Module 7 -- Entrepreneurship PDF

**MODULE 7 -- ENTREPRENEURSHIP** **LEARNING** **OBJECTIVES** After studying this module, you as a future English teacher should be able to: 1. Define and understand the integral meaning of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur; 2. Be acquainted with the role of an entrepreneur in economic...

**MODULE 7 -- ENTREPRENEURSHIP** **LEARNING** **OBJECTIVES** After studying this module, you as a future English teacher should be able to: 1. Define and understand the integral meaning of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur; 2. Be acquainted with the role of an entrepreneur in economic development; 3. Recognize government roles and undertaking in the development of entrepreneurship; 4. Identify and describe the key qualities of an entrepreneur; 5. Identify and understand how entrepreneurship and franchising are connected; 6. Have a deeper knowledge on the difference between entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship; 7. Better understand the economic significance of social entrepreneurship in the poverty reduction agenda of the government; and 8. Develop their skills on how to successfully start, manage, diversify and expand business enterprises. **TOPIC** **OUTLINE** 1. Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneur 2. Qualities Needed to Succeed in an Entrepreneurial Environment 3. Entrepreneurship and Community Development 4. Government's Role and Undertaking in Entrepreneurship Development 5. The Entrepreneurial Process 6. Entrepreneurship and Franchising 7. Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship **OVERVIEW** Poverty is a phenomenon considered as the world's disease the affects many aspects of people's lives. It limits people's access to their fundamental rights and opportunity to reach their full potential. People affected often experience a range of different difficulties and/or disadvantages that that entrap them in poverty. It is a truism that the community we foster connects students, academics, practitioners, policy makers, and community members who have the collective power to truly change the world. People in the community must develop their skills on how to successfully start, manage, diversity and expand business enterprises, Hence, the national government has to intensify its community development activities in order to transform unemployed youth from job seekers into employers of the workforce; for we truly need to believe that entrepreneurship, innovation and new ways of thinking will turn the tables in the effort to end poverty (2013 Alleviating Poverty through Entrepreneurship Summit). This chapter presents the concept for everyone to incessantly eye for opportunity and adopt innovation as the core of entrepreneurship. It provides basic but adequate information about entrepreneurship, the role of an entrepreneur in economic development, the entrepreneurial process, how entrepreneurship and franchising are connected, difference between entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship and their significance in the national economy. It likewise equips NSTP-CWTS students to be aware and be equipped with knowledge and skills as to how they could take part with entrepreneurs, the local and the national government in an effectual implementation of community services towards economic progress. **ACTIVATING** **PRIOR KNOWLEDGE** **ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE ENTREPRENUER** **Entrepreneurship Defined** The following are definition of entrepreneurship from the point of view of some educators, experts and authorities: **Entrepreneurship,** according to Howard Stevenson of the Harvard Business School, it is "exploiting an opportunity regardless of the resources currently available." Stevenson goes on to say, "The key to this perspective is the focus on opportunity" (not resources). As defined by **Prof. Nathaniel Left** (cited in Fajardo, 1997), entrepreneurship is the capacity for innovation, investment and expansion in new markets, products and techniques. Entrepreneurship according to him always gives birth to an innovation whether it is a product, service or simply creating a new concept out of an existing one. It promotes the creativity of an individual and enables him/her to share his/her products or innovativeness, people, nowadays, are more of a thinker than a doer. Many of them are satisfied with involving themselves in new business ventures rather than being employees all their life. This is evidenced by the business sprouting in urban and rural areas (cited in Sergio III, Vargas and Villanueva, 2007). **Entrepreneurship** is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence (cited in Hisrich, Peters and Shepherd, 2008). **Prof. Hirsh** states that entrepreneurship is more than a word. It is a mission. According to him, we must perceive opportunities inherent in changes; we must create an environment in which success is possible and the consequence of failure is tolerable (cited in Fajardo, 1997). **Entrepreneur Defined** The word entrepreneur originates from the French word "entreprendre" which means "to undertake." Entrepreneur is an individual who organizes, manages and assumes the risk of business or enterprise (Webster Dictionary). **Jean Baptiste** Say, the French economist, described entrepreneurs as "the venturesome individuals who stimulated economic progress by finding new and better ways of doing things." For him, entrepreneurs optimize the allocation and use of resources to generate maximal profits. **Entrepreneurs** thrive on problems and are motivated by the idea of altering an unpleasant situation. Rather than waiting for instructions; entrepreneurs have initiate direct action. If the entrepreneur sees a more effective scheme of doing things, he or she will not hesitate to do away with existing systems in favor of a whole new approach to a problem. An entrepreneur has the courage to take calculated risks; he sometimes has to do things that others think are unwise and is undoable. The entrepreneur also carries projects throughout completion and is unconstrained by occasional setbacks or challenges. **To an economist,** an entrepreneur is one who brings resources, labor, materials, and other assets into combinations that make their value greater than before, and also one who introduces changes, innovations, and a new order. **To a psychologist,** such a person is typically driven by certain forces-the need to obtain or attain something, to experiment, to accomplish, or perhaps to escape the authority of others. **To one businessman**, an entrepreneur appears as a threat, an aggressive competitor, whereas another businessman the same entrepreneur may be an ally, a source of supply, a customer, or someone who creates wealth for others ,as well as finds better ways to utilize resources, reduce waste, and produce jobs others are glad to get (Hisrich, Peters and Shepherd, 2008). **An entrepreneur,** therefore, is an innovator; he innovates and sells. He must find, evaluate, and develop an opportunity by overcoming the forces that resist the creation of something new (Hisrich, et.al., 2008). **Joseph Schumpeter,** the 20^th^ century economist explained that the function of entrepreneurs is to reform or revolutionize the pattern of production by exploiting an invention or, more generally, an untried technological possibility for producing a new commodity or producing an old one in a new way, by opening up a new source of supply of materials or a new outlet for products, by reorganizing an industry and so on." For him entrepreneurs could achieve their economic objectives if their mindsets are innovative, creative and goal-oriented. **Schumpeter famously listed the five (5) main types of innovations:** 1. "a new good," 2. "a new method of production," 3. "a new market," 4. "a new source of supply of raw materials," and 5. "the carrying out of a new organization of any industry." **QUALITIES NEEDED TO SUCCEED IN AN ENTREPRENEURIAL ENVIRONMENT** 1. **Can Roll with the Punches --** means being comfortable with wearing many hats, requires more flexibility and creativity and enjoys being dynamic. 2. **Endless Motivation --** be more persistent to have a greater chance of success. 3. **Has the Hunger to learn --** use everything that happens to you as a learning experience; use failure that occurs on your path to success as a case study to further improve your business; continue to sharpen your skill sets and broaden your knowledge base. Never stop learning and never let someone tell you that something can't be done on you can't do it; make things happen. 4. **Tolerance of Ambiguity --** what you're doing one day could be completely different the next; expect to do things outside of your job description and move quickly. 5. **Love of the Circus --** being equally willing to manage, code, consult or empty the trash cans in order to be "golden." 6. **Knows where to Drive --** one needs to be driven, self-motivated and enthusiastic. 7. **Ability to get things Done --** being able to push forward, make decisions independently, learn quickly from your mistakes and adapt to constantly changing circumstances and information are qualities that every CEO seeks out. 8. **Incredible Patience --** to push as hard as you can is important, but if you can't deal with waiting, entrepreneurship will be a frustrating experience. 9. **Unmatched Perseverance --** means commitment to your company, hard work, patience, and having endurance. 10. **Dedication is Key --** with the right mixture of perseverance, initiative, resiliency, and vision. 11. **True Grit --** the need to have passion. 12. **Teamwork is a Must --** every successful entrepreneur requires the ability to be a team player. You cannot do everything on your own, so make sure you are willing to share tasks or take on someone else's project. **ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT** **Entrepreneurship as a Community Service** According to the Youth employment Network, entrepreneurship is a veritable tool for tackling the twin challenge of poverty and unemployment. It is for this reason that the national government has to intensify its community development activities in order to transform unemployed youth from job seekers into employers of the workforce. Each community has the need to create new breed of entrepreneurs who are not contributors to the local and national economy. Indeed, people in the community must also develop their skills on how to successfully start, manage, expand and/or diversify business enterprise. The framework illustrates how livelihood programs should be implemented in our partner communities.  Figure 1: Framework for livelihood Implementation (Sergio III, et.al. 2007). **Role of Entrepreneurship for Community Development** The entrepreneur who is a business leader looks for ideas and puts them into effect in fostering economic growth and development. Entrepreneurship is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a country. The entrepreneur acts as a trigger head to give spark to economic activities by his entrepreneurial decisions ([[http://www.preservearticles.com/2011011]](http://www.preservearticles.com/2011011)). He plays a pivotal role not only in the development of industrial sector of a country but also in the farm and service sector for community development. 1. **Promotes Capital Formation by mobilizing the idle savings of public.** They employ their own as well as borrowed resources for setting up their enterprises. Such type of entrepreneurial activities leads to value addition and creation of wealth, which is very essential for the industrial and economic development of the country. 2. **Creates Large-Scale Employment Opportunities** Entrepreneurs provide immediate large-scale employment to the unemployed which is a chronic problem of underdeveloped nations. With the setting up of more and more units by entrepreneurs, both on small and large-scale numerous job opportunities are created for others.as time passes, these enterprises grow, providing direct and indirect employment opportunities to many more. In this way, entrepreneurs play an effective role in reducing the problem of unemployment in the country which in turn clears the path towards economic development of the nation. 3. **Promotes Balanced Regional Development** Entrepreneurs help to remove regional disparities through setting up of industries in less developed and backward areas. The growth of industries and business in these areas lead to a large number of public benefits like road transport, health, education, entertainment, etc. Setting up of more industries leads to more development of backward regions and thereby promotes balanced regional development. 4. **Reduce Concentration of Economic Power** Economic power is the natural outcome of industrial and business activity. Industrial development normally leads to concentration of economic power in the hands of a few individuals which results in the growth of monopolies. In order to redress this problem a large number of entrepreneurs need to be developed, which will help reduce the concentration of economic power amongst the population. 5. **Wealth Creation and Distribution** It stimulates equitable redistribution of wealth and income in the interest of the country to more people and geographic areas, thus giving benefit to larger sections of the society, Entrepreneurial activities also generate more activities and give a multiplier effect in the economy. 6. **Increasing Gross National Product and Per Capital Income** Entrepreneurs are always on the look-out for opportunities. They explore and exploit opportunities, encourage effective resource mobilization of capital and skill, bring in new products and services and develops markets for growth of the economy. In this way, they help increasing gross national product as well as per capital income of the people in the country. Increase in gross national product and per capita income of the people in a country, is a sign of economic growth. 7. **Improvement in the standard of Living** Increase in the standard of living of the people is a characteristic feature of economic development of the country. Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living of the people by adopting latest innovations in the production of wide variety of goods and services in large scale that too at a lower cost. This enables the people to avail better quality goods at lower prices which results in the improvement of their standard of living. 8. **Promotes Country's Export Trade** Entrepreneurs help in promoting a country's export-trade, which is an important ingredient of economic development. They produce goods and services in large scale for the purpose earning huge amount of foreign exchange from export in order to combat the import. Dues requirement. Hence import substitution and export promotion ensure economic independence and development. 9. **Induces Backward and Forward Linkages** Entrepreneurs like to work in an environment of change and try to maximize profits by innovation. When an enterprise is established in accordance with the changing technology, it induces backward and forward linkages which stimulate the process of economic development in the country. **(10) Facilities Overall Development** Entrepreneurs act as catalytic agent for change which results in chain reaction. Once an enterprise is established, the process of industrialization is set in motion. This unit will generate demand for various types of units required by it and there will be so many other units which require the output of this unit. This leads to overall development of an area due to increase in demand and setting up of more and more units. It this way, the entrepreneurs multiply their entrepreneurial activities, thus creating an environment of enthusiasm and conveying an impetus for overall development in the community. **GOVERNMENT'S ROLE AND UNDERTAKING IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT** **Roles of the Government in Entrepreneurship Development** 1. Peace and Order 2. Political Stability 3. Price Stability 4. Revenue Collection 5. Infrastructure and Training 6. Education and Training 7. Public Administration 8. Production Technology 9. Marketing Assistance 10. Financial Assistance **Government Undertaking for Entrepreneurship Development** The government has instituted various undertaking to promote and develop entrepreneurial initiatives. The following are some of the noted undertakings: 1. **The One Town One Product (OTOP) --** a priority program to promote entrepreneurship that creates jobs. Through OTOP, local chief executives of each city and municipality take the lead in identifying, developing and promoting a specific products or services that are seen with potential competitive advantage ([[www.dti.gov.ph]](http://www.dti.gov.ph)). **OTOP-Philippines** supports micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to manufacture, offer, and market distinctive products or services through the use of indigenous raw materials and local skills and talents. It offers a comprehensive assistance package through a convergence of services from local government units. (LGUs), national government agencies (NGAs), and the private sector. This includes: - Business counselling - Appropriate technologies - Skills and entrepreneurial training - Marketing - Product designs and development **Some of Pangasinan's OTOP products are as follows:** - Lingayen's Capital Town's OTOP producg is "Bagoong" as per Ordinance No.6, s-2012 of the Sangguniang Panlalalwigan of Pangasinan; - Dagupan City's milkfish, the popularly known "Banugs"; - Sual and San Fabian are known for their dried salted fish: - Dasol and Infanta towns are where hundreds of hectares of salt farm are located; - Calasiao is popular for its white gold, sweet and bite-sized "puto" - Bayambang is fastly known by food enthusiasts because of its "buro" the fermented rice --and fish mix. - Binalonan and Bugallon for their jugs of vinegar that are found on stalls along the highways; - San Carlos City is acknowledged for its bamboo craft and its luscious mangoes; - Mangalan is recognized as the place to go to when one craves tasty "tapa". - Mapandan is known for its molasses sugar; - Sto. Tomas residents make bags and other décor from cornhusks after adopting corn as its OTOP; - Bugallon chose to develop"duhat" (native blackberry) wine instead of improving on its nipa vinegar; - Urdaneta City recently adopted squash as its favored product after the city's training center developed different recipes from the vegetables. - Alaminos City takes pride in its tourism prospects because of the Hundred Islands National Park; and - Balungao is cashing in on its goat trade. 2. The National Youth Commission offers the Youth Entrepreneurship Financing Facility Program (YEFFP) that aims to: a. Enhance the entrepreneurial skills of the Filipino Youth; b. Support the business ventures of young people with technical and entrepreneurial skills, who otherwise are ineligible under regular credit facilities, by providing them easier access to credit; c. Encourage the self-employment of the Filipino youth; and d. Establish a credit program for entrepreneurs. 3. The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan or MTPDP is the Philippines' blueprint of growth. This program envisions a nation where only a small proportion of the population is considered poor. The MTPDP calls for the development of an entrepreneurial culture by improving access to information on business opportunities, available raw materials, skills and entrepreneurship training, prospective fund sources and access to the latest technologies. It also envisions a school curriculum that incorporates entrepreneurship education. Similarly, it stresses the need to enhance employment and livelihood opportunities of poor Filipinos through entrepreneurship and microfinance. However, the global crisis has made the fight against poverty much more difficult. It is for these reasons that the government has to accelerate and intensify the implementation of key provisions in the MTPDP to maximize growth and protect the most vulnerable, and to make growth equitable and sustainable. **THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS** Entrepreneurial process is the process of pursuing a new venture, whether it be new products into existing markets, existing products into new markets, and/or the creation of a new organization. The process has four distinct phases: (1) identification and evaluation of the opportunity; (2) development of the business plan; (3) determination of the required resources; and (4) management of the resulting enterprise (see Table 1). **ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND FRANCHISING** Entrepreneurship and franchising are two concepts that are closely intertwined or connected. Many entrepreneurs enter long-term relationships such as franchising, an important area of entrepreneurship research (Mark Pruett & Greg Winter, 2011). Franchising is a powerful economic engine because of it is a sophisticated, entrepreneurial alliance through which thousands of individuals create vast wealth. Opportunity is the core of entrepreneurship. Bill Gates once said, "Vision is the easy part." But when you think you have the vision, the good idea, you very next question must be, "Is it an opportunity." Therefore, an entrepreneur must understand what separates an opportunity from an interesting idea. They have to think in terms of the three subsets of opportunity recognition: market demand, market size and structure, and margin analysis. Franchising happens when someone develops a business model and sells the rights to operate it to another entrepreneur, a franchise. The company selling the right is the franchisor. The franchisee usually gets the rights to the business model for a specific time period and a specific geographic area. The key feature of a franchise system is that the ownership of the brand and the modus operandi for the delivery of the product are retained by the franchisor, and execution is franchise responsibility. McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Inc. Jolibee, 7-Eleven, Inc., Aquabest, Bibingkinitan and the Generics Pharmacy are just some of the top Franchises for 2013. Although it is argued that there is no entrepreneurial component in applying for and running a franchise, it is indeed, beyond question that entrepreneurship and franchising are connected. If we agree that innovation is an integral part of entrepreneurship, the requirement that a franchisee must comply with the business model set forth by the franchisor-a standard requirement in a franchise-stamps out entrepreneurial discretion in the business. Indeed, what is gained in a franchise entrepreneurial alliance is a method for exploiting a business opportunity in a competitive manner. **ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INTRPRENUERSHIP** A common misconception is that any businessman, or anyone who starts business, is an entrepreneur. According to economists say and Schumpeter, starting a business is not the main component of entrepreneurship. Rather, entrepreneurship is concerned with stimulating economic progress through innovation and action. **Social Entrepreneurship** According to J. Gregory Dees, social entrepreneurship combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business --like discipline, innovation, and determination. **Social Entrepreneur** The social entrepreneur harnesses entrepreneurship skills to do social good. The social entrepreneur's philanthropic energies are channeled into business ventures, creating value in business so that consumers are willing to pay for the goods and services, and by doing so, the social entrepreneur earns a profit which is invested in the social ventures. According to Martin & Osberg, social entrepreneurs aim for value in the form of large-scale, transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large. Moreover, the social entrepreneur targets its programs t the "underserved, neglected, or highly disadvantaged population that lacks the financial means or political clout to achieve the transformative benefit on its own. For them, social entrepreneurs are builders of a better world. Just as entrepreneurs change the face of business, social entrepreneurs act as the change agents for society, seizing opportunities others miss and improving systems, inventing new approaches, and creating solutions to change society for the better. While a business entrepreneur might create entirely new industries, a social entrepreneur comes up with new solutions to social problems and then implements them on a large scale and they are individuals with innovative solutions to society's most pressing social problems. They are ambitious and persistent, tackling major social issues and offering new ideas for wide-scale change. **Difference between Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship** The entrepreneur's final objective is wealth creation. However, for the social entrepreneur, wealth creation is simply a means to an end. The social entrepreneur participates in profit-seeking business ventures if only to use the profits generated to create valuable social program for the whole community. **The Growing Need for Social Entrepreneurs** In the current economic crisis, financial pressures are exacerbating existing social problems such as poverty and unemployment. According to J. Gregory Dees, social entrepreneurship is necessary to mitigate the financial repercussions and consequences on the most vulnerable in society. If formal education that should be placed by parents is being impede due to their sufferings from financial burden, fewer children will attend school and fewer people will receive adequate health care. This could create tensions and violence that may increase as the poor compete for jobs and income opportunities. Progress will be lost, as families that have been successful in moving out of poverty fall back into it. As government, business, and household budgets tighten, costly environmental protection and clean-up efforts are in jeopardy. Because many social and environmental issues are time sensitive, failure to recognize the importance of social entrepreneurship and provide adequate support for such efforts during this downturn would be a serious mistake, as stated by Dees. **Qualities of a Good entrepreneur** It is clear that anyone can become an entrepreneur, but only the good entrepreneurs are successful and manage to get the fruits of their investment. There are some distinctive qualities that are required to be a successful entrepreneur. Here is a list of some of these qualities. 1. Perseverance Whatever business you might be setting up, there are times where you will face problems. It is moment like this that you will need to hold on and persevere. You will have to believe in yourself and your products and services in order to succeed. 2. Interpersonal Skills Business is all about dealing with people and you will need to be good at communicating if you want to succeed. Whether it is with your customers, suppliers or employees it is important that you learn how to communicate in an effective way to make sure that your business is run as smoothly as possible. 3. Willingness to take Calculated Risks A good entrepreneur should be ready to take calculated risk if he or she wants to succeed. Sometimes in business you will need to trust your gut feelings and walk on water. However you will need to distinguish between foolishness and calculated risk. Make sure that you do your homework and ensure that your business plan is feasible before getting started. 4. Motivation It is important that an entrepreneur remain motivated at all time. This is indeed more important when you are pioneering a business or activity as you will have no one else with you. You should not let yourself down and make sure that you keep going forward. 5. Time Management This is another important quality that you will need to have as a good entrepreneur. Time management will allow you to organize yourself and make sure that you get all your work done effectively. 6. Passion It almost goes without saying that to become a successful entrepreneur, you must be passionate about your business. This does not necessarily mean you have to build a business around something you love. You can (and should) identify a profitable market and grow your business from there. 7. Leadership Although the definition of a leader is not easy, we recognize one when we see him in action. Basically, it's the ability to be in charge of people and guide them to achieve their objectives. A leader must be able to plan, motivate, coach and evaluate his staff. A leader must also have both managerial and interpersonal skills. 8. Competitiveness Composition is everywhere. Business is strictly based on out compete your competition. If you can establish your presence in the market, differentiate yourself from your competitors and surpass them by providing a product with better quality and affordable price, your chances of being a successful entrepreneur will be much larger. 9. Confidence Confidence is a key competence for entrepreneurial success. It is easy to be demoralized or frustrated if **LEARNING** **ACTIVITY 1** **\ ** A. Concept Anchored I. Identify what is being asked, defined and/or explained. 1\. The capacity for innovation, investment, and expansion in new markets, products and techniques as defined by Prof. Nathaniel Left. 2\. One who brigs resources, labor, materials, and other assets into combinations that make their value greater than before, and also one who introduces changes, innovations, and a new order. 3\. A priority program to promote entrepreneurship that creates jobs. 4\. The Philippines' blue print of growth that envisions a nation where where only a small proportion of the population is considered poor. 5\. The process of pursuing a new venture, whether it be new products into existing markets, existing products into new markets, and/or the creation of a new organization. 6\. it happens when someone develops a business model and sells the rights to operate it to another entrepreneur. 7\. In franchising, he is the company selling the right. 8\. In a franchise business, he usually gets the rights to the business model for a specific time period and a specific geographic area. 9\. It combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like discipline, innovation, and determination. 10\. He is someone who aims for value in the form of large-scale, transformational benefit that accrues either to a significant segment of society or to society at large. II\. Answer the following questions clearly and briefly. 1\. Enumerate five (5) qualities needed to succeed in an entrepreneurial environment and explain each. 2\. Cite and explain at least two (2) government undertaking and initiative to promote economic development. **SUMMARY** Even a farmer is an entrepreneurs; he promises to pay the landowner for his farm or land, a fixed sum of money without assurance for the profit he will derive from his enterprise. **Entrepreneurship** is the capacity for innovation, investment and expansion in new markets, products and techniques, It is more than a word; it is a mission. We must perceive opportunities inherent in changes; we must stimulate the desire for pursuing the opportunities; and we must create an environment in which success is possible and the consequence of failure is tolerable. An entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. He must find, evaluate, and develop an opportunity by overcoming the forces that resist the creation of something new. Therefore, an entrepreneur is an innovator who is willing to bear the risk as he sells. Entrepreneurship and franchising are two concepts that are closely intertwined or connected. Many entrepreneurs enter long-term relationships such as franchising because it is an important area of entrepreneurship research. Franchising is a powerful economic engine because of it is a sophisticated, entrepreneurial alliance through which thousands of individuals create vast wealth. To be brief, social enterprises are vital and should be seen as a positive force, as change agents providing leading-edge innovation to social needs which are usually unsatisfied. Social entrepreneurship has to start at the grassroots level because it is at that where it is often overlooked. This is a societal need that deserves to be attended with much more attention from academic theorists as well as policy makers. It is not a panacea because it has to be worked out within the overall social and economic framework. This is especially important in developing countries and welfare states facing increasing financial stress. Thus, creation of new business opportunities through entrepreneurship, be it in the course of franchising or social entrepreneurship, coupled with productivity and innovation, will be contributory to economic growth. This therefore means that when there is more entrepreneurship in an economy more growth is expected. Finally, whether an individual is into entrepreneurship for purely profit margins or to promote social value, entrepreneurship is highly beneficial to the economy and the society.  **REFERENCES** Prepared by: **LEARNING** **OBJECTIVES** After studying this module, you as a NSTP Graduates should be able to: 1. give the meaning and benefits of volunteerism; 2. name the core values expected of volunteerism; and 3. explore volunteer opportunities that one may engage in. **TOPIC** **OUTLINE** 1. **Volunteerism** 2. **Benefits of Volunteers** 3. **Values Expected of Volunteers** 4. **Volunteer Opportunities** 5. **Community Service** **OVERVIEW** This module takes up volunteerism-its meaning and benefits, values expected of volunteers, and volunteer opportunities. Volunteerism helps hasten and strengthen community development as its promotes active participation of individuals in different programs and projects that respond to the needs of community. **VOLUNTEERISM** *Volunteerism* is the act, practice, or principle of contributing one's time, talents, and resources freely to worthwhile purposes without tangible compensation. It is considered the most fundamental act in the society. It is geared toward good causes that help alleviate the suffering of others. It promotes peace, solidarity, and trust among citizens. Volunteerism can serve in various areas ranging from medical, environmental , and educational support groups to child protection and human rights advocates, poll or election work, peacekeeping missions, and relief operations, to name a few. Some people consider volunteerism a pastime; others see it as a vocation. Some volunteers have high paying jobs and stable careers; others are well known in their fields.Volunteers could be teachers, doctors, lawyers, or celebrities. They could also be housewives, students, or retirees. Regardless of age, economic status, sex, and educational attainment, volunteers work together toward a common cause for which they commit their time, know-how and expertise, and sometimes even their own money. However, one does not become a volunteer by simply raising his/her hand. A volunteer has to undergo trainings and attend seminars for specific functions or tasks that he/she volunteers for. Moore (2002) describes a volunteers as follows: "A volunteer is a person who is a person who is a light to others, giving witness in a mixed-up age, doing well ad willingly the tasks at hand, namely, being aware of another's need and doing something about it. "A volunteer is a person who strives to make other people happy, who takes the loneliness out of the alone by talking to them, who is concerned when others are unconcerned, who has the courage to be a blessing and to say the things that have to be said for the good of all. "A volunteer is person whose charity is fidelity, who is faithful in an unfaithful world, grateful in an ungrateful world, giving when all are grasping, listening when others need to tell about their fears and problems." Volunteers are people from all walks of life, all ages and stages ,having a common desire to make a difference in their community and their own life by giving of their time and expertise. For young people, volunteering brings a new sense of confidence and self-gratification. It is a good way to interact in the "grown-up world". It enables them to develop communication, career-building, and social skills that will be useful in other facets of their lives. **BENEFITS OF VOLUNTEERS** **Volunteerism yields the following benefits:** 1. **Community development** 2. **Development of the skills of volunteers** 3. **Peace, solidarity, and trust among citizens** 4. **Career opportunities for volunteers** 5. **Friendship among citizens** 6. **Experience and self-esteem gained by volunteers** **VALUES EXPECTED OF VOLUNTEERS** **Here are some core values expected of volunteers:** 1. **COMMITMENT. Volunteer are attached to, identified with, and involved in community service.** 2. **PROFESSIONALISM. Volunteers observe work ethics in performing their responsibilities with socially and morally accepted behaviour.** 3. **CREATIVITY. Volunteers search constantly for new strategies and methods of doing task for improved results.** 4. **UNITY.A volunteer supports teamwork to achieve the common goal.** **VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES** **The 2001 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating shares the following questionnaire, the answers to which help determine what kind of volunteer opportunities will be suited to the individual volunteer:** 1. **If you have all the human and financial resources in the world, what problem would you solve, what would you create? Your answers will tell you what matters the most to you.** 2. **What kind of time commitment are you willing to make? Are you looking for a regular/weekly volunteer commitment or a short-term/one-time opportunity?** 3. **Would you like to volunteer with other people or by yourself?** 4. **Would you like to volunteer from your own home or would you prefer to volunteer in an organization?** 5. **If you would like to volunteer away from home, where is the best location for you --near your home, your work, your child's care center?** 6. **Do you have specific skills or talents that you would like to share with an organization?** 7. **Would you like to develop a specific skill?** 8. **What are your personal goals? Would you like to re-enter the workforce or meet new people?** **Potential volunteer opportunities are as follows:** A. **Based on the interests of an individual** 1. **If you like animals, you can help out an animal shelter or the nearest zoo.** 2. **If you like working with kids, you can get involved at a day-care or preschool center or help younger students with their schoolwork.** 3. **If you enjoy playing sports, you can play games with the kids at a nearby sports complex or organize a mini --sports fest.** 4. **If you like to cook, you can get together with friends and teach moms or housekeepers new recipes, the latest about food preparation and preservation, and entrepreneurship opportunities in cooking.** 5. **If you enjoy arts and crafts, you can teach how to make curtains or bedspreads, embroider pillowcases and towels, and make unique fashion accessories at a women's shelter, nursing home, or orphanage.** 6. **If you enjoy the outdoors, you can help organize a clean-up drive in your street or park or help a neighbour plant flowers.** 7. **If you enjoy dancing, singing, and acting, you can participate in your community's cultural show group.** 8. **If your grandparents have passed away or live far away and you do not get to see them as often you want to, you can make friends with a senior citizen and adopt him /her as your grandma or grandpa.** 9. **If you are interested in foreign culture , you can volunteer at a school that accepts foreign students.** 10. **If you are concerned about people with disabilities, you can volunteer at an agency or institution that care for people with physical or mental disabilities.** B. **Based on the future career goal of an individual** 1. **If you like to work in the medical field, you can volunteer at a community health center or government hospital or clinic.** 2. **If you are interested in teaching, you can volunteer at a public school.** 3. **If you are interested in science, you can volunteer at the local science museum or zoom.** 4. **If you like to work in an office someday, you can volunteer at non-profit organization.** **COMMUNITY SERVICE** **Community service is identified by the higher education institution (HEI) in consultation with the local government, community-based organizations, and non-governmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations as designed to the quality of life of community residents, particularly low-income individuals, or to solve particular problems related to their needs. Community service includes the following:** **1.first aid training or healthcare, preschool storytelling, social welfare, social services, trauma counseling, group dynamics, crime prevention, recreation, street cleaning, and community improvement** **2. serving in the youth corps as defined in the NSTP Act of 2001** **3.Assisting students with disabilities** **4.Tutoring, supporting educational and recreational activities, and counselling, including career counselling** **Volunteer community-service can be rendered in government offices, private companies or in any place where services my be needed. Volunteers can also work from their homes.** **LEARNING** **ACTIVITY 1** Answer the following questions in a piece of paper or in a form of a document word. **Write *TRUE* on the blank if the statement is correct and *FALSE* if the statement is wrong.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_1. Community development entails identifying resources and building up present strengths.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2. Volunteerism is geared toward self-improvement.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_3. Creativity is the constant search for new strategies and methods of doing a task for improved results.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_4. Commitment means that volunteers are attached to, identified with, and involved in community service.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_5. Volunteerism is the act of freely contributing one's time, talents, and resources to worthwhile purposes.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_6. If you like animals, you can volunteer at the zoo.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_7. Volunteerism can be considered a pastime or vocation.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_8. Volunteers could be teachers, doctors, or lawyers.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_9. If you are interested in teaching, you can join a cultural show group.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_10. Housewives cannot be volunteers.**  **CONCLUSION** *Community volunteerism entails identifying resources; building up present strengths; empowering partners or individuals to reach their potential; facilitating new connections within the community and strengthening such connections; and fostering relationships that enhance the ability of groups and individuals to have a sense of belonging and a desire to be involved.* **REFERENCES** Villasoto,Herminigildo,etc., (2018) Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1 Worktext for College Students, Second Edition. **LEARNING** **OBJECTIVES** After studying this module, you as a NSTP Graduates should be able to: 4. define safety and security; 5. enumerate the measures to ensure campus security; and 6. describe the campus emergency management. **TOPIC** **OUTLINE** 1. **National Security as enshrined in the Philippine Constitution** 2. **Campus Security Measures** 3. **Organization of the Campus Emergency Management** 4. **Earthquakes**  **OVERVIEW** In this module you would understand the campus safety and security, an area which includes the protection of the physical plant or building and facilities and their contents as well as the members of the academic community. Security as defined by Maguigad (2012 is the quality or state of being secure or free from danger (safety) or any form of physical aggression. It means freedom from fear, anxiety, and physical harm; protection against economic vicissitudes; and freedom from uncertainty or doubt. It is a harmony between internal need and the social availability of the means for its satisfaction. **NATIONAL SECURITY AS ENSHRINED IN THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION** According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II-Declaration of Principles and State Policies, Section 3:"The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. It is goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national security." Section 4 further explains: "The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the state and, in the fulfilment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military, or civil service. De Leon (2011) clarifies that civil service refers to any service for the defines of the state other than the soldiers' duty. Section 5 adds:" The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy." De Leon concurs that when peace and order, security, and a life of dignity are established and maintained, political stability and economic prosperity become attainable and the people truly enjoy the blessings of independence and democracy." Democracy flourishes best when peace and order reign and the rights of the people are assured. **CAMPUS SECURITY MEASURES** **Physical security involves the protection of the plant or building facilities, and members of the academic community. It can be fostered through the following measures:** a. **Implementation of pedestrian security (identification system; security check; visitor and equipment control; familiarization of faces of school officials , faculty and staff, students and frequent visitor)** b. **Installation of physical and human barriers (guard force, gate and perimeter fence and lights, top guard, network and linkages with law enforcement agencies)** c. **Enforcement of control (identification system, parking area security, traffic control)** **ORGANIZATION OF THE CAMPUS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT** **Dr. Bernard R. Ramirez of the Philippine State College of Aeronautics presented the organizational composition of campus emergency management:** 1. **Chairperson** **He she is responsible for coordinating the efforts of all the teams under the calamity-Disaster Control Group. He/she directs the conduct of drills and provides leadership during actual disasters to effect the proper synchronization of all the teams.** 2. **Vice-chairperson** **He/she serves as the action person of the Calamity-Disaster Control Group and takes charge of the situation in the absence of the chairperson.** 3. **Disaster Assessment Response Team** **This team is the first to respond to the scene if there are casualties and to assess the damage incurred in the building and facilities. The team members relay their assessment immediately to the Campus Emergency Management Group for the dispatch of rescuers if there are casualties. They are also responsible for inspecting the different rooms in the buildings after evacuation to find out if there are still persons left inside. Likewise, they conduct initial investigation on the cause of the disaster and the extent of damages.** a. **The *security force* is a vital component of this team because the guards are the only ones left in the campus after office and school hours and during the night. The security guards should be jack of all trades. They should be trained not only in security operations but also in firefighting, evacuation, rescue, and first aid. They should be ready with the necessary paraphernalia and equipment.** b. **The *firefighting team* is tasked with implementing fire prevention programs and is primarily responsible for preparing evacuation routes and signages in case of fire. The members should put out the fire while waiting for the fire engines to arrive and to conduct fire drills in coordination with the other teams. There should be at least one announced drill and one announced drill.** c. **The relief team is responsible for preparing foodstuff, emergency clothes, and other supplies for victims of calamities. This unit should always have a sufficient and available stockpile of necessary supplies.** d. **The *evacuation team* is responsible for the evacuation of people and properties. The members should be aware that the elderly, children, pregnant women, and people with disabilities are given priority in the evacuation procedures. They conduct evacuation drills in cooperation with other teams.** e. **The *first team* is responsible for administering first aid to victims and rescuers. The team members should have a ready reserve of medicines as well as stretchers and wheelchairs. An ambulance is also needed in transferring the injured to the nearest hospitals or clinics for further treatment. Prior coordination should be established with hospitals and clinics by the Campus Emergency Management Group.** f. **The *engineering and rehabilitation team* *is* responsible for providing emergency evacuation shelters, repairs and lighting systems. This unit should be provided with portable generators to supply electric current during rescue and evacuation operations in case of brownout.** g. **The *transport team* is basically composed of the, on-teaching staff, and students who usually bring their cars to school. This unit should have an inventory of school personnel and students with vehicles and include them automatically as team members. The team is responsible for bringing casualties to the nearest hospitals or clinics as well as transporting evacuees, including those may have been stranded.** h. **The *rescue team* is responsible for the conduct of rescue operations during emergencies and disasters. The members should be well trained in rescue operations and first aid. They should process strong determination and self-confidence.** **EARTHQUAKES** **An earthquake is a sudden ground motion or a series of it, originating in a limited region inside the earth and spreading from this point in all directions. It is a tremor caused by the sudden release of accumulated energy or stresses inside the earth's surface (PHILVOLCS-DOST,2009).** **An earthquake originating under the ocean floor generates waves which travel at high velocity in the ocean. As the waves approach land, their velocity decelerates while their height increases. The large, destructive waves generated by an earthquake are called tsunamis (PHILVOLCS-DOST,2009).** **Here are some important facts about earthquakes:** 1. **Earthquakes are nature's way of releasing dangerous strains that accumulate inside the earth's crust.** 2. **They occur without warning and effect large areas.** 3. **The initial shock created by an earthquake may last a few minutes. It may be followed by aftershocks, which are generally lesser in intensity than the initial one.** 4. **Aftershocks may come in rapid succession immediately after the initial shock or may vary from a few minutes to several hours or days.** 5. **Dangers from earthquakes are as follows:** a. **Collapse of structures** b. **Falling objects (hanging pictures, items in cupboards and on shelves, ceiling, fixtures, furnitures, cabinet, and bookshelves)** c. **Swinging doors and broken windows** d. **Fire from electrical short circuits or broken gas mains** **When an earthquake occurs while you are in school or any other, remember the following safety measures:** 1. **Take cover under a desk or table** 2. **Stay away from windows** 3. **Assume a crash position on your head down, and hands clasped behind your neck or head.** 4. **Count aloud to 60. An earthquake rarely lasts longer than 60 seconds and counting is calming** 5. **Remain calm and do not panic** 6. **Do not try to get out of the premises if there is danger of flying debris, falling objects, and high voltage wires.** 7. **Stay away fro electrical fixtures and glass windows.** **When you are outside the building during an earthquake:** 1. **Take cover under any strong structure or inside a car park until the tremor subsides.** 2. **Beware of electric wires and posts, trees, street signs, and similar structures that may collapse or fall** 3. **Stay away from hanging objects.** **When you are in the halls, corridors, stairways, and other areas where no cover is available during an earthquake:** 1. **Move to an interior wall; kneel with your back to the wall, place your head close to your knees, clasp your hands behind your neck, and cover the side of the head of your arms.** 2. **Count aloud to 60.** **When you are in the laboratory during an earthquake:** 1. **Extinguish all burners an turn off all equipment, if possible ,before taking cover.** 2. **Stay away from hazardous chemicals that may spill** **When you are inside a vehicle during an earthquake:** 1. **Stop the vehicle in a safe place away from tall structures** 2. **Stay inside the vehicle until the tremor subsides** **LEARNING** **ACTIVITY 1** Answer the following questions in a piece of paper or in a form of a document word. **Write *TRUE* on the blank if the statement is correct and *FALSE* if the statement is wrong.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_1. The priority in the operation of the evacuation team is the safety of the teenagers.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2.The first aid team is responsible for the emergency transport of casualties to the nearest hospitals or clinics.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_3. The vice-chairperson serves as the entertainer of the Calamity Disaster Control Group.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_4. The firefighting team is responsible for preparing foodstuff and clothes for vistims.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_5. The rescue team is responsible for administering first aid to victims.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_6. Earthquakes may come in rapid succession immediately after the initial shock.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_7. During an earthquake, take appropriate measures for your safety.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_8. Prior coordination should be established with hospitals and clinics by the Campus Emergency Management Group.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_9. The disaster assessment response team is the first to respond to the scene of the disaster to see if there are casualties and to assess the damages incurred in the building.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_10. The transport team is composed of the faculty, non-teaching staff, and students ith vehicles.**  **CONCLUSION** *The safety of people and property in any academic community during emergency situations be given utmost priority. A concrete plan coupled with teamwork, effective coordination, and strong commitment to support the Campus Emergency Management Group and all other teams involved in safety and security should be put in place.* *The school can be a better learning institution if the safety and security of students, faculty members, and employees are constantly assured.* **REFERENCES** Villasoto,Herminigildo,etc., (2018) Human Person Gearing towards Social Development: NSTP-CWTS 1 Worktext for College Students, Second Edition.