Basic Principles of Animal Breeding PDF

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING Presented by: JOVER B. JABAGAT, MSc Assistant Professor III-Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan SLIDESMANIA.COM  Course objectives:...

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING Presented by: JOVER B. JABAGAT, MSc Assistant Professor III-Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan SLIDESMANIA.COM  Course objectives: Understand and familiarize yourself with the basic principles of animal breeding, such as selection, the history of animal breeding, basic terminologies, and various systems for breeding farm animals. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Flow of discussion Overview Trends History of animal breeding Terminology Methods of selection System of breeding SLIDESMANIA.COM  Overview Animal breeding is selecting and mating animals to get specific traits in their offspring. The key principles include understanding genetics, which shows how traits are passed down, and using selection methods to choose the best animals for breeding based on their visible characteristics. Breeders aim to improve traits like growth rate, milk production, and resistance to diseases SLIDESMANIA.COM  The following photos show how breeding and selection changes animal production. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The following photos show how breeding and selection changes animal production. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The following photos show how breeding and selection changes animal production. SLIDESMANIA.COM  The following photos show how breeding and selection changes animal production. SLIDESMANIA.COM  History of Animal Breeding -Success in survival and reproduction of animals are affected by climatic conditions such as temperature, season, nutrition, and diseases. -The concept of survival was related to the natural and artificial Selection of animals. -Animal breeding is the application of genetic principles in identifying the best male for the best female animal. SLIDESMANIA.COM  History of Animal Breeding -During 1980’s Charles Darwin, in his book “The Origin of Species”, emphasizes that trends in selection of animals was mainly affected by the environment. -Selection becomes more complicated by combining quantitative genetics and genetic information performed by Jay Lush, who was known as the father of modern breeding. - At present, meat quality traits such as sensory evaluation and chemical composition are now included in the selection process. SLIDESMANIA.COM  History of Animal Breeding One of the statistical techniques to estimate breeding values was developed by C. R. Henderson who introduces best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) that utilizes animal pedigree in ranking the animals. Top-performing animals were given ranks based on their breeding values. Breeding values evaluate animal performance and genomic importance. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Definition of terms Animal breeding aims to reproduce high-producing animals and eliminate unproductive breeder animals with physical abnormalities through selection. Breed – A group of animals within species that has uniform physical characteristics such as coat color, horn type, body conformation, eggshell color, etc., and this group belongs to common ancestry. These features distinguish breed from other breeds. Breeds of domesticated can be group based on their use (meat type, egg type, dairy type, fancy type (animal sports), dual purpose type). SLIDESMANIA.COM  Definition of terms Heritability Estimates – To achieve breeding goals, traits of interest must be heritable. Heritability estimates is degree of resemblance between parents and their offspring. Estimates ranges from 0 – 1 which means that near to 0 estimates means that traits is lowly heritable while near to 1 highly heritable. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Selection for Quantitative Traits Phenotypic traits can be categorized into two: Qualitative and Quantitative traits. Qualitative traits are description of physical characteristics in terms of forms, structure, pigments and so on. In contrast, quantitative traits are phenotypic characteristics that are economically important and measurable such as weight, height, feed efficiency, and the like. Selection is defined as the process of choosing desirable animals that will serve as breeder parents in producing the next generations. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Methods of selection for more than one quantitative trait Tandem Method – This method selection concentrates in improving one trait at a time. Independent Culling Method - Individual animals were evaluated based on a set of standard traits. Individual that fails to reach even one standard trait is rejected or culled. Selection Index – Multiple traits are being considered. Each trait is given merit and the total score for all traits were used in the selection. SLIDESMANIA.COM  Systems of breeding a. Purebreeding- Crossing of pure-breed sire and dam of the same breed that are unrelated. b. Crossbreeding-Involves mating individuals from two different breeds or sometimes species to produce offspring with desirable traits from both parent breeds. Types of crossbreeding are Two-way cross, three-way cross, and four-way cross Inbreeding – Mating of closely related animals. This method increases the homozygosity of the breed. Line breeding- Distant relatives are mated like half-sib mating Upgrading-Involves mating purebred animals of a superior breed with non- purebred or lower-quality animals over successive generations, aiming to gradually "upgrade" the quality of the non-purebred animals to the standard of SLIDESMANIA.COM the purebred. Example: Purebred vs. native animals  Any questions? Thank you very much and God bless us all!!! SLIDESMANIA.COM