MODULE 3- WATER SAMPLING.pdf

WATER SAMPLING & OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT PREPARED BY: ENGR. REYMORE ALFREDO INSAS WATER SAMPLING ▪ Gathering water for examination from different sources. ▪ The practice of gathering water for analysis from a variety of sources, including lakes, rivers, groundwater, and municipal supplies, i...

WATER SAMPLING & OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT PREPARED BY: ENGR. REYMORE ALFREDO INSAS WATER SAMPLING ▪ Gathering water for examination from different sources. ▪ The practice of gathering water for analysis from a variety of sources, including lakes, rivers, groundwater, and municipal supplies, is known as "water sampling." To assess the quality and safety of the water for consumption or ecological health, this examination may involve testing for chemical, physical, and biological factors. IMPORTATANCE WATER SAMPLING ▪ An essential step in determining the safety and quality of water sources is water sampling. Through the collection and analysis of typical samples, we are able to: 1. Check the water's safety before using it for drinking, playing, or other purposes. 2. Determine any probable contamination sources. 3. Track alterations in the water's quality over time. 4. Ensure compliance with water quality regulations TYPES OF WATER SAMPLING ▪ GRAB SAMPLING ▪ COMPOSITE SAMPLING TYPES OF WATER SAMPLING 1. GRAB SAMPLING ▪ Grab sampling, sometimes called spot sampling, is a technique for gathering one water sample at a particular time and place. ▪ This method works well for evaluating current circumstances since it gives a momentary picture of the water quality, but it is not appropriate for evaluating long- term trends. TYPES OF WATER SAMPLING 1. COMPOSITE SAMPLING ▪ Composite sampling means gathering several grab samples from different locations or during a predetermined period of time, then combining them into a single sample for examination. ▪ With this approach, the average water quality over time or in several locations should be more representative. WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE OVERVIEW OF WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSES Water purification involves several key steps to remove contaminants and make water safe for drinking and other uses. The main treatment processes are: 1. Pretreatment 2. Coagulation and Flocculation 3. Sedimentation 4. Filtration 5. Disinfection 6. Other Treatments PRE-TREATMENT WATER PURIFICATION Screening to remove large debris like sticks, leaves, and trash Storage in reservoirs to allow natural biological purification and provide a buffer against droughts or pollution Pre-chlorination to minimize growth of fouling organisms in pipes and tanks COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION Chemicals with positive charge are added to neutralize negative charge of dirt and dissolved particles Gentle mixing forms larger, heavier particles called flocs SEDIMENTATION Flocs settle to the bottom of the water because they are heavier than water Separates solids from water before filtration FILTRATION Water passes through filters with different pore sizes made of materials like sand, gravel, and charcoal Removes dissolved particles, parasites, bacteria, and viruses Activated carbon filters also remove odors Ultrafiltration uses membranes with very small pores to filter out water and small molecules Reverse osmosis removes additional particles, often used for recycled or salt water DISINFECTION Chemicals like chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide are added to kill remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses Maintains low levels to continue killing germs as water travels to taps UV light and ozone can also be used for disinfection at the plant OTHER TREATMENTS pH is adjusted to improve taste, reduce pipe corrosion, and ensure disinfectants remain effective Fluoride is added to strengthen teeth and reduce cavities NOTE: The specific treatment processes used depend on the source water quality and contaminants present. Surface water typically requires more treatment than groundwater. Specialized methods may be used to remove radionuclides, certain chemicals, or toxins