Cell Biology PDF

MODULE 6 CELL BIOLOGY NS 001: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE  OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Explain the different parts of a cell and their functions; 2. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells; 3. Explain how cells carry out functions required for life. TABLE OF...

MODULE 6 CELL BIOLOGY NS 001: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE  OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Explain the different parts of a cell and their functions; 2. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells; 3. Explain how cells carry out functions required for life. TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 CELL BIOLOGY Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Plant and Animal Cells Functions of Organelles  01 CELL BIOLOGY  CELLS CELL is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms and can replicate independently.  The study of cell is called CELL BIOLOGY. Nasal sinus cells Onion cells Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial (viewed with a (viewed with a cells (seen through a scanning light microscope) light microscope) electron microscope)  LIGHT MICROSCOPE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE visible light is used in the light microscope to magnify images of tiny areas of a beam of electrons is used for magnifying materials or biological specimens. the image of an object TYPES OF CELLS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES BACTERIAL CELLS ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL FUNGAL CELLS TYPES OF CELLS PROKARYOTES PROKARYOTIC CELL PRO – first formed, KARYO - nucleus Single-celled that lacks organelles (nucleus, mitochondria etc.) in the cytoplasm except ribosomes. Prokaryotic cell division occurs BACTERIAL CELLS mainly by binary fission The first form of life, they are simpler and smaller than Eukaryotic cells Most common shape among prokaryotes are spherical, rod like, and spiral.  TYPES OF CELLS EUKARYOTES EUKARYOTIC CELL EU – true, KARYO - nucleus Eukaryotes have specialized organelles in the cytoplasm Grows and reproduce through ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL complex sequence of cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis) These cells are larger than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume FUNGAL CELLS  PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Cell Type Unicellular Multicellular Examples Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi  PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Nucleus Absent Present Membrane-bound Absent Present Organelles DNA Circular Linear Chromosomes Single More than one  PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Cell Division Binary Fission Mitosis and Meiosis FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES ORGANELLES are macromolecules within the cells which are specialized to perform specific functions. MEMBRANE-BOUND NON MEMBRANE- ORGANELLES BOUND ORGANELLES are surrounded by a permeable membrane which allows organelles do not have a membrane within the cells to control what since these organelles do not enters and leaves it need to control what enters and leaves it e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, e.g. ribosomes and vesicles etc. PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS Both eukaryotic cells and contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles LEGEND always present in both cells always present in plant cell always present in animal cell BACTERIUM CELL  BACTERIUM CELL PILLI/ PILUS to attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces or to other cells BACTERIUM CELL FLAGELLUM Enables to move BACTERIUM CELL CAPSULE protecting bacteria from toxic compounds and desiccation and allowing them to adhere to surfaces and to escape the immune system of the host BACTERIUM CELL CELL WALL responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell BACTERIUM CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell BACTERIUM CELL CYTOPLASM where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out BACTERIUM CELL controlling the activity NUCLEOID and reproduction (DNA) BACTERIUM CELL translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids—the building blocks of proteins RIBOSOMES BACTERIUM CELL spreading genes that are beneficial to survival. PLASMID  FLAGELLUM PILLI/ PILUS CAPSULE CELL WALL PLASMA MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEOID (DNA) PLASMID RIBOSOMES ANIMAL CELL ANIMAL CELL NUCLEAR ENVELOPE To protect the nucleus. NUCLEUS Control center. Store DNA. NUCLEOLUS Site of ribosome production. ANIMAL CELL RIBOSOMES Protein factory of the cell. Site of protein production. reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins. ANIMAL CELL SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM No ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis ROUGH (fatty acids and ENDOPLASMIC glycerol) RETICULUM (ER) Has ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis (amino acids) ANIMAL CELL GOLGI BODY Packaging center. Pack proteins and lipids from the ER. ANIMAL CELL VESICLES Transport vehicle. Transport proteins in and out of the cell. ANIMAL CELL LYSOSOMES Digestive part of the cell. Digest waste, worn out cell parts, and foreign invaders. Contains digestive enzymes. ANIMAL CELL MITOCHONDRIA Powerhouse of the cell. Site of cellular respiration. Break down food to produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) ANIMAL CELL VACOULE Store house of the cell. Store food, water and other materials inside the cell. ANIMAL CELL CYTOPLASM Consists of fluid. Protects the cell by keeping its organelle intact and separate. Site of biochemical reaction. ANIMAL CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE Protects the cell. Control what enter and leave the cell. ANIMAL CELL NUCLEAR ENVELOPE VESICLES NUCLEOLUS RIBOSOMES NUCLEUS SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER VACOULE LYSOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA GOLGI BODY PLASMA CYTOPLASM MEMBRANE PLANT CELL  NUCLEAR ENVELOPE NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS  RIBOSOMES ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) GOLGI BODY SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)  CYTOPLASM VACUOLE MITOCHONDRIA PLANT CELL CHLOROPLAST Energy source for plants. Site of photosynthesis. PLANT CELL CYTOPLASM PLASMA MEMBRANE CELL WALL Protects the cell. Provide structure and shape to the cell.  NUCLEAR RIBOSOMES CELL WALL ENVELOPE NUCLEOLUS PLASMA MEMBRANE NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM ROUGH ER GOLGI BODY SMOOTH ER VACUOLE MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST  PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Nucleus Present Present Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present Golgi Body Present Present Mitochondria Present Present Vacuole Present Present Vesicles Present Present Ribosome Present Present  PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL TABLE 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Plasma Membrane Present Present Cytoplasm Present Present Chloroplast Present Absent Cell Wall Present Absent Lysosome Absent Present Centrioles Absent Present  PLANT CELL VS ANIMAL CELL TYPE 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Comparatively smaller in size Usually large in size Increase in size by increasing cell Increase in size by becoming larger numbers Does not have cell wall and chloroplasts has cell wall and chloroplasts Can move around Has limited movement Often changes its shape (irregular Cannot change its shape (fixed shape) shape) Lysosomes are always present Lysosomes are rare PERFORMANCE TASK 2: CELL MODEL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL PERFORMANCE TASK 2: CELL MODEL INSTRUCTION: 1. Construct a 3-dimensional model of a plant or animal cell. 2. You may choose to make your cell model out of any materials that will effectively represent each of the organelles or parts of the cell. PERFORMANCE TASK 2: CELL MODEL 4. Your cell model should include the following organelles/parts: ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Nucleus Mitochondria Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplast Golgi Bodies Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Bodies Lysosomes Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Vacuoles Vacuoles  PERFORMANCE TASK 2 RUBRICS 5. Your cell model and cell city will be graded using the following criteria: CRITTERIA POINTS Content 20 Creativity 20 Materials 20 Overall Appearance 20 Presentation 20 TOTAL 100