Module 4 Integumentary System.pdf

Module 4 Integumentary System FROG INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ▪ Frog integumentary system mainly comprises of skin. ▪ Frog skin is thin, slippery and moist. It appears in different colours, including green, black and brown, etc. ▪...

Module 4 Integumentary System FROG INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ▪ Frog integumentary system mainly comprises of skin. ▪ Frog skin is thin, slippery and moist. It appears in different colours, including green, black and brown, etc. ▪ Moreover, frogs can camouflage. ▪ Frogs have a special ability to breathe underwater through their skin, so frog skin serves as a respiratory system for them. It is a type of cutaneous respiration. ▪ However, in order to breathe, the skin should be moist. Hence, they often live near water. ▪ Moreover, frogs can absorb water through their skin, so they don’t need to drink water. ▪ In addition, frog skin is able to exchange nutrients and perceive stimuli from the environment. ▪ Frog skin is composed of an epidermal and dermal layer, containing resident immune cells throughout the layers. ▪ The epidermis is comprised of stratified squamous epithelial cells in three distinct layers: 1. stratum corneum - composed of a very thin layer of keratinized cells 2. stratum spinosum - composed of terminally differentiating cells, acting as an intermediate layer between the stratum corneum and the regenerative stratum germinativum layer 3. stratum germinativum - directly connects to the dermis, contains a mixture of cell types including epithelial cells, immune cells (described in the paragraph immediately below) and chromatophores that provide frogs with dynamic pigmentation patterns ▪ Dermis also has two regions as stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. 1. stratum spongiosum, made up of loose connective tissue that contains the cutaneous glands, blood vessels, and chromatophores 2. stratum compactum, layer composed of condensed organized connective tissue fibers. ▪ Frog skin comprises two types of glands: mucous and poison glands. Therefore, they secrete mucus and poisons. 1. Mucous glands - produce a mucus which plays a part in a variety of functions: cutaneous respiration, reproduction, thermoregulation and defense. 2. Poison glands - produce a toxic or repellent secretion with an effect on various vertebrate species; this is one of the principal elements in amphibian defense  HUMAN INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ▪ The integumentary system is a complex and vitally important organ system in the human body. ▪ It comprises the skin, hair, nails, and glands that produce sweat and oil. ▪ These tissues work together to protect the body from infection and injury and regulate bodily processes. ▪ The skin is the first line of defense against the outside world and is responsible for keeping the internal organs safe and healthy. ▪ It contains sweat glands that help fight overheating and dehydration by releasing sweat onto the skin’s surface. ▪ It also supports hair that provides insulation against cold weather and nails to help protect the tips of fingers and toes from injury. ▪ The integumentary system refers to the skin and its associated structures, including the following: o Hair o Nails o Glands A. SKIN ▪ The skin is the body’s largest and heaviest organ. ▪ It covers the entire surface of the body and has multiple layers, each with different functions. ▪ It comprises three main layers: o The epidermis: This is the outermost layer of the skin. It is thin and constantly shedding dead skin cells. o The dermis: This is the middle layer of the skin. It contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands. o The subcutaneous layer: This is the deepest layer of the skin. It comprises fat and connective tissue that attaches the skin to the underlying muscles. It insulates and cushions. ▪ As the largest organ in the human body, the skin has multiple functions. These include: o Protection: The skin and hair provide a barrier against harmful substances, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, and temperature extremes. o Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that detect touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold. o Temperature regulation: The skin can sweat and widen blood vessels to regulate body temperature. o Waste excretion: The skin eliminates some wastes through sweat. o Vitamin D production: When exposed to UV light from the sun, the skin produces vitamin D, which is important for bone health. B. GLANDS ▪ Glands are functional units of cells that work in unison to release a substance, such as oil or sweat. ▪ There are two types of glands in the body. o Endocrine glands do not have a duct system and instead release their products directly into the bloodstream. o In contrast, the skin houses various exocrine glands that have ducts to allow them to secrete substances to the epithelial surface. These exocrine glands include: ▪ Eccrine sweat glands: These simple, coiled, tube-like glands reside throughout the body. The sweat they produce is clear and has little to no oil or odor. Its purpose is to cool the body and remove waste by secreting water. ▪ Apocrine sweat glands: These glands produce odorous perspiration. They are large, branched glands that typically appear in the armpits and genital area. They are not significantly involved in cooling. ▪ Ciliary glands: These are modified apocrine sweat glands located in the eyelids. Their purpose is to lubricate the eye and keep it clean. ▪ Sebaceous glands: These secrete an oily substance called sebum that moisturizes and protects the skin. ▪ Ceruminous glands: These glands of the ear canal produce ear wax, and are also modified apocrine glands. Ear wax is a sticky substance that protects the ear from water and foreign bodies. They ▪ Mammary glands: There are two mammary glands on the front chest wall. In people assigned female at birth, the glands produce milk to feed babies. C. HAIR ▪ Hairs are slender, thread-like structures that extend from the epidermis. ▪ They are composed of a protein called keratin and are usually pigmented, which gives them their color. ▪ All areas of the body have hair, except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. ▪ Hairs protect against UV radiation, injuries, and extreme temperatures. ▪ They also play a role in sensation as they contain nerve endings that can detect touch, pressure, and temperature. ▪ Your hair is made of a protein called keratin. ▪ Your hair consists of three parts: the shaft, follicle and bulb. o Hair shaft: The part of your hair you can see, touch and style. o Hair follicle: The tube-like structure that keeps your hair in your skin. o Hair bulb: Located under your skin and responsible for hair growth. ▪ Goosebumps are caused by your integumentary system. We all have hair erector muscles connected to our hair follicles and skin. When it contracts, it makes your hair stand up. The “goosebumps” are what we see when these tiny muscles contract. D. NAILS ▪ Nails are hard, protective structures covering the upper surface of the fingertips and toes. ▪ They are composed of a protein called keratin and grow from the base of the nail bed. ▪ Nails protect the tips of the fingers and toes from injury and support fine motor tasks such as picking up small objects. ▪ Your nails protect the ends of your fingers and toes. ▪ The anatomy of your nail consists of: o Nail plate: The hard part of your nail you can see. o Nail bed: The skin under your nail plate. o Cuticle: The thin skin at the base of your nail plate. o Matrix: The “root” of your nail responsible for making it grow. o Lunula: The white, moon-shaped part of your nail plate.  CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Various conditions can affect the integumentary system. 1. Acne ▪ Acne is a common condition that causes spots, pimples, and blackheads. ▪ It is most common in teenagers. ▪ However, it can occur at any age. ▪ Acne occurs when the pores of the skin become blocked with sebum, bacteria, and dead skin cells. 2. Athlete's Foot ▪ Athlete’s foot is a fungal infection that causes itching, redness, and blisters on the feet. ▪ It is most commonly caused by wearing shoes that do not allow the skin on the feet to breathe. 3. Skin Cancer ▪ Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. ▪ It can be due to overexposure to UV radiation from the sun or sunbeds. ▪ Skin cancer may appear as a discolored, scaly, and crusty skin patch. 4. Cold Sores ▪ A cold sore is a small, painful blister on the lips or around the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus. ▪ Cold sores are contagious. 5. Psoriasis ▪ Psoriasis is a chronic condition that causes the skin to produce new skin cells too quickly. ▪ This leads to the buildup of scaly, red, and itchy patches of skin. 6. Ringworm ▪ Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It is most common on the body, scalp, or feet and is contagious.  FROG VS. HUMAN INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FROG HUMAN DEFINITION Frog integumentary system Human integumentary refers to the frog skin, which is system is the human skin and the largest organs system in its appendages the frog body WATER ABSORPTION Can absorb water Can’t absorb water RESPIRATION Serves as a respiratory organ Does not serve as a respiratory organ LAYERS IN THE SKIN Epidermis and dermis Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer TYPE OF GLANDS Has poison and mucus Sweat glands, oil glands, glands ceruminous glands and mammary glands. TEXTURE Rough Smooth COLOUR Green, brown or black or Brown combination CAMOUFLAGE Can camouflage Cannot camouflage SECRETIONS Poison and mucus Sweat and sebum FUNCTIONS Protection, respiration, Protection, vitamin D receiving stimuli from the synthesis, regulation of body environment and exchange heat, sensation and of nutrients prevention of water loss.