Module 3: Physiological Bases of Behavior (Intro to Psychology) PDF

**MODULE 3: Physiological Bases of Behavior (Biological foundation)** Topic 1- **Nervous System** Topic 2**- Central Nervous System and Peripheral** **Nervous System** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Topic 1 & 2 :** | **Nervous System...

**MODULE 3: Physiological Bases of Behavior (Biological foundation)** Topic 1- **Nervous System** Topic 2**- Central Nervous System and Peripheral** **Nervous System** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Topic 1 & 2 :** | **Nervous Systems, its mechanisms | | | and the Central and Peripheral** | | | | | | **Nervous System** | | | | | | After **studying this module, the | | | students should be able to:** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Learning Objectives:** | 1. Understand the concepts of | | | nervous system; | | | | | | 2. Explain how the neurons/nerve | | | cells work; | | | | | | 3. Discuss the concepts of | | | central and peripheral | | | nervous systems. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Reference/s:** | Bataga N. U., Castro, D. A. & | | | Abregana, C. G., (2014). | | | Introduction to Psychology | | | (concepts & Theories). Mutya | | | Publishing House, Inc. | | | | | | Aguirre, F.U., Monce, M. R. E. & | | | Dy, G. C., (2011). Introduction | | | to Psychology. Mutya Publishing | | | House, Inc. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Concept/Digest:** In understanding human behavior, psychology has drawn this from different fields of study and researches, genetics, sociology and anthropology for instance have supplied some clues to the puzzle of behavior. Only human being is capable of making complex patterns of adjustment to the different and never ending changes and demands of his/her environment. The reason why we are labelled as animal, having "supreme abilities" among other animals and we owe so much our ability for complex and invariable behavioral adjustment to our nervous system.  This activity aims to understand on how the nerve cells work during the process of sensing, analyzing, identifying the stimuli or impulses experience by the different senses. **Analyze the lyrics of the song: Sad movies always make me cry** He said he had to work, so I went to the show alone. They turned down the lights and turned the projector on. And just as the news of the world started to begin,\ I saw my darling and my best friend walking in. So I was sitting where they didn\'t see\ And so they sat right down in front of me\ And when he kissed her lips I almost died\ and in the middle of the color cartoon I started to cry  **Instruction**: Choose your chat mates and share your interpretations about the lyrics of the song. This activity gives you the ideas about the vital parts of the nervous system from the microscopic brain cells that hold and transmit information, to the visible structures that provide the basis for functions such as memory, thoughts and voluntary movements. **Focus activity: Truth or Fiction? (You can research it in the internet for more** **information)** **Instructions1:** What do you think? Folklore, common sense or nonsense? Place a **[T]** for "*Truth* " and **[F]** for "*Fiction*" on the lines provided. \_\_\_\_1. A single cell can stretch all the way from your spine to your toe. \_\_\_\_2. Messages travel in the brain by means of electricity. \_\_\_\_3. A brain cell can send out hundreds of messages each second and manage to catch some rest in between. \_\_\_\_4. The human brain is larger than that of any other animal. **Instructions 2:** Provide your justifications or arguments of your answers on the space provided according to each statement. 1.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  This activity aims to explain your day to day experience relating with people and other objects that can stimulate you to react or response in many ways. Either you are sad, happy or surprise. Different emotional reactions and explanations of behavior manifested during the process of encounter. Let's process your reaction to every experience you have! - What did you notice when you are tasked to answer whether it is fiction or truth? There is processing of information, you observed that your neurons are working to analyze what you have read and find out the correct answers. - You also observed that the other lower extremities (I'm referring to the muscles and glands) are moving that somehow facilitate you to think of the ways to get the appropriate sources that could provide validation of your responses. That is why you immediately connect to the internet and access information, others solicit information from friends and relatives. This activity aims to enrich your knowledge about the nervous system on being wired. The neurons which is considered as fabulous forest that have lots of trees with trunks, branches and roots. The electrochemical emitted in the brain that produces the power to ignite other neurons. - ***[Nervous System]***- it is our body's decision and communication center. It is made up of **Central** [ ] **Nervous System (CNS)** which is composed of the Brain and Spinal Cord, the **Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)** with two divisions- Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System. Together they control every part of our daily life, from breathing and blinking to helping us memorize facts during a test/examination.  *Source: * - ***Neuron-*** A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body, these highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. - ***[Afferent and Efferent Neurons-]*** If someone steps on your toes, the sensation is registered by receptors or sensory neurons near the surface of your skin. It is transmitted to the spinal cord and brain through ***sensory neurons*** (Afferent neurons), which are two to three feet long. While, in the brain, the messages might be conveyed by associative neurons that are thousandths of an inch long. You experience the pain through this process and perhaps entertain some thoughts about the incidents you experience. However, ***motor neurons* (**Efferent neurons), send messages to your foot so that you withdraw it and begin hopping. Other efferent neurons stimulate glands so that your heart is beating more rapidly, you are sweating and hair on the back of your arms has become erect! Your reactions could either shout out! Or cry or box the one stepping your toes. - **[Neural Impulse "The Body Electric"] --**the neural impulses(messages) that travel along neurons are electrochemical in nature. This chemical changes take place within neurons that cause an electrical charge to be transmitted along their lengths. The conduction of the neural impulse along the length of a neuron is what we called ***Firing***- how messages voyage(travel) from neuron to neuron. What  happens when a neuron fires? Neurons fire but instead of a barrel, a neuron has an a*xon*, instead of discharging a bullet, it releases ***[neurotransmitters.]*** 1. **Acetylcholine-** associated with memory, muscle contractions and learning. A lack of acetylcholine in the brain is associated with **Alzheimer's disease** 2. **Endorphins-** associated with emotions and pain perception. The body releases endorphins in response to fear or trauma. These chemical messengers are similar to opiate drugs such as morphine but are significantly stronger. 3. **Dopamine-** associated with thought and pleasurable feelings. **Parkinson's disease** is one illness associated with deficits in dopamine, while **schizophrenia** is strongly linked to excessive amounts of this chemical messenger. 4. **Serotonin -** is involved in emotional arousal and sleep. Deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression and insomnia. 5. **Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-** it is an *inhibitory neurotransmitter that* may help calm anxiety reactions. Tranquilizers (antipsychotic) and alcohol may pacify anxiety by binding with GABA receptors and amplifying its effects. 6. **Norepinephrine-** it is *excitatory neurotransmitters* that speeds up the heartbeat and other body processes and involved in general arousal, learning, memory and eating. Excesses and deficiencies of norepinephrine have been linked to mood disorders and impaired memory. - **Central Nervous System-** it is the master organ and the busiest part of the body. it controls and directs all activities in the nervous system. It is responsible for the integration of the CNS and PNS. It receives impulses/messages through the spinal cord, sorts them out and releases this message or information to the appropriate parts of the CNS for actions. **[FOREBRAIN]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PART | FUNCTION | DYSFUNCTION | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Cerebral Cortex | - Controls thinking | - Results in people | | | and sensing | have less control | | | functions, | over their | | | voluntary | social-emotional | | | movement | behavior | | | | | | | - Plays a vital | | | | role in our | | | | thinking and | | | | other mental | | | | processes | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Basal Ganglia | - A collection of | - Results in motor | | | neurons | discrepancies | | | | | | | - Plays a crucial | - Malfunction can | | | role in motor | cause tremors, | | | function | involuntary and | | | | slow movements | | | | which can be | | | | observed with | | | | people who have | | | | ***Parkinson's | | | | disease*** and | | | | ***Huntington's | | | | disease*** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Limbic System | - Plays an | - Damage to the | | | important role in | ***amygdala*** | | | the regulation of | can result to the | | | emotion, memory, | lack of fear | | | motivation and | | | | learning. | - *children with | | | | autism* shows | | | - Regulates | limited functions | | | instinctive | of the | | | behavior | ***amygdala*** | | | | which leads to | | | - Helps us to adapt | social impairment | | | to an ever | | | | changing and | - lesions in the | | | evolving | ***amygdala*** | | | environment | can cause | | | | **visual | | | - Has three | agnosia** | | | interconnected | (inability to | | | cerebral parts: | recognize | | | | objects) and | | | a. **Septum --** | **hypersexuality* | | | anger and fear | * | | | | | | | b. **Amygdala --** | - damage or removal | | | plays a vital | of the | | | role in | ***hippocampus*** | | | regulation of | can still recall | | | *emotion* | previous memories | | | especially in | but are unable to | | | anger and | form new ones | | | | relative to the | | | c. **Hippocampus | dysfunction | | | --** memory | | | | formation; | | | | essential for | | | | spatial memory | | | | and learning | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Thalamus | - part of the | - results in | | | forebrain that | multiple symptoms | | | delivers sensory | which include | | | information | pain, | | | through the | uncontrollable | | | designated areas | trembling, | | | of the cerebral | amnesia, language | | | cortex: our | impairment and | | | sight, hearing, | disrupted | | | pressure and | sleeping and | | | pain, and our | waking pattern | | | physical balance | | | | and equilibrium | | | | | | | | - helps in | | | | regulating | | | | **sleep** and | | | | **wake patterns** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hypothalamus | - controls our | - results in | | | **endocrine | **narcolepsy** ( | | | system** | when a person | | | | falls asleep | | | - regulates our | involuntarily at | | | **emotions** and | any given time) | | | **stress** | | | | | | | | - plays an | | | | important role in | | | | **sleep** | | | | | | | | - regulates | | | | behavior such | | | | particularly of: | | | | **fighting, | | | | feeding, | | | | fleeing** and | | | | **mating** which | | | | are important to | | | | our survival | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[MIDBRAIN]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PART | FUNCTION | DYSFUNCTION | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Reticular Activating | - plays a role in | - can cause | | System (RAS) | the regulation of | hypersomnia and | | | one's | drowsiness | | | **consciousness** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Superior Colliculi | - Involved in our | - Vision problems | | | sense of | | | | **sight** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Inferior Colliculi | - Involved in our | - Hearing problems | | | sense of | | | | **hearing** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[HINDBRAIN]**  +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PART | FUNCTION | DYSFUNCTION | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Cerebellum | - plays a role in | - inability to walk | | | one's sense of | | | | balance, | - loss of balance | | | coordination and | | | | muscle tone | - impairment in | | | | physical | | | | coordination and | | | | movement | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pons | - Also contains a | - Sensory and | | | part of the RAS | arousal | | | | dysfunction | | | - It is a bridge | | | | between the | - Sleep | | | cerebrum and | disturbances | | | cerebellum | | | | | | | | - Plays a part in | | | | our **facial | | | | expressions** and | | | | movement | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Medulla Oblongata | - Controls most | - Difficulty in | | | part of the | breathing, | | | involuntary | swallowing and | | | activities in the | muscle control | | | **heart** and | | | | contributes | - Loss of sensation | | | largely in | | | | breathing, | | | | swallowing and | | | | our digestion | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - **Spinal Cord-** it is a long and stem-like structure running down the vertebral column. Composed of nerves that lead to and from the brain. Two main functions: a. To provide connector mechanisms for reflex reactions and b. To transmit messages to and from the brain (pathway) - Spinal cord is considered as he center of reflex reactions. It has two kinds of reflexes 1. **Monosynaptic reflex** (simple reflex)- this takes place due to the direct connection between a sensory neuron and motor neuron without intervening interneuron. It consists only of one synapse between what you feel or a sensory input. e.g. Knee-jerk or patella reflex 2. **Polysynaptic reflex** (complex reflex)- a kind of reflex that involves many synapses in serval countless interneuron e.g. sudden withdrawal of hand from hot object or pain or blinking of the eyes to loud sound. - Peripheral Nervous System- it contains all the nerves that lie outside of the CNS. The primary role is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs and skin. It has two parts: a. **Somatic NS**- responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the CNS. -responsible for transmitting sensory information as well as for voluntary movement b **Autonomic NS**- responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion and breathing. This has two branches: 1. **Sympathetic system**- regulates the flight or fight responses 2. **Parasympathetic**- helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical resources - Endocrine System- it uses chemicals to "communicate." These chemicals are known as **HORMONES.** - These hormones are ductless- means that their secretions (hormones) are released directly into the bloodstream and travel elsewhere in the body to target organs, upon which they act. **Major endocrine glands are:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Endocrine Glands** | **Hormones** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Pituitary** | **Follicle-stimulating hormone-** | | | causes the formation of sperm | | | | | | and egg cells | | | | | | **Luteinizing hormone-** causes | | | ovulation and maturation of | | | | | | sperm and egg cells | | | | | | **Antidiuretic hormone**- prevent | | | excess water excretion by the | | | | | | kidneys | | | | | | **Endorphins**- chemical release | | | known as opiates and serve to | | | | | | deaden(impair) our pain | | | receptors. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Thyroid** | **Thyroxin-** contains iodine | | | that helps regulate metabolism | | | | | | Enlargement of thyroid gland is | | | due to disorder | | | | | | called goiter | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Pancreas** | **Insulin --** regulates the | | | blood sugar level, it commands | | | the liver | | | | | | to take excess glucose out of | | | circulation to lower a | | | | | | blood sugar level that's too high | | | | | | **Glucagon**-regulates the blood | | | sugar level, commands the liver | | | to | | | | | | take carbohydrate out of storage | | | to raise a low blood sugar | | | | | | level | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Adrenal** | **Adrenalin- (medulla)-**response | | | to stressors such as fright, | | | anger | | | | | | **Cortisone- | | | (cortex)-**responsible for | | | preventing inflammatory | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Gonads or Sex Organs** | Female- **Estrogen and | | | Progesterone** | | | | | | Male- **Testosterone and | | | Androgen** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Pineal** | **Melatonin-** promotes sleep, it | | | makes you sleepy | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Instruction**: *You are going make a short reflection with 10 phrases about your learning about the topics* *tackled in this module. Bullet form* 1. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 2. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 3. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 4. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 5. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 6. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 7. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 8. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 9. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* 10. *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* **Output will be submitted on September 20, 2021** Teacher*:* **Mdm. Jean M. Cavalida, MAGC, MSP, RGC** Intro to Psychology