Module 2 - Record Keeping - Student PDF

2023‐08‐31 MODULE 2: RECORD KEEPING Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 2 & 3 1 LABORATORY NOTEBOOKS Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 2 2 1 2023‐08‐31 Laboratory Notebooks 3    A lab notebook is a permanent record of work, maintained in a precise and orderly manner  Complete record of experimental purpos...

2023‐08‐31 MODULE 2: RECORD KEEPING Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 2 & 3 1 LABORATORY NOTEBOOKS Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 2 2 1 2023‐08‐31 Laboratory Notebooks 3    A lab notebook is a permanent record of work, maintained in a precise and orderly manner  Complete record of experimental purposes, procedures, observations, data and results For each lab, you must follow the guidelines for maintaining laboratory notebook outlined here, and any additional guidelines given to you in each lab (some laboratory notebook guidelines are course specific) Future employers may also have different requirements for maintaining laboratory records 3 Purpose of the Laboratory Notebook 4 ALL information from the laboratory must be recorded in a lab notebook. WHY?      To have a record of data and results which will later be analyzed To be able to reproduce experiments performed and provide all necessary information to colleagues interested in continuing your research. To encourage critical thinking You may discover something new!  Record ALL details of the procedure (or any changes to the procedure) no matter how unimportant they may seem at the time. The laboratory notebook is a legal document that is submissible in court as evidence. 4 2 2023‐08‐31 Purpose of the Laboratory Notebook 5  Example of notebook as a legal document: Patent Application  Your company has applied for a patent on a new product that it has developed.  The patent agent has asked for proof that the experiments the company has claimed to have done were performed in the specified manner and on the specified dates. The patent agent will require laboratory notebooks to back up the company’s claims.  If the dates were not recorded correctly or information on the method is missing, the patent cannot be obtained. 5 Purpose of the Laboratory Notebook 6  Example of notebook as a legal document: Quality Assurance  You are responsible for the random testing of aspirin bottles before they are sent out to retailers.  A number of people suddenly become sick and the only common factor is that they have all taken aspirin purchased from the same store.  Do you have proof in your notebook showing that the aspirin in that particular batch was tested? Did you record all the pertinent information when performing the tests? 6 3 2023‐08‐31 Type of Notebook 7  Laboratory notebook must be a hard cover bound/stitched book Size: Approx. 8”  10”  Spiral notebooks are not acceptable 7 Laboratory Notebook Format 8    Front Cover  Print your name, student ID and program name on the cover of the lab notebook  Inside the front cover, include your contact information (email address and/or phone number) Numbered Pages  Number every single page consecutively (on both sides)  Page #1 is the first page of the TOC Table of Contents  The first 4 pages in the notebook are left blank for the TOC  TOC is filled in as each experiment is performed  The first experiment entry begins on page #5 8 4 2023‐08‐31 Table of Contents Example 9 Table of Contents Date Lab 1 Pages Jan 13, 2021 Lab 1: Laboratory Glassware and Volume Measurement 5–8 Jan 21, 2021 Lab 2: Comparison of Drying Methods 9 – 14 Etc 9 Laboratory Notebook Format 10  Each experiment entry should include:  Laboratory # and Title  Date (on every page)  Purpose of the lab → must be in your own words  Procedure  If performing procedure for the first time or designing a new experiment, include ALL details of the method  If performing procedure from a manual (or other resource), include the reference to the procedure and include any notes on changes or variations to the procedure  A drawing of the apparatus used (if the set-up is complicated or not typical) 10 5 2023‐08‐31 Laboratory Notebook Format 11  Each experiment entry should include:  All Data (including units)  Data must be tabulated where appropriate  Tables for recording data must be set up in the lab notebook before the experiment  When recording data, it is very important to record the measured values exactly as they appear.  Observations made during the experiment, such as qualitative observations (physical appearance, colour, smell, etc) and description of any errors that occur (can be tabulated where appropriate)  Your printed name and signature, and the signature of your professor must be included on every page. Signatures must appear immediately below the last data entry on EACH page.  Your laboratory professor must sign your lab notebook BEFORE you leave the lab 11 Laboratory Notebook Format Example of how to set-up notebook prior to attending lab: 39 Procedure: Refer to the 2022 Sheridan College Laboratory Techniques Laboratory Manual for the procedure for Lab 8. Changes to procedure: Of Metal Samples 12 6 2023‐08‐31 41 Of Metal Samples 13 General Rules for Laboratory Notebooks 14  Always write in ink, not pencil  No white out    Cross out any errors with a single line. Initial and date next to the error. (Example: Mistake KR, Jan 8/13) Data must be recorded immediately and directly in the lab notebook. Do NOT attempt to memorize data/results, or first record data/results on scraps of paper or in another book and then transfer to your lab notebook Record your experimental entries on the right-hand side of the notebook only. The left-hand side of the notebook should be kept for calculations, rough work and space for extra notes. 14 7 2023‐08‐31 General Rules for Laboratory Notebooks 15     NEVER tear out any pages from the lab notebook. Make a line or an X through any large spaces or pages that are blank and not used. You can use the same lab notebook for more than one course. If the lab notebook is used for more than one course, you must have only one Table of Contents that includes all of your entries for each experiment in all courses. Do not split the lab notebook into different sections for the different courses. If you are required to return to the laboratory outside of your normal lab period in order to perform a measurement and record data, you must record this data on a NEW page in your lab notebook and the entry must be signed by the professor or technologist present. 15 Laboratory Notebook Example Which parts of this lab notebook are done correctly? Can you identify any errors in the format of this laboratory notebook? 16 8 2023‐08‐31 LABORATORY REPORTS Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 3 17 Laboratory Reports 18      The ability to report scientific information in a clear and concise manner is a very important skill of a technician Lab reports are an essential part of laboratory courses Writing a lab report allows you to…  Communicate understanding of the experiment  Evaluate the results gathered during the experiment  Draw conclusions from results Lab reports have the same general format, but… Different courses and professors can have different lab report requirements → consult course material! 18 9 2023‐08‐31 General Laboratory Report Format 19   Title: Indicates exactly what you have studied  Example: The Determination of Calcium in Life Brand Vitamin Tablets using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Purpose: States the reasons for performing the experiment and the method used to achieve the objectives. Do not copy the purpose given in the manual; state the purpose in your own words.  Example: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the amount of calcium in a vitamin tablet sample using the method of standard addition. Solutions were analyzed for calcium using the atomic absorption spectrometer. 19 General Laboratory Report Format 20  Procedure:  Give reference to the procedure in the lab manual  Example: Refer to the 2022 Sheridan College Applied Chemistry 1 Laboratory Manual for the procedure for Experiment #3.1  State any changes made to that procedure  Example: The concentration of the nitric acid used in Part B to dissolve the vitamin tablet was 2 M instead of 1 M. 20 10 2023‐08‐31 General Laboratory Report Format 21  Observations: This section includes all data (qualitative and quantitative) collected during the experiment.    Data should always be tabulated where appropriate Results: This section consists of manipulation of the experimental data, and can include calculations and graphs  Equations must be written using an equation editor program  Units and the correct number of significant figures must always be used  Always show one sample calculation and then tabulate all results  Graphs must be in correct format (as learned in Computer Lab) Discussion:  Explanation and interpretation of the data and results  Discussion of sources of error  Answers to any questions posed in the laboratory manual 21 General Laboratory Report Format 22    Conclusion: Should be 3-4 sentences. Restate final results (numerical values), and state final conclusions based on your results and discussion. Conclusion should provide an answer to the purpose. References: All resources (internet websites, textbooks, lab manual) used to help write the laboratory report must be referenced/cited  ACS style must be used for referencing Raw data: A photocopy of the signed data recorded during the experiment in the hard cover lab notebook must included with every lab report  Falsified data is considered to be an academic offense 22 11 2023‐08‐31 General Laboratory Report Guidelines 23   Report should include headers and footers:  Headers should include the name of the experiment, while the footer must contain the page number, and can also include the date and/or author’s name.  Headers and footers are not included on the cover page Guidelines for page numbering:  The cover page is not numbered  The pages for the Table of Contents are numbered using i, ii, iii, etc  The first page of the report is numbered 1 23 General Laboratory Report Guidelines 24  Table and figure titles:  Titles for tables go on TOP of the table  Titles for figures (including graphs) go on the BOTTOM of the figure  Must be descriptive  Must include Table # or Figure # Table #1. Concentration and absorbance of calcium in standard solutions. Ca2+ Concentration (ppm) Absorbance 1.00 0.205 2.00 0.410 3.00 0.615 4.00 0.820 1.000 Absorbance  0.750 Other guidelines for tables: 0.500 y = 0.197x + 0.0165 R² = 0.9981 0.250  Entire table (including title) must appear 0.000 on the SAME page (do not split one 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Concentration of Ca2+ (ppm) table over 2 pages) Figure #1. Plot of absorbance versus  Do not repeat units in a table column; concentration (ppm) of calcium. include units only once in the header See the Chemical Student Handbook for a summary of lab report guidelines, including additional formatting guidelines. 24 12 2023‐08‐31 REFERENCING Reading: Lab Manual, Appendix 3 25 Referencing 26  You will often need to use additional resources when completing an assignment, presentation, project or lab report. Examples include:  Textbooks  Course notes and lectures  Journal, newspaper and magazine articles  Websites or online sources  Handbooks 26 13 2023‐08‐31 Referencing 27     Always reference/cite any ideas or phrases that are used in the lab report that are not your own Always express ideas from a source in your own words and provide to reference to the original source  Do NOT copy word-for-word from the reference material ACS (American Chemical Society) style is the standard citation style for chemistry ACS style must be used when citing references in your laboratory reports (for all courses) 27 ACS Style: In-Text Citation 28    References must be cited by number throughout the text A corresponding numbered reference section is then included at the end of the lab report References in the text can be cited in one of the following manners:  By superscript numbers  Example: The Royal Society of Chemistry reports that noble gas molecules have been detected in space.4  By italic numbers in brackets  Example: The Royal Society of Chemistry reports that noble gas molecules have been detected in space (4). 28 14 2023‐08‐31 ACS Style: In-Text Citation 29 Example of citing references in text using superscripts: Reflux is one of the most common techniques used in the laboratory.1 It is used to heat a reacting mixture for an extended period of time, without incurring any loss of solvent, reagent or product.2 In the reflux process, the reactants are first dissolved in a solvent.1 The volatile components are boiled and then condensed, returning it back to the flask as a liquid. Refluxing is commonly used for slow reactions, such as reactions between covalent compounds.3 References (located at end of lab report) 1. 2. 3. Ballinger, J.; Shugar, G. Chemical Technicians' Ready Reference Handbook, 5th ed.; McGraw Hill: New York, 2011; Chapter 1, pp 1-10. Hermann, C. K. F. J. Chem Ed. 1996, 73, 852-854. Reflux. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Website, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~orglabs/Techniques% 20Extra%20Info/Reflux.html (accessed May 21, 2014). 29 ACS Style: Format of References 30    The format used to cite the reference differs depending on the type of publication A complete citation guide can be found in the Chemical Student Handbook and includes more examples for different types of publications Some examples are given here: BOOKS Book with authors Ballinger, J.; Shugar, G. Chemical Technicians' Ready Reference Handbook, 5th ed.; McGraw Hill: New York, 2011; pp 19-45. Edited book Grignard Reagents: New Developments; Richey, H. G., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, U.K., 2000. 30 15 2023‐08‐31 ACS Style: Format of References 31 WEBSITES General format Author (if available). Title of article, Date published (if available). Title of website. URL (Accessed date). Note that any URL that requires login (username/password) information, such as SLATE, should not be used when providing a reference. Examples: Zeng, Y. Pentachlorophenol Family Pathway Map, 2008. University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database. http://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/pcp/pcp_map.html (accessed May 3, 2009). WHMIS: What You Need to Know, 1992. Office of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Toronto. http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/resources/whmis.htm (accessed Jan 11, 2014). 31 ACS Style: Format of References 32 COURSE MATERIAL Lab Manual Costigane, B. CHEM 16682 Applied Chemistry 1 Laboratory Manual; Sheridan College: Brampton, ON, 2007; pp 11-17. Course Notes & Lectures Rankin, K. CHEM 25415 Lecture on Atomic Absorption Theory. Presented at Sheridan College: Brampton, ON, November 16, 2013; slides 15-17. HANDBOOKS CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th ed.; Lide, D.R., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2008; Section 3, No. 339. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 12th ed.; Budavari, S.; O'Neal, M.J.; Smith, A.; Heckelman, P. E.; Kinneary, J. F., Eds.; Merck & Co.: Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996; entry 4857. 32 16 2023‐08‐31 Evaluation of Information: Websites 33   It can be difficult to determine the credibility of websites, and if information from websites is accurate Checklist for evaluating information in science: The more ‘yes’ answers you can give to the questions below, the more trustworthy you can assume the source is.  Can you identify the author’s name?  Can you determine what relevant qualifications the author holds?  Is the information fact and not opinion?  Is the information correctly cited, with a number of quality references?  Is correct scientific language used? 33 Evaluation of Information: Websites 34   Non-credible sources (NOT acceptable to use):  www.wikipedia.com  www.About.com  www.ask.com  http://answers.yahoo.com  Blogs Credible sources:  Websites for educational institutions/organizations (URL ending in.edu)  University/college websites  Government websites (URL ending in.gov)  Google Scholar  Academic databases 34 17 2023‐08‐31 Examples of Incorrect Referencing 35 Can you identify the errors in these references? What is Distillation? Thomas Parker. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070319023339AADVlyJ Discoveries of Albert Einstein: http://www.ask.com/question/albert-einsteinmathematical-discovery?ad=dirN&ap=ask.com&o=0 (April 5, 2013) Laboratory Manual, Sheridan College. Brown, W.; Poon, T. Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 4th ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Laura Jones; Paul Atkins. Chemistry: Molecules, Matter and Change, 4th ed.; 1997, p 28, W. H. Freeman and Company: New York. 35 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Reading: Academic Integrity Policy & Procedure 36 18 2023‐08‐31 Academic Integrity 37 From the Sheridan College Academic Integrity Policy:  “Cheating is the attempt to gain an improper advantage on an academic evaluation.”  “Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s words, research or ideas as your own.” Sanctions, from the Academic Integrity Procedure (on SLATE): Level 1 Sanction – Typically a first breach results in a grade of zero for the lab report, quiz, test, exam or project on which the breach occurred, with no opportunity to resubmit the work. Academic Integrity Remediation will also be required to be completed. Level 2 Sanction – F grade in the course in which the second breach occurred Level 3 Sanction – Course Termination (TM grade on transcript) Level 4 Sanction – Administrative Withdrawal from Sheridan for no less than two terms Level 5 Sanction – Suspension from Sheridan Level 6 Sanction – Expulsion (lifetime) from Sheridan 37 Academic Integrity 38 Lab reports, assignments, projects, etc, must be written independently and must be your own work  If your submitted work is copied from another student, this is considered to be a breach of academic integrity, and academic penalties will result  Do not lend or email your work to other students   If content is copied word-for-word from another resource (textbooks, websites, etc), academic penalties will result (even if correct citation/references are given) If citation/references are missing, or incorrect citation for resources is given, academic penalties can result 38 19 2023‐08‐31 Academic Integrity 39     The materials provided in class and in SLATE are protected by copyright. They are intended for the educational use of students in this course and should not be shared externally or on websites such as Chegg, Course Hero or OneClass. It is considered a breach of academic integrity to use websites such as Chegg, Course Hero or OneClass for help with evaluation events. It is considered a breach of academic integrity to share materials such as tests, lab reports, assignments or projects on websites or WhatsApp. 39 Academic Integrity 40    The use of ChatGPT or other forms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is strictly forbidden to be used in this course on any evaluation events, including assignments, lab reports and projects. Turnitin AI detection software may be used to screen student work for use of ChatGPT and AI. The use of ChatGPT and AI on evaluation events will be considered a breach of academic integrity, with the appropriate penalty applied as indicated by Sheridan’s Academic Integrity Procedure. The Sheridan College Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure is posted to SLATE for your review. 40 20 2023‐08‐31 Sheridan Library Resources 41     Research Guides:  Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: http://sheridancollege.libguides.com/chem_eng  Environmental Studies: http://sheridancollege.libguides.com/environmental_studies Library Video Tutorials:  https://www.youtube.com/user/SheridanLibraries Academic Integrity:  https://www.sheridancollege.ca/life-at-sheridan/studentservices/library-services/academic-integrity First Year Students Quickstart Guide  http://sheridancollege.libguides.com/firstyear 41 Sheridan Resources 42 42 21 2023‐08‐31 References 43        Dykes, P.; Rankin, K., Ed. CHEM 10371 Laboratory Techniques Laboratory Manual; Sheridan College: Brampton, ON; Appendix 2 & 3. Dykes, P. CHEM10371 Lecture on Laboratory Notebooks. Presented at Sheridan College, Brampton, ON, Fall 2012. Ryan, P.; National Institutes of Health, Office of Intramural Training and Education. Keeping a Lab Notebook: Basic Principles and Best Practices. https://www.training.nih.gov/assets/Lab_Notebook_508_(new).pdf (accessed Jan 12, 2014). Caprette, D.; Rice University. Guidelines for Keeping a Laboratory Notebook. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/notebook/notebook.html (accessed Jan 12, 2014). Writing Services. Writing Lab Reports or Research Reports, 2004. University of Guelph Learning Commons. http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/assistance/writing_services/resources/components/doc uments/lab_report.pdf (accessed Jan 17, 2014). Dean, J. R.; Jones, A. M.; Holmes, D.; Reed, R.; Jones, A.; Weyers, J. Practical Skills in Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Pearson Education Limited: Toronto, 2011; pp 54-58. Academic Research: Using Websites. Sheridan Library and Learning Services. http://sheridaninstitute.libguides.com/academic_research (accessed Jan 26, 2014). 43 22