Module 2 Culture and Society (LEARNING MATERIAL).pdf

Class 1 | Module 2 Culture and Society Authors | Jochelle Magboo and Patrick Serra  Content Standards By the end of this module, learners are expected to demonstrate an understanding of: Culture and society as anthropol...

Class 1 | Module 2 Culture and Society Authors | Jochelle Magboo and Patrick Serra  Content Standards By the end of this module, learners are expected to demonstrate an understanding of: Culture and society as anthropological and sociological concepts; Perspectives in/approaches to the study of culture and society; The human origins and the capacity for culture; The role of culture in human adaptation; How individuals learn culture and become competent members of society; and How individuals should behave as part of a political community. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph Defining Culture & Society Lesson 1  Basics of Culture Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of Culture Material culture Nonmaterial culture physical things created by the ideas and other non-physical things members of the society created by the members of the society (Macionis, 2017). (Macionis, 2017). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What are the different kinds of culture? Dominant Culture/Mainstream Culture refers to the established language, religion, values, rituals, and social customs which are often the norm for society as a whole. Ex. Catholic Filipino speakers Photo from Paul Haring (CNS) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What are the different kinds of culture? Subculture refers to a smaller group of people who share their own norms, customs, values, etc. within the dominant culture of the society. Ex. Hypebeast Jejemon Residents from different Image Source: Kapuso Mo. Jessica Sojo Image Source: TeacherTwish provinces/regions (We the Public) The Datus Image Source: British Council Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What are the different kinds of culture? “High'' Culture Popular Culture refers to cultural patterns or refers to cultural patterns that behaviours that distinguish a are widespread among society’s elite. society’s population. Ex. Watching the opera; eating at high-end ex: Watching local TV shows; eating at fast restaurants; buying designer’s fashion food restaurants and carinderias; buying from ukay-ukay Image Source: Preview PH Image Source: Village Pipol Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  How do cultures change? Innovation improving on something that already Discovery Invention process of creating new exists. recognizing and gaining a (ex: development of better understanding of cultural elements. something already in (ex: creation of new musical smartphones into newer existence. instruments or modes of and better versions) (ex: discovery of new species of transportation) plants and animals) Cultures and societies change through a process called sociocultural change. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What is sociocultural change? Gerhard Lenski - argued that a society’s level of technology is crucial in determining what cultural ideas and artifacts emerge or are even possible (Nolan & Lenski, 2010; retrieved from Macionis, 2017). Lenski also pointed to the importance of sociocultural evolution: the historical changes in culture brought about by new technology, which unfolds in terms of four major levels of development: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry (Macionis, 2017). Photo from Timenote Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Characteristics of Filipino Culture Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What are some aspects of Filipino culture? Behavior and traits are among the many things that constitute the culture of a society. Filipino Historian Teodoro Agoncillo, in his book “The History of the Filipino People”, outlined the common traits that are prevalent among Filipinos Photo from Munting Nayon Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Some aspects of Filipino culture Hospitality - Filipinos are welcoming to others (even strangers) and will definitely offer people comfort when they arrive at a Filipino house. Close Family Ties - Filipinos value their family (mother, father, grandparents, children) more than anyone and anything else. Respect for Elders - Filipinos recognize their eldery as figures of authority. It is unthinkable for a Filipino to do an important thing without consulting his parents, or grandparents, even. Fatalistic - Filipinos often believe that whatever happens to them is the work of Fate. This fatalism is best symbolized in the phrase “Bahala na”. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Some aspects of Filipino culture Loyalty - do a Filipino a little favor and they remember you to the end of their days, for to the Filipino, friendship is sacred and should be mutual under all circumstances. Sensitive - Filipinos would not tolerate anyone berating their fellow countrymen. They are easily piqued when a foreigner, for instance, makes a sweeping generalization that is not flattering to Filipinos. Tendency to be Indolent - indolent means laziness. Dr. Jose Rizal explained this tendency as the result of the tropical climate, which makes even the Western indolent in these parts of Paradise. But aside from the warm climate, indolence may be partly explained by the abundance with which Nature has endowed our country. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Some aspects of Filipino culture Lack of Initiative - this trait is explained by the natural fear of competition, for Filipino society is cooperative, not competitive. Curious - The Filipino (being childlike) is naturally curious but tainted with sympathy. Regionalistic - Filipinos think not in terms of national boundaries but in regional oneness (ie: Bicol Region, Tagalog Region, Visayan Region, etc) Pakikisama - may be translated loosely as the intensive signification of camaraderie or spirit of comradeship, the main elements of which are unselfishness and good faith. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Is the Filipino culture changing? ? Filipino values and customs that were maintained have changed or are changing through the sociocultural and political evolution of the Filipino culture. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph 1 2 3 Utang-na-loob and Hospitality to friends Muslim resistance interdependency (sanduguan) to being against oppressors and colonies under Spain and colonizers (protection Example: US (fighting for of motherland, identity, Barangay system: the relationship of sovereignty and issues the datu and tau and religious freedom) of collaboration) and the difference of Example: historical experiences between Christian and Muslim Filipinos. Photo from The Boxer Codex circa 1590 Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Example: 4 5 Filipino resilience jejemon culture, hypebeast culture, pa-woke culture, burgis culture, amidst social issues Diversity of Filipino and masa culture culture - result of and political hundred years of changes and colonization, amplified desire for indigenizing of cultures, freedom (Japanese cultural diffusion due to From Kwentong Kalsada From The COMM occupation, Martial globalization, indigenous cultures Law, social functioning as movements against forerunners of the corrupt and fascist Filipino identity. From GMA Public Affairs administrations). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph Becoming a Member of Society Lesson 2  Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: Recognize the substantive definition of society; Define status, role, social groups, and networks; Define socialization as a process of becoming a member of a society; Differentiate enculturation, acculturation and assimilation; Identify agents of socialization in their own lives; Explain the concept of conformity & deviance; and Describe the different forms and mechanisms of social control. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Key Concepts ❏ Society - groups of people within the same location, who have the same cultural identity. ❏ Status - position in society assigned to people. ❏ Role - expected performance or behavior based on one’s status. ❏ Networks - social connections. ❏ Social Control - regulation of certain behavior by society. ❏ Socialization - process of shaping identity through lived experience. ❏ Social Groups - more than two people interacting with one another. ❏ Acculturation - exchange of cultures among groups, through which groups remain distinct ❏ Assimilation - absorbing a cultural minority into a dominant culture. ❏ Enculturation - gaining elements of a culture through observation. ❏ Conformity - complying with or following rules in society. ❏ Deviance - going against cultural norms. ❏ Strain Theory - deviant people are a product of pressures to fit in society, and attempts to fit in are met by obstacles in the environment. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Approaches to the Study of Society (Sociological Frameworks) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What is the meaning of society? Substantive definition of society “Society refers to people who live in a defined territory and share a way of life or culture” (Macionis, 2017) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Structural-Functional Approach (Macro-level) Theorists: Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer Society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability (Macionis, 2017). Explores how social structures work together to help society operate (Macionis, 2017). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Key Concepts ❏ Social structure - relatively stable patterns of social behavior that are meant to meet social functions. ❏ Social function - consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society. ❏ Manifest function - intended or obvious consequences (ex. School - students to get passing grades in order to graduate and obtain a diploma). ❏ Latent function - unintended or unrecognized consequences (ex. School - to join clubs, organizations and other extracurricular activities, which are not really required). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Social Conflict Approach (Macro-level) Theorists: Karl Marx, W. E. B. Dubois, Harriet Martineau Society as an arena of inequality between different classes based on their relationship to the means of production (Macionis, 2017). Society is composed of different social groups that struggle over scarce resources (money, land, food status, opportunities), thus creating conflict and causing changes (Macionis, 2017). Artist(s) unknown, Pyramide à Renverser (1885), Belgium. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of conflict analysis Class conflict theory (studies conflict among different social classes) This may be understood through observing how certain phenomena or how conditions in the environment are conducive for people from high-income households compared to how people from low-income households have to struggle just to attain the bare minimum of their needs, and of public welfare. Example 1: Public Space and Example 2: Police Brutality and Transportation Extrajudicial Killings (Photo source: Michael Varcas) (Photo source: Ezra Acayan) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of conflict analysis Gender conflict theory (studies conflict between genders, usually men and women) In order to understand gender conflict, one should recognize that women and the LGBTQIA+ are affected differently by systemic problems such as poverty, human rights violations, lack of access to education, economic empowerment and political participation, and more (Plan International, 2019). Example 1. Burden of Women’s Example 2. Violence Against Multiple Roles Women (Illustration source: Illustration: Ratna (Illustration from: @penciledcelebrities) Sagar Shrestha/THT) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of conflict analysis Race-conflict theory (studies conflict between racial and ethnic groups) In the Philippine context, this type of conflict may be observed in: Example 1. Imposition of Western Example 2. Marginalization and Oppression of Standards Ethnic and Cultural Minorities (Illustration source: Manila Times) (Illustration from: Angelo Lopez, 2022) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Symbolic Interactionism Approach (Micro-level) Theorists: Max Weber, George Mead, Erving Goffman Society as the product of the everyday social interactions of individuals (Macionis, 2017). Studies how people, in everyday interactions, construct reality (Macionis, 2017). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Social Structure and Social Functions Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  What are the components of society? - the social position that a person holds. (i.e.: doctor, professor, president, son, STATUS mother, etc). Generally refers to prestige (Macionis, 2017). - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: student ROLE studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). - two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Groups contain SOCIAL GROUP people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests. Members of social groups think of themselves as a special “we” (Macionis, 2017). a web of weak social ties. It includes people we know of—or who know us—but NETWORKS with whom we interact rarely, if at all. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  - the social position that a person holds. (i.e.: doctor, professor, president, son, STATUS mother, etc). Generally refers to prestige (Macionis, 2017). ❏ Status Set: all statuses a person holds at a given time. (i.e. a student of a particular school, a son/daughter to one's parents, a friend to a fellow friend, etc). ❏ Ascribed Status: a social position that a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. (i.e.: a prince, later crowned king; an heir to a massive wealth or fortune). ❏ Achieved Status: a social position that a person takes on voluntarily that reflects a personal ability and effort. (i.e.: a student earning their bachelor’s degree; an employee being promoted into a higher position). ❏ Master Status: a status has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life. (i.e.: Jose Rizal was a doctor, novelist, polyglot, propagandist, etc. but he is most well known by many as a national hero and a martyr who died for his country). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: ROLE student studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). ❏ Role Set: a number of roles attached to a single status (a student’s roles include fulfilling requirements for their subjects, joining extracurricular activities, following the rules and regulations of the school, among others). ❏ Role Conflict: conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses. ❏ Role Strain: tension among the roles connected to a single status. ❏ Role Exit: disengage from social roles (ie: ex-lawyer, ex-convict, former president, former CEO, former employee, etc.). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: ROLE student studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). Image Retrieved from (PDF) Organisational Behaviour - T1 MBA - KTU Syllabus Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  - two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Groups contain SOCIAL GROUP people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests. Members of social groups think of themselves as a special “we” (Macionis, 2017). (Illustration source: Retired Analyst) Not every collection of Crowd - a loosely formed individuals forms a collection of people. The right group. People with a circumstances can quickly turn status in common are not a crowd into a group. (i.e.: the a group but a Category. People Power Revolutions) Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of Social Groups Primary Group Secondary Group small social group whose members share a large and impersonal social group personal and lasting relationship. Has whose members pursue a specific goal primary importance (personal orientation) or activity (goal orientation) (i.e.: (i.e.: family, barkadas). classmates, officemates) In-group Out-group a social group toward which a person a social group toward which a member feels a sense of competition or feels respect and loyalty. opposition. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  a web of weak social ties. It includes people we know of—or who know us—but NETWORKS with whom we interact rarely, if at all. Though ties are weak, it can be a powerful resource. Social Capital refers to the networks of relationships between people or groups who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Social capital is measured through the value of resources (both tangible and intangible) that an individual or group has, which is impacted by their networks. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Socialization Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  How do we become members of society? Socialization refers to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. (Macionis 2017). Our concept of self is a product of socialization. According to George Herbert Mead, one of the main proponents of symbolic interactionism, “The self is something which has development; it is not there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his or her relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.” (Retrieved from Lanuza & Raymundo, p.154). Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Processes of Socialization Enculturation Acculturation Assimilation process by which individuals process of exchange of process of cultural absorption of a learn their group’s culture values and customs from one minority group into the main through experience, group to another by cultural body, eventually leading observation and instruction. individuals. The groups to the disappearance of the remain distinct even though culture of the minority group. This the two groups exchange can be done through individuals cultural features. or larger groups. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Processes of Socialization FAMILY SCHOOL PEER/FRIEND Anticipatory Socialization - the process of learning that helps a person achieve a desired position. (i.e.: copying the styles and slang of a group to get accepted into the group or win the approval of the group). MASS MEDIA OTHERS Class 1 | Module 2 /Sibika.ph  How do we socialize as members of society? ❏ Conformity refers to obedience of norms, which makes a person acceptable to a particular society, group, or setting. It is the acceptance of cultural goals and the legitimate/approved ways and means of achieving them. ❏ Deviance refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms (i.e.: crime - violation of a society’s formally enacted criminal law). It is socially-constructed, as “what is a deviant choice or action?” is determined by the members of the society. ❏ Social Control - attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviors. Deviance is checked through social control to ensure that norms and conventions are safeguarded and preserved. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Types of Social Control (accdg. To Karl Mannheim retrieved from Diala-Jimenez, 2017) Direct Indirect regulates and controls the regulates and controls the behavior of the individual behavior of the individual directly, which includes the indirectly by secondary family, neighbourhood, play- groups through customs, groups, and other types of traditions, rationalized primary social group. behavior, and public opinion. Class 1 | Module 2 /Sibika.ph  Mechanisms of Social Control ❏ Labelling theory - states how members of society label others, whether they are deviant or not (Newman, 2012). After a group of people has labelled an individual as a deviant, members of a community or society often treat the individual negatively and with feelings of hate, mistrust, or fear. (Cohen, 1996 in Newman, 2012). ❏ Gossip - often practiced in small-scale communities where people know each other personally. By gossiping or talking behind someone’s back and spreading rumors about them, society reinforces what norms should be followed and punishes the deviants by shaming them. ❏ Laws - formal codes of conduct that are met with negative sanctions (i.e. punishments) when violated (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and Mcbride, 2008). Only those who exercise authority are recognized by the members of society to practice coercion in the exercise of sanctions (Ibid.). Laws do not always constitute what is right/moral. In other words, legality does not equate to morality. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Why do members of society become deviant? Strain Theory States that deviant behavior occurs when people experience strain or tension when culture imposes goals that individuals should achieve, but the social environment makes it hard or challenging for individuals to meet such goals through a legitimate manner. Advanced by sociologist Robert Merton. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Why do members of society become deviant? Strain Theory Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin expanded the study by pointing out that the criminal type of deviance can result not only from the lack of culturally approved means to achieve success but also from the availability of unconventional means to do so. Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph  Members of society react to strains in 5 different ways: ❏ Conformity - individuals still accept cultural goals and try to achieve them through culturally approved methods. ❏ Innovation - individuals still accept cultural goals but go about in achieving it in a culturally disapproved way. ❏ Ritualism - individuals still live in society and follow its culturally approved ways, but they no longer try to achieve goals. ❏ Retreat - Individuals no longer desire to achieve cultural goals and have abandoned the culturally approved ways of achieving those goals. ❏ Rebellion - individuals challenge the existing culturally accepted goals by coming up with new ones and also challenge the prescribed means in achieving cultural goals. Class 1 | Module 2 /Sibika.ph  Image retrieved from : Merton's Strain Theory of Deviance – ReviseSociology Class 1 | Module 2 1 /Sibika.ph