Module 4 Building Systems Part 1 Walls, Floors, Roof, Ceiling-compressed.pdf

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: WALL SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTIO...

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: WALL SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM A 'wall' is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. M o s t c o m m o n l y, a w a l l delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open a i r. W O O D , C O N C R E T E , B R I C K S, G LA SS, M E TA L , HYBRID. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM Building walls have two main purposes: to support roofs and ceilings, and to divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather. 2 TYPES OF WALL: LOAD BEARING NON-LOAD BEARING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : DRY WALL CAN BE DRY WALL SYSTEM: VERTICAL SLATS HORIZONTAL SLATS SOLE PLATE TOP PLATE CRIPPLE MATERIALS IN FRAME SUPPORT: STEEL TUBES WOOD FURRING CONSIDERATIONS: MATERIALS: EXTERIOR SHEATHING+INSULATION SAFETY AND SECURITY +WATER PROOFING SHEET+ INTERIOR WALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : CHB SYSTEM (INTERIOR) REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS CAN BE LOAD BEARING WALLS OR NON-LOAD BEARING WALLS. THE USE OF REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS HELPS IT TO WITHSTAND TENSION FORCES AND HEAVY COMPRESSIVE LOADS. THE UN- REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS ARE PRONE TO CRACKS AND FAILURE UNDER HEAVY COMPRESSIVE LOADS AND DURING EARTHQUAKES. THEY HAVE LITTLE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LATERAL FORCES DURING HEAVY RAIN AND WIND. CRACKS ALSO DEVELOP IN UN-REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS DUE TO EARTH PRESSURE OR DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : CHB SYSTEM POST-TENSIONED MASONRY WALLS POST-TENSIONED MASONRY WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED TO STRENGTHEN THE MASONRY WALLS AGAINST THE FORCES THAT MAY INDUCE TENSION IN THE WALL SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE FORCES OR WIND FORCES. THESE WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM THE FOUNDATION LEVEL AND POST-TENSIONING RODS ARE ANCHORED INTO THE FOUNDATION. THESE RODS ARE RUN VERTICALLY BETWEEN THE WYTHES OR IN THE CORE OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : MONOLITH CONCRETE WALL SYSTEM MONOLITHIC WALL, IN WHICH THE WALL IS BUILT OF A MATERIAL PLACED IN FORMS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION.... FRAME WALL, IN WHICH THE WALL IS CONSTRUCTED AS A FRAME OF RELATIVELY SMALL MEMBERS, USUALLY OF TIMBER, AT CLOSE INTERVALS WHICH TOGETHER WITH FACING OR SHEETHING ON ONE OR BOTH SIDES FORM A LOAD-BEARING SYSTEM. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PREFAB PREFABRICATION, THE ASSEMBLY OF BUILDINGS OR THEIR COMPONENTS AT A LOCATION OTHER THAN THE BUILDING SITE. THE METHOD CONTROLS CONSTRUCTION COSTS BY ECONOMIZING ON TIME, WAGES, AND MATERIALS. PREFABRICATED UNITS MAY INCLUDE DOORS, STAIRS, WINDOW WALLS, WALL PANELS, FLOOR PANELS, ROOF TRUSSES, ROOM-SIZED COMPONENTS, AND EVEN ENTIRE BUILDINGS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PREFAB Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site- specific forms and cured on site. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : STONE WALL - Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and during the Middle Ages MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : BRICK A BRICK IS A T YPE OF BLOCK USED TO BUILD WALLS, PAVEMENTS AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. PROPERLY, THE TERM BRICK DENOTES A BLOCK COMPOSED OF DRIED CLAY, BUT IS NOW ALSO USED INFORMALLY TO DENOTE OTHER CHEMICALLY CURED CONSTRUCTION BLOCKS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : GLASS A CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM IS AN OUTER COVERING OF A BUILDING IN WHICH THE OUTER WALLS ARE NON- STRUCTURAL, UTILIZED ONLY TO KEEP THE WEATHER OUT AND THE OCCUPANTS IN.... WHEN GLASS IS USED AS THE CURTAIN WALL, AN ADVANTAGE IS THAT NATURAL LIGHT CAN PENETRATE DEEPER WITHIN THE BUILDING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : GLASS 2 types of Glass Wall Framed Frameless Glass Frame profile MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : METAL A WI D E VA R I E T Y OF PA N E L I Z E D M E TA L WA L L S YS T E M S AR E AVAI L AB L E F OR I N S TAL L AT I ON AS A B U I L D I N G S EXTERIOR WALL CLADDING.... METAL WALL PANELS ARE USUALLY FABRICATED OF ALUMINUM BUT CAN ALSO BE MANUFACTURED FROM STEEL, STAINLESS STEEL, COPPER, OR COMPOSITE MATERIALS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : METAL ALUMNIMUM COMPOSITE PANEL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL PLASWALLTM : - FAST, HASSLE - FREE, HYGIENIC AND ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM, - FROM LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE SYSTEMS TO THERMALLY INSULATED WALLS ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR HOT AND COLD CLIMATES, - IT IS A LOST IN PLACE FORMWORK SYSTEM, WHERE IN TWO FIBER CEMENT BOARDS (FCB) OF 6MM THICKNESS ARE USED. IT USES HIMI (HIGH IMPACT MOLDED INSERTS) BONDED BETWEEN TWO SHEETS OF FCB IN SITU AND ERECTED TO PRODUCE A STRAIGHT-TO-FINISH WALL. - A MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE IS THEN CREATED BY FILLING THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE WITH CONCRETE. ADDITIONAL LOAD CAPACITY CAN BE OBTAINED BY PROVIDING EXTRA REINFORCING BARS AND/OR INCREASING THE GRADE OF THE CONCRETE. - CAN BE MADE USING MANY TYPES OF WOODGRAINED SHEETS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : HYBRID- PLASWALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PARTS OF PANELLED WALL 1. CORNICE - A PROJECTING MOLDING LOCATED WHERE THE CEILING AND WALL MEET. 1 2. FRIEZE - A PANEL BELOW THE UPPER MOULDING OR CORNICE OF A WALL. 2 3. PICTURE MOULDING OR PICTURE RAIL - A MOULDING ON THE UPPER PART OF A WALL FROM WHICH THE PICTURES ARE HANG. 3 4. FIELD - THE UPPER PART OF A WALL, BETWEEN THE FRIEZR OR CORNICE AND THE DADO. 5. RAISED AND FIELDED PANEL - A PANEL WITH A PLAIN RAISED CENTER. 4 6. DADO - LOWER WALL SURFACE FROM THE CHAIR RAIL, DOWN TO THE SKIRTING BOARD OR BASEBOARD. 6 DADO CAP/CHAIR RAIL - A WALL MOULDING THAT TOPS THE DADO AND PREVENTS CHAIRS PSH AGAINST THE WALL FROM DAMAGING THE SURFACE. 5 WAINSCOAT - A DECORATIVE OR PROTECTIVE FACING APPLIED TO THE LOWER PORT- ION OF AN INTERIOR PARTITION OR WALL, SUCH AS WOOD PANELING OR OTHER FACING MATERIAL. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 WALL SYSTEM : PARTS OF PANELLED WALL 7. BASEBOARD - THE FLAT MOULDING RUNNING AROUND THE BASE OF A WALL, ALSO CALLED SKIRTING BOARD. 8. CASEMENT/CASING - MOULDING COVERING THE SPACE BETWEEN DOOR JAMB AND WALL. 9. CORNER BLOCK - DECORATIVE BLOCK ON THE EDGE OF THE DOOR ATTACHED TO CASEMENT 9 10. PLINTH - THE BLOCK WHERE BASEBOARD AND CASING MEET. 11. MANTLE/MANTEL - THE FRAME SURROUNDING A FIREPLACE, OFTEN USED TO DENOTE JUST THE SHELF (MANTLE SHELF) 12. FIREPLACE OVER MANTEL - A DECORATIVE TREATMENT ABOVE A FIREPLACE. 8 OFTEN INCORPORATING A PAINTING OR MIRROR. 7 10 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: FLOOR SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: WOOD MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: CONCRETE SLAB GF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: STEEL DECKING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: MONOLITH CONCRETE SLAB MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: PRECAST- MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: PRECAST MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 FLOOR SYSTEM: COMBINATION: BRIDGING SUPPORT MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. Temple roof Chang Mai, Thailand with a decorated The overhanging eaves of China gable end and ceramic tile covering. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. The polychrome tiles of the Hospice of Beaune, France. Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral. The marble dome of the Taj Mahal MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF: A roof is the uppermost, covering, part of a building. The purpose of the roof is to protect both the building itself and its living or material contents from the effects of weather. A roof protects primarily against rain. Corrugated iron sheeting a house under construction in Northern Australia. Shows two gables and external cyclonic fastenings. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 TYPES OF ROOF MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOF SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 Roof Materials ROOF INSULATION & MATERIALS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING ASPHALT COMPOSITE SHINGLES MADE FROM A FIBERGLASS BASE TOPPED WITH ASPHALT AND MINERAL GRANULES, THESE THREE-TAB SHINGLES ARE AN ALL-AROUND GOOD CHOICE FOR MOST HOME ROOFING NEEDS. THEY TYPICALLY COME WITH A 20- TO 30-YEAR WARRANTY, AND REPLACING INDIVIDUAL SHINGLES THAT ARE DAMAGED IS A FAIRLY EASY JOB. VIRTUALLY EVERY ROOFING COMPANY IS FAMILIAR WITH INSTALLING THESE SINGLES.COMPOSITE SHINGLES EXCEL AT FLEXING AND ADAPTING TO A ROOF'S MOVEMENTS DUE TO EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING STANDING SEAM METAL ROOFING (LONG SPAN) THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF METAL ROOF IS THE STANDING SEAM ROOF, SO NAMED BECAUSE THE ALUMINUM OR STEEL ROOFING PA N E L S M E E T I N R A I S E D S E A M S T H AT INTERLOCK TO KEEP MOISTURE OUT. METAL ROOFS OF ALL KINDS ARE INCREASINGLY P O P U L A R I N R E G I O N S W I T H H E AV Y SNOWFALL OR WHERE THERE IS A NOTABLE DANGER OF WILD FIRES SINCE THIS IS A R O O F I N G M AT E R I A L T H AT I S F U L LY FIREPROOF. METAL ROOFS ARE VERY LONG-LIVED AND ARE FULLY RECYCLABLE WHEN THEY FINALLY DO WEAR OUT. BUT INSTALLATION REQUIRES SPECIAL SKILLS AND NOT EVERY ROOFING COMPANY IS PREPARED TO INS TALL A STANDING SEAM METAL ROOF. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING METAL SHINGLES/SHAKES THERE ARE STEEL OR ALUMINUM SHINGLES OR SHAKES NOW AVAILABLE. MADE FROM STAMPED METAL AND FINISHED WITH EITHER A HIGH-QUALITY BAKED-ON COATING OR MINERAL GRANULES, METAL SHINGLES CAN BE FABRICATED TO LOOK VERY MUCH LIKE TRADITIONAL ASPHALT SHINGLES, WOODEN SHAKES, OR EVEN SLATE OR CLAY TILES. THEY ARE AN EXCELLENT CHOICE WHERE APPEARANCE IS A CRITICAL CONCERN. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING WOOD SHINGLES OR SHAKES WOOD ROOFS ARE VERY ATTRACTIVE, BUT THEY ARE ALSO QUITE EXPENSIVE AND HAVE LIMITATIONS. THEY ARE NOT PARTICULARLY LONG-LIVED, AND THEY ARE A POOR CHOICE IN AREAS THAT GET LOTS OF MOISTURE OR WHERE WILDFIRES ARE A DANGER. STILL, THEY ARE AMONG THE MOST ATTRACTIVE OF ALL ROOFING MATERIALS, WHICH MAKES THEM A POPULAR CHOICE FOR LUXURY HOMES. ALTHOUGH BOTH ARE MADE FROM NATURAL WOOD, USUALLY CEDAR OR REDWOOD, THERE IS A D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N WO O D S H A K E S A N D SHINGLES. SHINGLES ARE TYPICALLY THIN, WEDGE- SHAPED SLABS OF WOOD THAT ARE PRODUCED BY PRECISE SAWING. SHAKES ARE PRODUCED BY SPLITTING AND ARE THICKER WEDGES WITH A ROUGHER TEXTURE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING CLAY TILE CLAY TILE IS MADE FROM EARTHEN CLAYS MOLDED INTO ROLLED OR INTERLOCKING SHAPES AND FIRED FOR HARDNESS. IT IS OFTEN LEFT UNGLAZED, WITH THE CHARACTERISTIC REDDISH-ORANGE COLOR; OR IT CAN BE GLAZED AND FIRED TO FORM CERAMIC ROOFING TILES. CL AY TILE IS A VERY GOOD ROOFING MATERIAL FOR HOT CLIMATES OR WHERE SALT AIR IS PRESENT, WHICH IS WHY THESE ROOFS ARE SEEN SO OFTEN IN SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS OR DESERT REGIONS. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING CONCRETE TILE CONCRETE TILE IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CLAY TILE, WITH SIMILAR INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES AND SIMIL AR ADVANTAGES. CON CRETE TILES ARE MOLDED FROM STANDARD SAND-MIX CONCRETE COLORED TO WHATEVER HUES ARE DESIRED. A VARIETY OF PROFILES ARE AVAILABLE, SOME OF WHICH RESEMBLE ROLLED CLAY TILES, OTHERS THAT ARE LOW-PROFILE RESEMBLING WOOD SHAKES. CONCRETE TILE IS SOMETIMES FINISHED WITH A DECORATIVE COATIN G. IT IS A VERY HEAVY ROOFING MATERIAL, MAKING IT A GOOD CHOICE IN HIGH-WIND REGIONS. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING SLATE SHINGLES A SLATE ROOF IS PERHAPS THE FINEST ROOFING MATERIAL THERE IS—A C HOICE FOR THE HOMEOWNER WHO WILL ACCEPT ONLY THE FINEST. THERE ARE SLATE ROOFS HUNDREDS OF YEARS OLD THAT ARE STILL FUNCTIONING. TRUE SLATE ROOFING IS JUST AS IT SOUNDS: AUTHENTIC, THIN SHEETS OF REAL STONE. BECAUSE SLATE HAS A TENDENCY TO CLEAVE OFF IN THIN SHEETS, IT IS EASY TO QUARRY, MAKING IT IDEAL FOR ROOFING. BUT INSTALLING SLATE IS A VERY SPECIALIZED SKILL, AND QUALIFIED INSTALLERS CAN BE HARD TO FIND. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING SYNTHETIC (RUBBER) SLATE TILE SYNTHETIC SLATE SHINGLES ARE A SURPRISINGLY CONVINCING STAND-IN FOR NATURAL SLATE, BUT THIS MATERIAL IS CONSTRUCTED FROM ENGINEERED POLYMERS COMBINED WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC AND RUBBER. FROM THE GROUND, IT CAN BE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH THIS ENGINEERED ROOFING FROM NATURAL SLATE. AND SYNTHETIC SLATE IS QUITE LIGHTWEIGHT, MAKING IT A VIABLE OPTION FOR HOUSES THAT CANNOT SUPPORT THE HEAVY WEIGHT OF NATURAL SLATE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING ROLLED ROOFING ROLLED ROOFIN G (OR ROLL ROOFIN G) IS A MINERAL-SURFACED ROOFING PRODUCT, OR MSR, THAT COMES IN ROLLS OF 100 SQUARE FEET. ROLLED ROOFING IS EASY TO OBTAIN AND CAN BE FOUND AT ALL HOME IMPROVEMENT STORES. ONE MSR ROOFING ROLL IS USUALLY ABOUT 36 FEET LONG BY 36 INCHES WIDE. SO IN TERMS OF QUANTITY, A ROOFING ROLL IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF ONE COMPOSITE SHINGLE SQUARE. SQUARE IS A ROOFING TERM THAT REFERS TO ONE ROOFING UNIT OF 100 SQUARE FEET. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING MEMBRANE ROOFING ANOTHER CHOICE FOR FLAT OR VERY LOW-PITCH ROOFS IS A MEMBRANE ROOF. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF MEMBRANE THAT CAN BE USED, INCLUDING: NEOPRENE (POLYCHLOROPRENE) EPDM (ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE MONOMER) PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE AND CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE SHEETS POLYMER-MODIFIED BITUMENS ONE OF THE BEST MEMBRANES IS EPDM. EPDM IS A SYNTHETIC ROOFING MATERIAL OFTEN REFERRED TO AS "RUBBER ROOFING." IT IS SIMILAR TO ROLLED ASPHALT ROOFING IN THAT IT IS APPLIED IN LARGE SHEETS THAT LIMIT THE NUMBER OF SEAMS WHERE WATER CAN INFILTRATE. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING BUILT-UP ROOFING (BUR) BUILT-UP ROOFING (BUR) IS ONE OF THE OLDEST OPTIONS FOR MATERIAL FOR FLAT ROOFS OR ROOFS THAT ARE VERY LOW IN PITCH. BUR SYSTEMS ARE CONSTRUCTED WITH SEVERAL LAYERS OF ROOFING FELT IMPREGNATED WITH ASPHALT THAT IS APPLIED HOT. THE FELT IS APPLIED IN OVERLAPPING LAYERS TO FORM A BARRIER TWO TO FOUR LAYERS T H I C K , T H E N A L AY E R O F F I N E LY CRUSHED STONE IS EMBEDDED IN HOT TAR OVER THE TOP TO CREATE A VERY DURABLE AND IMPENETRABLE ROOF. https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING COLD APPLIED WATER PROOFING BRIEFLY DEFINED, COLD-APPLIED SYSTEMS ARE WATERPROOFING OR ROOFING APPLICATIONS THAT UTILIZE A COLD ADHESIVE (SOLVENT-BASED OR WATER-BASED) IN THE ADHERENCE OR FUSION OF THE FELT. COLD-APPLIED ROOFING AND WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE IN THE U.S. MARKETS FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS https://www.buildingenclosureonline.com/articles/89735-the-durability-factor-with-cold-applied-vs-hot-applied-liquid-waterproofing MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ROOFING MATERIALS: INSULATION AND WATER PROOFING LIQUID RUBBERIZE WATER PROOFING NON-PERMEABLE – LIQUID RUBBER PAINT CREATES AN IMPERMEABLE BARRIER BETWEEN THE SUBSTRATE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THEY CAN WITHSTAND PONDING WATER FOR FLAT ROOFS, OR BE USED IN OVERSPILL CONTAINMENT. THEY ARE WATERPROOF, VAPOUR TIGHT, AIR AND GAS BARRIERS. https://www.coating.co.uk/rubber-coating/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 Roof Materials INSULATIONS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: SPRAY FOAM ROOF INSULATION - Polyurethane spray foam is applied to the underside of the roof directly onto the slates, tiles or roofing felt and bonds them to each other and to the load bearing rafter timbers. Once installed this can reduce your energy bills by up to 20% and additionally significantly reduce your CO₂ footprint. -SPRAY FOAM SYSTEMS GIVE GREATER ACOUSTIC INSULATION THAN CONVENTIONAL FIBREGLASS AND OTHER FORMS OF INSULATION. AT 75MM THICKNESS, THE ACOUSTIC BENEFIT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED TO BE EQUIVALENT TO DOUBLE GLAZING. -SPRAY FOAM WILL EXTEND THE LIFE OF YOUR EXISTING ROOF AND MAY REDUCE FUTURE MAINTENANCE BILLS. -A SPRAY FOAM SYSTEM GUARANTEES A WARMER PROPERTY IN THE WINTER AND A COOLER PROPERTY IN SUMMER PROVIDING GREATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND COMFORT. AS MANY ALLERGY SUFFERERS WILL CONFIRM, DUST CAN MAKE EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES UNBEARABLE. A SPRAY FOAM SYSTEM SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES WIND DRIVEN DUST BEING BLOWN INTO THE LOFT SPACE. -A SPRAY FOAM SYSTEM PROVIDES A STRONGER MORE STABLE ROOF DUE TO THE HIGH STRENGTH TO LOW WEIGHT RATIO OF THE FOAM. SPRAY FOAM SYSTEMS CAN PREVENT CONDENSATION IN A ROOF SPACE REDUCING THE POSSIBILITY OF ROTTING TIMBERS, CORROSION, DAMP AND MOULD. A TREATED ROOF CAN PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR LOW COST LOFT CONVERSION. IT CAN HELP TO STABILISE AGEING ROOFS AND CREATE ADDITIONAL USABLE LOFT SPACE. SPRAY FOAM IS INERT AND DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY NUTRITIONAL VALUE TO RODENTS, BIRDS OR INSECTS, WHICH ALSO PREVENTS VERMIN GAINING ACCESS TO YOUR LOFT SPACE. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: SPRAY FOAM ROOF INSULATION - Polyurethane spray foam is applied to the underside of the roof directly onto the slates, tiles or roofing felt and bonds them to each other and to the load bearing rafter timbers. Once installed this can reduce your energy bills by up to 20% and additionally significantly reduce your CO₂ footprint. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: RIGID INSULATION BOARDS - Boards must be cut to the correct width so that they fit snugly between the rafters. They can then be covered by insulated plasterboard. Similarly walls in the roof space and around dormer windows should also be insulated with rigid insulation boards. In all cases make sure there is adequate ventilation to the rafters. PROS GREENER INSULATION OPTIONS INCLUDE CORK, STRAW AND WOOD BOARD. EXCELLENT FOR INSULATING LOFT CONVERSIONS. CAN BE COVERED WITH PLASTERBOARD FOR AN ATTRACTIVE FINISH. HIGH INSULATING VALUE PER UNIT THICKNESS. SOME BOARDS COME WITH THEIR OWN SYSTEM OF ATTACHMENT. CONS SYNTHETIC SHEET INSULATION MATERIALS USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY DURING PRODUCTION. CAN BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER TYPES OF LOFT INSULATION. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: BLANKET INSULATION (ALSO CALLED MATTING INSULATION) - This insulation is available as simple rolls of varying thickness and width or rolls of foil- backed felt, rock, glass or mineral fibre. If access is easy and your loft joists are regular, you can use rolls of blanket insulation. The first layer is laid between the joists – the horizontal beams that make up the floor of the loft – then another layer is laid at right angles to cover the joists and make the insulation up to the required depth (270mm). MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: GLASS ROCK AND MINERAL WOOL INSULATION - The most common types of insulation in the home are made primarily using glass or rock that has been melted down at temperatures well in excess of 1,000°C and spun into fine strands of wool. A binding agent is also added to help hold the strands together. These strands of wool are then formed into the rolls to fit between ceiling joists. PROS STRAIGHTFORWARD TO INSTALL YOURSELF. SOME BRANDS USE SHEEP’S WOOL. SHEEP’S WOOL INSULATION IS A FAIRLY NEW INSULATION PRODUCT, HOWEVER BEFORE IT IS USED AS AN INSULATION MATERIAL, IT MUST UNDERGO AN INTENSIVE CLEANING PROCESS IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE DIRT AND OILS FROM THE WOOL. THE CHEMICALS AND ENERGY USED DURING THIS PROCESS MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN MEASURING ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. SHEEP’S WOOL INSULATION CAN LAST OVER 50 YEARS AND IS ALSO TREATED AGAINST FIRE AND INSECTS. GOOD FOR INSULATING ACCESSIBLE SPACES SUCH AS EXPOSED WALL CAVITIES. CONS SOME MATERIALS CAN IRRITATE THE SKIN SO MAKE SURE YOU WEAR PROPER PROTECTION. SHEEP’S WOOL IS A MORE EXPENSIVE INSULATION OPTION. ROLLS OF BLANKET INSULATION CAN BE TOO BULKY TO FIT IN SMALL SPACES OR AROUND OBSTRUCTIONS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: LOOSE FILL INSULATION -you can have blown insulation installed by a professional into the gaps between joists, they will use specialist equipment to blow loose, fire-retardant insulation material such as cellulose fibre, mineral rock wool, cork granules or even recycled newspaper into the loft. Loose-fill insulation works well in inaccessible spaces and for topping up. GOOD FOR HARD TO REACH AREAS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: LOOSE FILL INSULATION -you can have blown insulation installed by a professional into the gaps between joists, they will use specialist equipment to blow loose, fire-retardant insulation material such as cellulose fibre, mineral rock wool, cork granules or even recycled newspaper into the loft. Loose-fill insulation works well in inaccessible spaces and for topping up. GOOD FOR HARD TO REACH AREAS. PROS FITS EASILY BETWEEN IRREGULARLY SPACED JOISTS OR AROUND OBSTRUCTIONS. GREENER INSULATION OPTIONS INCLUDE RECYCLED PAPER OR WOOL. IDEAL FOR INSULATING AREAS WHERE ACCESS IS DIFFICULT. LIGHT AND CONVENIENT TO HANDLE. USEFUL FOR TOPPING UP EXISTING INSULATION IN ATTICS. CONS CAN COME LOOSE IN DRAUGHTY LOFTS. CAN BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER TYPES OF LOFT INSULATION. YOU’LL NEED TO EMPLOY A PROFESSIONAL TO INSTALL BLOWN-FIBRE INSULATION IN YOUR LOFT NOT RECOMMENDED FOR INSULATING DRAUGHTY LOFTS. SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ARE NEEDED DURING INSTALLATION. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 INSULATION: STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS - Structural insulated panels are prefabricated panels that can be used in roofs. They offer excellent insulation in comparison with traditional methods. They typically consist of 10cm – 20cm thick panels that are made to fit in a factory then shipped to the site and can be made to various size MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: RAIN GUTTER SYSTEM MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 RAIN GUTTER SYSTEM A RAIN GUTTER, ALSO KNOWN SIMPLY AS A GUTTER OR GUTTERING, IS PART OF A BUILDING'S WAT E R D I S C H A RG E SYSTEM. IT IS A TROUGH OR CHANNEL THAT RUNS AROUND THE PERIMETER OF A ROOF, AND COLLECTS RAINWATER RUNOFF FROM THE ROOF, DISCHARGING IT, USUALLY TO RAINWATER DOWNPIPES WHICH CONVEY IT TO A DRAINAGE SYSTEM. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: CEILING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM DROP CEILING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM ACOUSTIC BOARD MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM D RO P C E I L I N G U S I N G METAL FURRING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM SHADOW LINE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM CURTAIN SOFFIT MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 CEILING SYSTEM COVE LIGHT