▪ Anther: It is the bilobed structure of stamen. It houses pollen grains required for pollination. ▪ Connective: It is the sterile part that connects anther lobes. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Anther Connective Filament Stamen Classification of Androecium Based on fusion of stamen to floral parts Epipetalous Stamens are attached to petals Brinjal © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Epiphyllous Stamens are attached to perianth Lily Classification of Androecium Based on unification of filaments Polyandrous (free stamens) Monadelphous Adelphous (united stamens) Diadelphous Polyadelphous Distinct stamen Connate stamens Filaments of the stamens are fused as single bundle Example- China rose © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Filaments of the stamens are in 2 bundles Example- Pea Filaments of the stamens are in several bundles Example- Citrus Essential Whorls: Gynoecium Corolla (Petals) Anther Filament Calyx (Sepals) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.  Group of pistils are collectively called gynoecium  Represented by letter ‘G’ Stigma  Pistil or carpel is the female reproductive organ Style  It has 3 parts - Ovary o Stigma – Receptive surface for pollen grains o Style - Connects the ovary to the stigma o Ovary – Enlarged basal part Classification of Gynoecium Single Carpel Multiple, free carpels Based on unification of carpels Monocarpellary Example: Fabaceae members Apocarpous Examples: Rose, lotus Multiple, fused carpels © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Syncarpous Examples: Mustard, tomato Classification of Flowers Based on Gynoecium Position Superior ovary Inferior ovary Based on position of ovary Hypogynous Epigynous Half inferior ovary Perigynous © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Classification of Flowers Based on Gynoecium Position Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous Position of gynoecium Highest Centre Lowest (Thalamus margin grows upwards enclosing ovary & fused to the ovary) Position of other whorls Below gynoecium At the rim of thalamus at the same level Above ovary Ovary position Superior Half inferior Inferior Symbol G -G- G Example Hibiscus, mustard flower, brinjal flower Rose, plum, peach flower Sunflower, guava flower, cucumber flower © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Ovary  Ovary is enlarged basal portion of the the female organ (carpel or pistil) of a flower.  An ovary has one or more chambers known as locules.  Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to it which develop into seeds upon fertilisation.  Ovary wall develops into pericarp when ovary ripens.  Ovules are connected to the ovary by placenta.  Funiculus is a stalk like structure. Ovary wall (pericarp) Placenta Funiculus Ovule (seed) Locule (chamber) Parts of ripened ovary © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Classification of Ovary Based on arrangement of ovules Placentation is the method by which the placenta is distributed inside the ovary of the plants. Types Placentation Examples Axile Ovules attached to axial placenta in a multilocular ovary Orange, tomato Marginal Parietal Free-central Basal © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Ovules attached to ridgelike placenta Ovules develop on inner wall of ovary Ovules are borne on the central axis with no septa Placenta develop at the base of the ovary and single ovule is attached Pea Cantaloupe Primrose, Dianthus Marigold, sunflower Fruit The fruit is a ripened ovary, while the ovule develops into seeds post-fertilization. The fruit wall or pericarp is differentiated into three layers. Parts of fruit Epicarp- Outermost layer Mesocarp- Middle layer Endocarp- Innermost layer © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Seed Endocarp Mesocarp Epicarp Pericarp Types of Fruit True fruits    Develop from mature ovary after fertilization  Usually the mesocarp is the edible portion  Examples- Mango, peas. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Parthenocarpic fruits False fruits Develop from parts of flower other than the ovary ExampleApple and pear thalamus or the receptacle develops into the fleshy, edible portion  Formed without fertilisation  Seedless fruits are formed  Parthenocarpy can be natural or induced  Can be induced using growth factors  Example- Grapes, banana Simple Fruits Development of simple fruits From monocarpellary ovary From multicarpellary ovary Develops from a single ovary containing one carpel. E.g. - Mango and coconut (fruit is called drupe). Develops from a single ovary containing multiple fused carpels. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Types of simple fruits Fleshy Pericarp is differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Dry Pericarp is not differentiated into 3 layers. Seeds Seed develops from fertilised ovule.  Seed dispersal is the mechanism by which plant seeds are transported to new sites for germination. It is found inside the fruit. Cotyledon Forms food reserve for the growing seedling Embryo develops into a new plant Seed coat Protects the seed Parts of a seed © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Endosperm Endosperm is a nutritive tissue stored in the seed for the nourishment of growing embryo. Endosperm is formed by the fusion of one male gamete and the polar nuclei found in the embryo sac of the ovule. It is generally triploid. The endosperm may or may not be fully consumed during the embryo development. Types of seed Non-endospermic Endospermic Endosperm absent Endosperm is present © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Endosperm Types of seed Dicotyledonous Monocotyledonous Seeds which have a two cotyledons Seeds which have a single cotyledon Endosperm Embryo Cotyledon Bean seed (dicot) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Seed coat Embryo Corn seed (monocot) Dicot Seed The dicot seed has two cotyledons. The seed is bilayered, outer layer is testa and the inner is tegmen.  Hilum - Scar on the seed, which marks the point of attachment of the funicle. ○ Funicle is a stalk that connects the seed with the placenta.  Micropyle - Pore from which water enters the seed. ○ It is a small opening that is formed through which the pollen tube enters the ovary for fertilization. Hilum Micropyle Seed coat © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Monocot Seed  It has one cotyledon called scutellum and a short embryonal axis.  Short embryonal axis has a plumule and a radicle.  Seed coat is membranous and fused with the fruit wall.  Endosperm is bulky and stores food.  Aleurone layer is the outer proteinaceous covering of the endosperm.  Plumule is enclosed in a sheath called - Coleoptile.  Radicle is enclosed in a sheath called - Coleorhiza. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Seed coat & fruit-wall Aleurone layer Endosperm Scutellum Coleoptile Plumule Radicle Coleorhiza Floral Formula Symbols Representation of the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various other symbols Symbol Description Br Bracteate Ebr Ebracteate (no bract) Symbol Description A Androecium An Stamens free n = number of stamens A(n) Stamens fused indicated by brackets n = number of stamens Actinomorphic flower % Zygomorphic flower Staminate flower (male flower) Pistillate flower (female flower) Bisexual flower © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. C A Epipetalous condition P A Epiphyllous condition Floral Formula Symbols Symbol Description K Calyx Kn Polysepalous calyx n = number of sepals K(n) Gamosepalous calyx (Fusion indicated by brackets) n = number of sepals Symbol Description G Gynoecium Gn n = number of carpels G(n) Fused carpels indicated by brackets (Syncarpous condition) n = number of sepals Superior ovary C Corolla Cn Polypetalous corolla n = number of petals G C(n) Gamopetalous corolla (Fusion indicated by brackets) n = number of petals G P Perianth © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Inferior ovary Floral Diagram    Floral diagram is the diagrammatic representation of a flower or a bud. A floral diagram illustrates the arrangement, position, structure, aestivation, connotation and adnation of the floral components. It has a circular outline. Mother axis Sepals Petals Androecium Gynoecium It was first introduced in the 19th century by the scientist named August Wilhelm Eichler. ⚥ K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G (2) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Floral Families Four floral families Fabaceae © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Solanaceae Liliaceae Brassicaceae Fabaceae  The fabaceae or leguminosae, commonly known as pea, bean or legume family are a large and economically important family of flowering plants.  It includes trees, shrubs, perennial or annual herbaceous plants which can be easily recognised by fruits (legume).  It includes a variety of pulses such as chickpea, garden pea and important agricultural and food plants such as soya bean, beans, alfalfa, peanut etc. Standard petal or banner Outermost and the largest petal of the flower Wing or alae Two lateral petals Keels or carinae Two innermost and smallest petals © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Fabaceae: Vegetative Characteristics Habit Herbs Shrubs Trees Vines Root system Shoot system Root nodules  Tap root system with root nodules  Rhizobium - nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the root nodules. © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.  Erect stem  Weak stem, needs support to climb Fabaceae: Vegetative Characteristics Leaf arrangement Leaflet Leaf lamina Petiole Leaf base Alternate (phyllotaxy) Simple leaf (rare) Compound leaf Stipule Stipulate Pulvinus Reticulate venation © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Swollen leaf base Fabaceae: Floral Characteristics  Inflorescence: Racemose  Sexuality: Bisexual or Hermaphrodite (⚥) Symmetry: Zygomorphic Bilaterally symmetrical (%)  Calyx Corolla  Pentamerous, Gamosepalous K(5)  Pentamerous, Polypetalous C5  Imbricate or valvate aestivation  Vexillary aestivation Valvate © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Imbricate Vexillary Fabaceae: Reproductive Characteristics Gynoecium Androecium  Single carpel, multiple ovules  Diadelphous arrangement  Marginal placentation  Dithecous anther, 2 lobes  Unilocular ovary Stigma Style Placenta Ovule Locule Ovary Multiple ovules © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Marginal placentation Diadelphous arrangement Fabaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula Floral formula Bisexual Floral diagram 5 Petals, papilionaceous corolla Mother axis Calyx % ⚥ K(5) C 1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 One carpel, Superior ovary Corolla Gynoecium Androecium 5 sepals, Gamosepalous Zygomorphic 10 stamens, diadelphous © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Fabaceae: Economic Importance Food Oils Pulses Groundnut oil Timber and fibres Shisham Hemp © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Medicine Butterfly pea Soybean oil Dye Indigo Solanaceae: Vegetative Characteristics Habit Herbs Shrubs Root system Shoot system  Tap root system © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Trees (rare) Aerial, erect stem, herbaceous and rarely woody, branched, hairy/ non-hairy (glabrous) Glabrous nonhairy stem Hairy stem Solanaceae: Vegetative Characteristics Leaf arrangement Leaflet Alternate (phyllotaxy) Simple leaf Compound leaf (rare) Blade Margin Petiole Exstipulate (no stipule) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Reticulate venation Solanaceae: Floral Characteristics  Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose  Sexuality: Bisexual or hermaphrodite (⚥) Symmetry: Actinomorphic -  radially symmetrical ( Calyx ) Corolla  Pentamerous, Gamosepalous K(5)  Pentamerous, Gamopetalous C(5)  Persistent calyx and valvate aestivation  Valvate aestivation Valvate © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Persistent calyx Valvate Solanaceae: Reproductive Characteristics Gynoecium Androecium  Hypogynous- Superior ovary  Five stamens - A5  Bicarpellary, Syncarpous- G(2).   Bilocular ovary  Swollen placenta, axile Epipetalous - Filaments of stamen attached to petals Petal Pistil Stamen Ovule Sepal Ovary Pedicel © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Solanaceae: Reproductive Characteristics Fruits Exocarp (outer skin) Seeds Mesocarp (fleshy interior)  Multiple seeds  Dicotyledonous   Endospermic Axile placentation Seed Berry (All or most of pericarp is fleshy) E.g: Tomato Multiple seeds Dehiscent capsule © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Axile placentation Solanaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula Floral formula Bisexual Floral diagram 5 petals, Gamopetalous ⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G (2) Bicarpellary, Syncarpous, Superior ovary 5 sepals, Gamosepalous Actinomorphic 5 stamens, epipetalous © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Mother axis Solanaceae: Economic Importance Food Tomato Brinjal Medicine Ashwagandha © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Belladonna Spices Potato Chillies Fumigatory Ornamentals Tobacco Petunia Liliaceae: Vegetative Characteristics  The lily family  Consists of monocots Habit  Perennial herbs Root system Shoot system Corm Fibrous root © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Tulips, onions, lilies, etc belong to this family. Colchicum Bulb Onion Rhizome Gloriosa Liliaceae: Vegetative Characteristics Leaf arrangement Inflorescence Leaves Disc Basal leaf- leaves arise from the base of the stem Alternate (phyllotaxy) Exstipulate (no stipule) Parallel venation © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Liliaceae: Floral Characteristics Inflorescence: Solitary, cymose umbellate clusters. Sexuality: Bisexual or hermaphrodite (⚥) Symmetry: Actinomorphic - radially symmetrical Perianth made of tepals (no distinct petals and sepals) Aestivation: Valvate © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Liliaceae: Reproductive Characteristics Gynoecium Androecium  Tricarpellary and Syncarpous- G(3)  Trilocular ovary, multiple ovules  Axile placentation  Six stamens arranged in group of three- A3+3  Epiphyllous. Ovary wall Locule Placenta Ovule Dehiscent capsule Ovary © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Epiphyllous condition Liliaceae: Reproductive Characteristics Fruits Capsule © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Seeds Berry (rarely)  Multiple seeds present  Monocotyledonous  Endospermic Liliaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula Floral formula Floral diagram Actinomorphic Perianth, 2 groups of 3 tepals each Br ⊕ ⚥ P(3+3) A 3+3 G(3) Mother axis Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary 6 tepals arranged in 2 whorls of 3 each (fused) Tricarpellary and trilocular gynoecium Axile placentation Stamen attached to tepals (Epiphyllous condition) Bracteate Bisexual 6 stamens, 2 whorls © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Liliaceae: Economic Importance Ornamentals Tulips Gloriosa Vegetable Asparagus © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Medicine Aloe Colchicine Colchicum autumnale Brassicaceae  The mustard family  Tetradynamous condition is its unique feature o Flower has six stamens that are arranged into two groups. o One group has two short stamens. o Other group has four long stamens.  Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.  Floral formula for Family Brassicaceae Ebr. ⊕ or% ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2)  Bisexual or Hermaphrodite (⚥)  Actinomorphic- Radially symmetrical  Polysepalous (4 sepals)  Polypetalous (4 petals) Brassicaceae Stigma Style Stamen Ovary Tetradynamous condition © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Summary Root modifications Tap root Respiration Storage     Conical roots (Carrot) Fusiform roots (Radish) Napiform roots (Turnip) Tuberous roots (4 o’clock plant) Adventitious root  Pneumatophores (Rhizophora) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Support Storage  Sweet potato   Prop roots (Banyan tree) Stilt roots (Maize, sugarcane) Summary Venation (Based on branching) Reticulate Types of leaves (Based on the leaf blade) Simple Parallel Compound Phyllotaxy Alternate © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Opposite Whorled Summary Types of leaf modification Phyllode Storage Carnivorous Leaves Tendrils Spines Inflorescence Racemose © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Cymose Summary Aestivation of flower Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary Symmetry of flower Actinomorphic (⊕) © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Zygomorphic (%) Asymmetric ($) Summary Classification of ovary based on arrangement of ovules Types Placentation Examples Axile Ovules attached to multilocular ovary Orange, tomato Marginal Ovules attached to ridge-like placenta Pea Parietal Ovules develop on inner wall of ovary Cantaloupe Free-central Basal © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Ovules are borne on the central axis with no septa Ovules develop at the base of the ovary Primrose, Dianthus Marigold, sunflower Summary Dicot seed Monocot seed The seed coat is distinct from the fruit wall The seed coat is completely fused with the pericarp There are two cotyledons in the seed There is a single cotyledon in the seed Endosperm is absent in most of them but present in a few of them Endosperm is present in most of them and absent in a few of them There is no protective sheath for radicle and plumule The radicle is protected by coleorhiza and the plumule is protected by coleoptile © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Summary Floral formula Representation of the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various other symbols. Floral diagram Floral diagram is the diagrammatic representation of a flower or a bud. Mother axis ⊕ ⚥ K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G (2) Sepals Petals Androecium Gynoecium © 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.