Module 1 - Introduction to Hydrology (Part 1) PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES 938 Aurora BLVD. Cubao, Quezon City MODULE # 1: INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY (PART 1) CE 410 - Hydrology Submitted by: GROUP # 1 ALERA, MARK LAWRENCE E. CLEMENTE, J...

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES 938 Aurora BLVD. Cubao, Quezon City MODULE # 1: INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY (PART 1) CE 410 - Hydrology Submitted by: GROUP # 1 ALERA, MARK LAWRENCE E. CLEMENTE, JULIANA MARIE M. ESPIRITU, GRAIZELLE ANN V. MERCADO, MARTIN RICO M. ROSARIO, KAILAH KRISTIANNE P. CEC41S4 Submitted to: ENGR. FRANKLYN F. MANGGAPIS SEPTEMBER 06, 2024  INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY (PART 1) Common Instruments in Meteorology: 1. Meteorology Thermometers: Measure - It is the scientific study of the temperature. atmosphere, emphasizing weather Barometers: Measure atmospheric and climate. This field is essential for pressure. agriculture, aviation, navigation, and Anemometers: Measure wind speed outdoor recreation planning. and direction. - It also aids in the prediction and Hygrometers: Measure humidity. understanding of natural phenomena Rain Gauges: Measure precipitation. such as hurricanes, storms, and Snow Gauges: Measure snowfall. long-term climate change. The key areas of meteorology include: 2. Weather vs. Climate Weather Forecasting: Predicting future weather using current data and Weather - short-term atmospheric conditions atmospheric models. at a certain location and time. Climate Studies: Involve examining long-term weather patterns and Climate - long-term average of weather trends. patterns spanning decades or more. Atmospheric Research: The study Key Differences: of the atmosphere's physical and chemical processes. Weather: Variable on a daily or hourly Severe Weather Warnings: Alert basis; local and specific. people to potentially dangerous Climate: Changes over decades or weather occurrences such as centuries; affects wider areas hurricanes and tornadoes. (tropical, desert, temperate). Impact on Planning: Weather: Influences daily activities, such as whether to bring an umbrella. Climate: Influences long-term decisions such as infrastructure design and agriculture. 3. The Atmosphere - a mixture of gases supports life by providing air, protecting it from UV radiation, trapping heat, and controlling temperature. - It consists of layers, each with its temperature and pressure: Troposphere: Closest to 3.2 Composition of the Earth’s surface. Atmosphere Stratosphere: Contains the ozone layer. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of: Mesosphere: Where meteors Nitrogen (78%) burn up. Oxygen (21%) Thermosphere: Absorbs Argon (0.9%) ultraviolet radiation. Carbon Dioxide (0.04%) Exosphere: The outermost It also contains trace gases and water layer. vapor (around 1% at sea level). 3.1 The Heat Engine - The Earth's atmospheric processes are fueled by solar radiation, which supplies heat. - This heat system uses three forms of heat transfer: Radiation: Without direct contact. Conduction: With direct heat transfer through a material. Convection: Heat transfer via fluid movement, such as air currents.  3.3 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere - The atmosphere is separated into strata based on temperature differences, mostly caused by solar radiation absorption at varying altitudes. Troposphere: Warms from Earth's surface Stratosphere: Absorbs UV energy. Mesosphere: Temperature drops with altitude Thermosphere: Absorbs high-energy radiation