Module 1. Passive Design Strategies PDF

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 03 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES WENDY VALERIE T. FERNANDEZ, UAP, RMP AUGUST 24, 2024 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Architectural programming establishes the needs and requirements for all the functions in the building and their re...

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 03 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES WENDY VALERIE T. FERNANDEZ, UAP, RMP AUGUST 24, 2024 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Architectural programming establishes the needs and requirements for all the functions in the building and their relationship to one another. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING The amount of space needed and the relationship required among the spaces are two primary factors in determining building size and configuration. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Key Components of Architectural Programming 1. Identifying Client and User Needs 2. Defining Space Requirements 3. Analyzing Environmental Factors 4. Establishing Functional Requirements 5. Budget Cost Considerations ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Key Components of Architectural Programming 6. Setting Design Goals and Aesthetic Considerations 7. Documenting the Program ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Wise programming maximizes energy savings by: 1. Placing spaces in the most advantageous position for day- lighting 2. Thermal control 3. Solar integration ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Architectural programming involves an analysis of the required spaces to meet the functional and operational needs of the facility. The individual spaces should be clearly described in terms of their: ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING 1. Primary Function 2. Occupancy and Time of Use 3. Daylight Potential and Electric Light Requirements 4. Indoor Environmental Quality Standards 5. Equipment and Plug Loads 6. Acoustic Quality 7. Safety and Security ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING 8. Properly Sized Daylight Apertures 9. Utilizes Passive Solar Gain in Heating Mode 10.Minimizes Solar Gain in Cooling Mode 11.Facilitates Natural Ventilation 12.Good Solar Access for PV or Solar Thermal Systems “ We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us ” - Winston S. Churchill, 1943 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Primary Function ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Primary Function The core purpose of the space, such as whether it is intended for office work, dining, sleeping, recreation, etc. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Primary Function Spaces with functions that require natural light should be placed where daylight is abundant. This reduces the need for electric lighting during the day, enhancing energy efficiency. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Primary Function Example: A conference room’s primary function might be to host meetings and collaborative work sessions. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Occupancy and Time of Use The expected number of occupants and the frequency and duration of use. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Occupancy and Time of Use Example: A cafeteria might be heavily occupied during meal times but largely unused outside of those hours. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Daylight Potential and Electric Light Requirements The amount of natural light the space can access and the supplemental electric lighting required to main-tain appropriate light levels. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Daylight Potential and Electric Light Requirements Example: An office space with large windows may rely on day-light during the day but need adjustable electric lighting for early mornings or late evenings. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Indoor Environmental Quality Standards Criteria such as air quality, temperature, humidity, and venti- lation that need to be maintained for occu-pant comfort and health. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Indoor Environmental Quality Standards Example: A laboratory space might require strict temperature and humidity controls to ensure the accuracy of experiments. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Equipment and Plug Loads The electrical load from all equipment and devices that will be used in the space. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Equipment and Plug Loads Example: A data center might have significant plug loads due to servers and cooling systems. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Acoustic Quality The need for sound control, including the management of noise levels, echoes, and acoustic privacy. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Acoustic Quality Example: A library would require a design that minimizes noise to create a quiet environment for reading and study. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Acoustic Quality ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Safety and Security The measures needed to protect occupants and assets, including fire safety, access control, and emergency egress. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Safety and Security Example: A hospital might need secure access to certain areas and clear evacuation routes in case of an emergency. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Safety and Security ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Properly Sized Daylight Apertures The design of windows and other openings to allow sufficient daylight without causing glare or discom-fort. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Properly Sized Daylight Apertures Example: A classroom should have windows that provide ample daylight but are equipped with blinds or shades to prevent glare on screens or whiteboards. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Properly Sized Daylight Apertures ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Utilizes Passive Solar Gain in Heating Mode The design should maximize heat from the sun during colder months to reduce heating demand. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Utilizes Passive Solar Gain in Heating Mode Example: A living room in a residential building might be oriented to the south with large windows to capture winter sunlight. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Minimizes Solar Gain in Cooling Mode Strategies to reduce unwanted heat from the sun during warmer months through orientation, shading, and glazing choices. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Minimizes Solar Gain in Cooling Mode Example: An office building might use external shading devices and low-e glazing to minimize solar heat gain during summer. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Facilitates Natural Ventilation The ability of the space to allow fresh air to flow naturally, reducing reliance on mechanical ventilation. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Facilitates Natural Ventilation Example: A gymnasium might have operable windows or vents to enable cross-ventilation and maintain air quality. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Facilitates Natural Ventilation ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Good Solar Access for PV or Solar Thermal Systems Ensuring that the space or building site has suffi-cient exposure to sunlight for the effective use of solar energy systems. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING Good Solar Access for PV or Solar Thermal Systems Example: A rooftop might be designed with unobstructed southern exposure to optimize the efficiency of photovoltaic panels.  IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, SOLAR & WIND CONSIDERATIONS, DAY LIGHTING TO DESIGN CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Importance Understanding the local climate is essential for de-signing buildings that can withstand & take advantage of the prevailing weather conditions. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Importance Climatological considerations help optimize the buil-ding's thermal performance, reduce energy consumption, and enhance occupant comfort. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Example: In a hot, arid climate, buildings can be designed with thick walls, small windows, and shading devices to minimize heat gain and keep interiors cool. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Example: In contrast, in colder climates, buildings can be designed to maximize solar gain, using large windows on the south side to capture and store heat from the sun. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Example: Aït Benhaddou, Morocco The buildings in Ait Benhaddou are mostly made of adobe, a material that is readily available in the area. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Example: Aït Benhaddou, Morocco The walls of the buildings are thick and have small windows to keep the interior cool during the hot summer months. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE The most prominent characteristics of this climate are the hot, sticky conditions and the continual presence of humidity. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Air temperature remains moderately high. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning The building needs to allow maximum airflow and oriented to catch and Increase whatever air available. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning The access to the rooms is usually from a veranda. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning Doors and window openings should allow maximum air movement, hence large sizes are advisable. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning Elevate the building on stilts, consequently avoiding the stagnant slow-moving air at the ground surface, capturing the air movement of a higher velocity. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning Openness and shading will be a dominant feature of the building. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Form and Planning Has to prioritize orienting the building to avoid solar heat gain or increasing wind speed. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE External Spaces Shading and path for air movement are the basic requirements to achieve comfort. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE External Spaces Vegetation is a reliable source for shading and adding value to the outdoor space. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE External Spaces Pergolas and light framing structure promote creepers growth, thus provide shade. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Ventilation Openings must be placed suitably following the prevailing breeze to promote natural airflow, large and openable windows. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Ventilation The airflow should not pass over hot surfaces like asphalt before entering the building. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Ventilation Without the exchange of air, both the temperature and humidity of the air will increase due to heat and moisture from occupants and their various actives like washing and cooking. Frequent air change is essential. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Vernacular The traditional shelter is often elevated on stilts and is constructed from locally sourced timber or bamboo which is open-weave matting, timber or split bamboo walls, floors, doors and shutters. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Vernacular The lightweight timber construction holds little heat and cools adequately at the night. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Vernacular The elevated position provides better security and better air movement than a single storey shelter. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Vernacular Thatch or built-up layers of leaves cover a bamboo or timber roof-frame, which usually has broad overhanging eaves. CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE Vernacular The thatched roof is excellent thermal insulation. The broad leaves shade the walls and openings, protect from the rain and sky glare. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Importance Ecological considerations ensure that the design mini-mizes its environmental impact and enhances the natural surroundings. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Importance This involves the responsible use of resources, minimizing habitat disruption, and promoting biodiversity. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Example: When designing a building in a forested area, eco-logical considerations might include preserving existing trees, using native landscaping to support local wildlife, and incorporating green roofs or walls to provide additional habitats. SOLAR CONSIDERATIONS Importance Solar considerations involve understanding the sun’s path and its effects on the building throughout the year. SOLAR CONSIDERATIONS Importance This is crucial for maximizing natural light, utili-zing passive solar heating, and minimizing overheating. SOLAR CONSIDERATIONS Example In a building designed for a temperate climate, solar consi- derations might include large south-facing windows to capture winter sunlight for heating, combined with shading devices to block excessive summer sun and prevent overheating. WIND CONSIDERATIONS Importance Wind considerations involve analyzing the local wind patterns to optimize natural ventilation, enhance comfort, and reduce the need for mechanical cooling. Wind can also be used to harness energy through wind turbines. WIND CONSIDERATIONS Example: In a coastal area with strong prevailing winds, buildings can be oriented to take advantage of cross-ventilation, reducing the need for air conditioning. WIND CONSIDERATIONS Example: Windbreaks or strategically placed landscaping can also protect outdoor spaces from harsh winds. DAYLIGHTING CONSIDERATIONS Importance Daylighting involves designing spaces to maximize the use of natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and creating pleasant, well-lit environments. DAYLIGHTING CONSIDERATIONS Importance Proper daylighting can enhance occupant well-being, productivity, and energy efficiency. DAYLIGHTING CONSIDERATIONS Example In an office building, daylighting considerations might include the use of large windows, skylights, and light shelves to distribute natural light evenly across workspaces. DAYLIGHTING CONSIDERATIONS Example The design would also include controls for glare, such as adjustable blinds or shading devices.  SITING THE BUILDING FOR SOLAR ACCESSIBILITY SITING THE BUILDING Careful site selection and building placement are essential for optimal daylight and solar utilization. 1. Does the building site receive unobstructed solar radiation between the hours of 9am to 5pm? SITING THE BUILDING Careful site selection and building placement are essential for optimal daylight and solar utilization. 2. Are there major sky obstruction such as geological features, trees, or adjacent buildings? SITING THE BUILDING Careful site selection and building placement are essential for optimal daylight and solar utilization. 3. Does the site allow for an elongated east-west configuration? BUILDING MASSING AND ORIENTATION SITING THE BUILDING Another energy-related massing and orientation consideration is the seasonal wind pattern. Breezes can enhance natural ventilation, but they can also increase heating loads in cold weather. SITING THE BUILDING Effective daylighting depends on apertures of appropriate size and orientation. With interior and exterior shading devices to control unwanted direct sunlight. DESIGN OF HIGHPERFORMANCE FEATURES AND SYSTEMS FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Uncontrolled solar gain results in high cooling loads, excessive illumination, and glare. The first strategy in passive cooling is solar heat gain avoi- dance, which can be achieved primarily through shading and glazing selection. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Glazing selection is also an important consideration in window design as it determines the visual, thermal, and optical perfor- mance of the window. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN Designed to maximize the use of natural systems to maintain thermal comfort for the occupants. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN A passive solar building successfully integrates the site, the local climate and microclimate, the Sun, and local materials in order to minimize dependence on external energy sources. SOLAR SHADING FEATURES AND SYSTEMS SOLAR SHADING Is the term used to identify a number of systems to control the amount of heat and light admitted from the sun into a building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar radiation provides natural light and heat, which reduces the need for artificial lighting and heating, although excessive solar radiation could result in overheating, which would need to be countered with cooling air conditioning. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS This is where solar shading methods can reduce the cost and energy usage of this environment control. Another issue solar shading alleviates is glare and other visual discomforts caused to the occupants of the building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS “Solar shading is important to mitigate the impact of a building’s energy use whilst providing thermal and visual comfort.” SHADING STRATEGIES FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Well-designed sun control and shading devices, either as parts of a building or separately placed from a building facade, can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building interiors. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Question: What is more effective, the exterior or interior shading devices? FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Most effective solar shading devices are the exterior to the building envelope. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Intercepting sunlight before it reaches the walls and glazing of a building dramatically reduces the amount of heat entering the building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Shades and blinds located inside the building may be effective at controlling glare, but are not effective in reducing the solar entering the space. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Exterior Limit or protect the views of extremely bright exterior surfaces, such as parked cars and large paving or sand areas. The reflected glare from these surfaces can be visually uncomfortable. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Interior Interior shading devices have limited solar control potential and they often depend on user control to function properly. More likely an occupant will set the shading device once and leave it in position for the remainder of the day. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Question: Which type of solar shading should be used in north-facing, south-facing, west-facing, and east-facing windows? FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar shading is most easily and effectively handled on south and north elevations. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS SOUTH-FACING WINDOWS Horizontal overhangs can adequately shade south-facing windows. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS NORTH-FACING WINDOWS Receive predominately diffuse solar radiation and indirect day- light, and therefore do not need more overhangs. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS EAST- AND WEST-FACING WINDWOWS The most difficult to shade. Early morning and late afternoon sun rays are approaching per- pendicular to these windows, causing expressive heat gain and visual glare. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Minimize use of east- and west-facing windows. When these windows cannot be avoided, carefully size and place them for daylighting and view purposes only. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Exterior Vertical Fins, Overhang / Fin combinations, Awnings, Drop-down Shades block the low morning and afternoon sun during warm periods. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Incorporate mature trees on the east and west sides to cool ground and air temperatures, intercepting sunlight before it reaches exterior walls in summer. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS In hot climates that do not require heating, incorporate deep porches, balconies and covered verandas to block east/west sunlight all year and expand livable areas by creating shaded comfortable outdoor spaces. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Exterior drop-down shades and adjustable horizontal louvers or blinds are also effective in blocking east-west sunlight. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Question: Which color is ideal for solar shading devices? FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Consider light-colored surfaces on shading devices such as overhangs, louvers, or light shelves. Light-color shade to minimize heat gain. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS These light surfaces can help bounce diffuse sunlight into building. Diffuse daylight is ideal for providing lighting without glare. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Light Shelf FEATURES AND SYSTEMS What is Light Shelf? A light shelf is a passive architectural device used to reflect natural daylight into a building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 'Bouncing' sunlight off a horizontal surface distributes it more evenly and deeply within a space, whereas direct sunlight can cause glare near an opening, whilst leaving dark areas further in. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS They are generally found on walls facing the sun, as on 'pole- facing walls' would tend to act only as sunshades. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS On east and west orientations, they may act as an effective means of reducing direct heat gain and glare but will not bounce light as deeply into the space. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS To be able to reflect light up to the ceiling, the upper surface of light shelves should be matte white or diffusely specular, it does not need to be shiny or reflective. Ideally, the ceiling should also be a light colour. TYPES OF SOLAR SHADING FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Two Types of Solar Shading: ❏ Fixed ❏ Dynamic FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Fixed Solar Shading This type of device is usually external and part of the architectural design of the building, although fixed shading can also be a separate structure or even trees and vegetation. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Effective fixed solar shading depends on the orientation of a buildings’ façade. It is necessary to understand the position of the sun during the day in all seasons in terms of altitude and azimuth angles. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Types of Fixed Solar Shading FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Types of Fixed Solar Shading ❏ Overhangs, Vetical Fins or Balconies ❏ Canopies and Awnings ❏ Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation ❏ External Louvers or Brise-Soleil ❏ Recessed Windows ❏ Eggcrate Design ❏ Solar Control Glazing FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Overhang FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Overhang The overhang or solar control, is used to keep the building’s thermal mass in the shade. This will help keep the house cooler in the summertime. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Vertical Fins FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Vertical Fins Extending outward from the exterior façade, vertical fins are architectural elements that are both aesthetic and functional. These vertical fins create a unique visual appeal while providing solar shading and ventilation. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Balcony FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Balcony Balconies offer a similar opportunity to shade south facing windows. For top floor balcony windows, where there is no balcony above, a canopy or brise soleil should be considered. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Canopy FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Canopy A canopy is an overhead structure typically intended to provide shelter from rain or sun. It is usually seen as a covering attached to the outside of a building. It is also used for decorative purposes and to emphasize a route or part of a building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Awning FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Awning A sheet of canvas or other material stretched on a frame and used to keep the sun or rain off a storefront, window, doorway, or deck. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation Solar heat absorbed through windows and roofs can increase cooling costs. Incorporating shade from landscaping elements can help reduce this solar heat gain. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation Trees shades reduce surface temperature, glare, and blocks the diffuse radiation reflected from the sky and the surrounding surfaces, thereby alerting the heat exchange between the buildings and its sur-roundings. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation Shading and evapotranspiration (the process by which a plant actively moves and releases water vapor) from trees can reduce surrounding air temperatures. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation Deciduous Trees Planting deciduous trees in front of windows that receive a large amount of solar radiation can help to moderate the temperature inside the home. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Trees, Hedges and other Vegetation Deciduous Trees In the summer months when the tree has its leaves, the amount of solar radiation into the home is limited. Conversely, in the winter when the tree loses its leaves more Sun is allowed in and the home is warmed. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Deciduous Trees FEATURES AND SYSTEMS External Louvers or Brise-Soleil FEATURES AND SYSTEMS External Louvers or Brise-Soleil Brise soleil is a type of solar shading system that uses a series of horizontal or vertical blades to control the amount of sunlight and solar heat that enters a building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS External Louvers or Brise-Soleil The name 'brise soleil' comes from the French word 'sun breaker'. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Recessed Windows FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Recessed Windows Orientation for passive cooling in hot and humid climate is about blocking the sun as a source of free home heating by reducing the direct solar radiation penetration through the window. This strategy is done by setting the building’s fenestration out of the direct rising and setting of the sun. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Eggcrate Design FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Eggcrate Design They are an economical way of creating a shading / sun-control device that can be mounted to virtually any structure. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Eggcrate Design The best solution for hot-humid climate area where it combines both horizontal and vertical shading devices. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing A solar control glass is a glass with a special coating designed to reduce the amount of heat entering a building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing It reflects and absorbs heat as well as filtering light for reduced glare. Using a solar control glass can reduce the need for air-conditioning and blinds. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing Select insulated Low-E Glazing units to reduce thermal loads and provide better comfort in perimeter zones. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing Low-E Glazing Low-E stands for "Low Emissivity". Low-E windows contain glass that has been coated in invisible layers of metallic oxide. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing Low-E Glazing This coating allows natural light to enter the home while def- lecting UV rays and infrared light back out into the environment. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Low-E Glazing Why is it important? FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Low-E Glazing UV Rays Are invisible rays of light emitted by the sun. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Low-E Glazing UV Rays Are invisible rays of light emitted by the sun. UV rays are responsible for fading upholstery, burning skin and, over the course of many years, damaging building materials. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Low-E Glazing UV Rays By deflecting both types of light back out into the environment, low-E coatings help keep your home warm in winter and cool in summer FEATURES AND SYSTEMS LOW-E Coating Benefits 1. Dramatic reduction in heat loss 2. Cost Savings 3. Invisible 4. Durable 5. Protection of furniture, flooring material, and upholstery. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS LOW-E Coating Types 1. Hard Coat 2. Soft Coat FEATURES AND SYSTEMS LOW-E Coating Types Soft coat Low-E coatings have a higher R-value, so they provide better insulation than hard coat. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS R-VALUE The measurement of an insulation sheet's ability to resist heat flow. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS The higher the number is, the more effective the insulation sheet is at increasing thermal efficiency, and thereby, insulating your home. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Ratio of total transmitted solar heat to incident solar energy. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing A value of 1.0 indicates the 100% of the solar gain enters the building. A value of 0.0 indicates no solar gain is entering the space. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits and the greater its shading ability. A product with a high SHGC rating is more effective at collecting solar heat during the winter. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing Low SHGC is desired on east and west facades ( less than 0.35 ). FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing Windows shaded by overhangs on the south facade should have high SHGC ( 0.70 or greater ). FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Solar Control Glazing North-facing windows can typically have high SHGC values. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Types of Dynamic Solar Shading FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Types of Dynamic Solar Shading ❏ Internal Blinds ❏ Curtains ❏ Internal Shutters ❏ External Shutters ❏ Adjustable Awnings, Louvers, and Canopies TYPES OF SOLAR SHADING Based on their Location in the Building FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Two Types of Solar Shading: Based on their location in a building 1. Internal 2. External FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Internal Shading Internal shading is less effective at reducing solar heat gain than external shading because the solar radiation has already come through the glass. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Internal Shading Usually are adjustable and allow occupants to regulate the amount of direct light entering their space. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Internal Shading can be a Useful Device when: ❏ The sun penetrates for only a short time ❏ Heat build-up will not be a major problem ❏ Windows can be left open adjacent to them ❏ It is required to reduce glare FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Internal Shading Options ❏ Curtains ❏ Venetian Blinds ❏ Roller Blinds ❏ Pleated Blinds ❏ Vertical Louvre Blinds ❏ Blackout Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Curtains FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Curtains Curtains have been around for hundreds of years and a grand set of curtains draped from a rail can add a luxurious finish to any room. Is the most commonly used shading device FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Curtains 1. Mostly used on residential buildings. 2. Cheaper in comparison and can be found in various varieties, colors, and texture. 3. Different thickness options. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadvantages of Curtains 1. They reduce ventilation and block views. 2. Most not suitable for bathrooms / kitchens. 3. Can’t filter in light; must be either open or closed. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Venetian Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Venetian Blinds Venetian blinds are made from aluminium, real wood, or faux wood. To keep things simple, we will call them aluminium blinds or wooden blinds for short. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Venetian Blinds 1. Because of their slat control, they offer unmatched control over light entering your room. 2. All slats in unison can be rotated through nearly 180 degrees. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadvantages of Venetian Blinds 1. While these blinds bl o c k a l o t o f l i g h t , t h e y a r e n o t blackout blinds. Even when the blinds are fully closed, they’ll let low levels of light through each slat. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Roller Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Roller Blinds Roller blinds are a type of fabric blind that come in a choice of one or two rollers. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Roller Blinds 1. Roller blinds are one of the most versatile choices for blinds. 2. They can come in a variety of different fabrics, light fil- tration, colours, and patterns. Perhaps the most versatile fabric is PVC. 3. It is naturally flame retardant, waterproof, easy-to-wipe, and sturdy – making it great in any room. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadavantages of Roller Blinds 1. Reduce the light admitted but also reduce the heat gain by only a small amount. 2. They may also reduce ventilation and block views. 3. Roller blinds are also a poor choice for energy efficiency. To roll up seamlessly they are made from a very thin fabric. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Roman Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Roman Blinds Roman blinds are a luxurious choice for covering a window. Made from a thicker fabric than roller blinds, they have rods sewn inside to create even folds. As you pull the cord, these blinds neatly unfold from the top of the window. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Roman Blind 1. Roman blinds are a great choice for during the winter when you need blinds with thermal lining and a smart way to introduce energy efficiency in your home. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadvantages of Roman Blind 1. Roman blinds are never a good choice for damp environments such as kitchens or bathrooms. 2. Their luxurious design comes at a premium cost. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Pleated Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Pleated Blinds Pleated blinds are made of lightweight fabric, stiffened with a thin layer of glue, and folded to create an accordion effect. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Blinds 1. Pleated blinds use a tab to open and close the blinds instead of a cord. Cords present a potential hazard for young children, parti- cularly in areas where they’re easily reached by curious hands. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadvantages of Blinds 1. They offer a small amount of insulation, especially when keeping heat out in summer. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Vertical Blinds FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Vertical Blinds Vertical blinds function a lot like venetian blinds in their design. Instead of being horizontal, they’re vertical – but it’s the same concept. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Benefits of Vertical Blinds 1. Vertical blinds are perhaps the most affordable choice for full-size windows and doors. 2. Suitable for many applications in commercial and public buildings where the control of heat, light, and glare are of concern. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS Disadvantages of Vertical Blinds 1. Vertical blinds are typically chosen to cover large areas, so when it comes to cleaning them, you need to wipe each vane separately. 2. Can be used to adjust the amount of incoming light while retaining views but they reduce heat gain by only a small amount. DESIGNING SHADING SYSTEMS FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 1. Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar radiation. Indirect (diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other measures, such as low-e glazing. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 2. To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass since it is harder to shade than south glass. Consider the use of landscaping to shade east and west exposures. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 3. Consider shading the roof even if there are no skylights since the roof is a major source of transmitted solar gain into the building. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 4. Remember that shading effects daylighting; consider both simultaneously. For example, a light shelf bounces natural light deeply into a room through high windows while shading lower windows FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 5. Do not expect interior shading devices such as Venetian blinds or Vertical louvers to reduce cooling loads since the solar gain has already been admitted into the work space. However, these interior devices do offer glare control and can contribute to visual acuity and visual comfort in the work place. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 6. Study Sun Angles. An understanding of sun angles is critical to various aspects of design including determining basic building orientation, selecting shading devices, and placing Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels or solar collectors. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 7. Carefully consider the durability of shading devices. Over time, operable shading devices can require a considerable amount of maintenance and repair. FEATURES AND SYSTEMS 8. When relying on landscape elements for shading, be sure to consider the cost of landscape maintenance and upkeep on life-cycle cost. SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION Solar Altitude Angle Is the angular distance between the rays of Sun and the horizon of the Earth. SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION Solar Azimuth Angle Is the angular distance between the zero azimuth (either due South or due North, and the projection of the line of sight to the sun on the ground. The azimuth angle is measured clockwise from the zero azimuth SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION Solar Incidence Angle The solar incidence angle, θ, is the angle between the sun's rays and the normal on a surface. SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION Wall Azimuth Angle A building's exterior wall azimuth (also referred to as exposure orientation) is the direction faced by the wall. SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION Wall Azimuth Angle A building's exterior wall azimuth (also referred to as exposure orientation) is the direction faced by the wall. It is the direction that you are looking at when looking out through the window in the wall from inside the building. SOLAR SHADING CALCULATION THANK YOU & GOD BLESS!