Module 1_Biomolecules (1).pdf

The Chemistry of Life Module 1: Biomolecules A living body is a mixture of thousands of different types of interacting chemicals! Hair on your head Hormones in your blood stream Red pigment in your blood cells https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http...

The Chemistry of Life Module 1: Biomolecules A living body is a mixture of thousands of different types of interacting chemicals! Hair on your head Hormones in your blood stream Red pigment in your blood cells https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fchemical-composition-of-the- human-body- 603995&psig=AOvVaw0Zw3G6x0ppy_cIUFkoO3uj&ust=1692910363159000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978 449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCNjWq9vU84ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP Toxins occur in organisms Sponges, snails, frogs Function: protection against competitors, predators, disease Defensive Chemicals! https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F S0006295220303324&psig=AOvVaw11TPdRxNZV2cUmOen9o_b7&ust=1692910439483000&source=images&cd= vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCKDgnIbV84ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI Atoms make up All objects in the universe, including life on earth are composed of matter and energy all matter Matter: any material that takes up space (rocks, gases in the atmosphere) Heat, light, chemical bonds: forms of ENERGY  Elements are fundamental types of matter The matter that makes up every object in the universe consists of one or more elements An Atom is the possible smallest piece on element! Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means Example: Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sodium, Hydrogen The Periodic table of elements Elements essential to life About 25 Elements are essential to life Bulk elements: make up the vast majority of every living cell What are the four most abundant bulk elements in life? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Others: Phosphorus, Sodiium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium  The Most Common and Important Elements in Living Systems Element Atomic Functions in Life Symbol Oxygen O Part of water and most organic molecules; also molecular oxygen Carbon C The backbone of all organic molecules Hydrogen H Part of all organic molecules and water Nitrogen N Component of proteins and nucleic acids Calcium Ca Constituent of bone; essential for the action of nerves and muscles Phosphorus P Part of cell membranes and of energy storage molecules; constituent of bone Potassium K Important in nerve action Sulfur S Structural components of most proteins Sodium Na The primary ion in body fluids; also important for nerve action Chlorine Cl Component of digestive acid; major ion in body fluids Magnesium Mg Important for the action of certain enzymes and for muscle contraction Iron Fe A constitiuent of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule Chemical bonds link atoms You are composed mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen atoms Your atoms atoms are organized into MOLECULES (2 or more chemically joined atom) Compound: a molecule composed of 2 or more different elements Example: H2O Large biological elements are composed of tens of thousands of atoms! Water: Essential to life Three-atom water molecule Life on Earth began in water! Life Depends on Water It accounts for 60% of your body weight  Properties of water: make water central to biology 1. Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion: the tendency of water to molecules to stick together; HIGH SURFACE TENSION Without cohesion? Water would evaporate instantly https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FEducational-Resources%2FWildlife- Guide%2FInvertebrates%2FWater-  Properties of water: make water central to biology Adhesion: tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances Example: when water soak into the paper towel= water adheres to the molecules that make up a paper Cohesive and Adhesive Properties | BioNinja  Many substances dissolve in water Solvent: a chemical in which other substances dissolve Solutes: substances that can be dissolved Solution: consists of one or more solutes in a liquid or solvent Rule: Like Dissolves Like Polar solvents dissolve polar molecules Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances Many substances dissolve in water Two Categories Based on Affinity for Water 1. Hydrophillic- polar or charged, readily dissolved in water; water- loving Example: sugar, salt and ions Electrolytes: ions in body fluids, essential to many processes ( sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) 2. Hydrophobic- Nonpolar, made mostly of carbon and hydrogen; water-fearing  Ability to resist temperature changes More heat is needed to raise water’s temperature Hydrogen bonds: a lot of heat is needed to evaporate water Water participates in life’s chemical reactions https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F10695032%2F&psig=AOvVa w06C_rOnigXEiEU_Vjdgmf4&ust=1692908649322000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqF woTCOjl7rTO84ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD Organisms balance acids and bases H+ =the most important substances dissolved in water; the simplest ion Too much or too little H+ can ruin the shape of critical molecules inside the cells Pure water: concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal=. NEUTRAL ACID: adds H+ to a solution BASE: adds OH- or removes H+  pH Scale Expresses acidity or alkanility of a substance Ranges from 0-14 Each unit: represents 10- fold change in H+ concentration (pH 4 is 10x more acidic than pH 5) All species have optimal pH requirements https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecteezy.com%2Ffree-vector%2Fph- scale&psig=AOvVaw3H8mdasY2NYUsq0ee1L8jz&ust=1692909613653000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=8997844 9&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCKCjnPrR84ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD Effects of Changes in the pH of Body Fluids Affect of how molecules are transported into the cell membrane Alter the shape of proteins (the structural elements of the cell) A change in the hydrogen ion concentration can be dangerous because it threatens homeostasis.  Buffers Regulate pH in Organisms Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid: maintain blood pH at about 7.4 Buffers are essential to our ability to maintain homeostasis of pH in body fluids. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expii.com%2Ft%2Fion-balance-regulation-homeostasis- 10106&psig=AOvVaw1bBR3e7y8sTDkafugWZyDM&ust=1692909837618000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCICMguPS84ADFQAAAAAdAAAAABB5 ORGANIC MOLECULES: GENERATE LIFE FUNCTION WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES? Chemical Compounds that both contain carbon and hydrogen Carbon: the common building block of organic molecules Heterotrophs: must obtain their organic building blocks from food All organisms from bacteria to plants to animals to people consist largely of: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nuclei Acids The Unity in Life’s Chemistry is powerful evidence that all species inherited the same basic chemical structures and processes from a common ancestor! Carbohydrates Polysaccharides and simple sugars Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO) Simplest form of the four main types of organic compounds Potatoes, pasta, bread, cereal, sugary fruits and sweets Sugars: Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, the smallest carbohydrates, simple sugar Glucose (blood sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Disaccharides, two sugars Joined together by dehydration synthesis (means the water is lost) Sucrose (table sugar), glucose + fructose Lactose (milk sugar) https://slideplayer.com/slide/8450033/ Complex Carbohydrates Starch and Glycogen Storage molecules, readily break down into their glucose monomers Starch: Most plants store starch High energy staples in human diet: rice, potatoes Glycogen: occurs in animals and fungal cells Skeletal muscle and liver Other Complex Carbohydrates Chitin: supports cells, the second most common polysaccharide in nature Fungi, flexible exoskeletons of insects, spiders, crustaceans Tough,flexible and biodegradable Commonly used in the manufacture of surgical thread Complex Carbohydrates Chains of monosaccharides Oligosaccharides: consist of 3-100 monomers (small chains of molecular subunits) Industrial application: sweeteners, thickeners, stabilizers, components of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Sometimes attaches to a protein (glycoprotein, sugar protein) Glycoproteins on cell surfaces are important in immunity Person’s blood type: A, B, AB, O (combination of glycoproteins in the membrane of red blood cells) Proteins Do more jobs in the cell! Cells synthesize thousand kinds of proteins Control activities of life Structure: a chain of amino acids (monomers) Peptide bond: links amino acid Polypeptide: chains with 100 or more amino acids Called a protein once its fold into its functional shape Where do amino acids in your own proteins come from? Most of them can be synthesized from scratch 8 amino acids: ESSENTIAL Source: meat, fish, dairy products, beans and tofu Proteins An organism’s genetic code specifies the amino acid sequence of each protein Genetic code refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.(National Human Genome Research Institute) Genetic mutations result in nonfunctional proteins Protein Diversity  Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information Composed of nucleotides (the basic building blocks) Consist of sugar molecule: deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA) DNA: carries genetic information; transmits it from generation to generation RNA: Helps the cell use DNA’s information to make proteins. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Falevelbiology.co.uk%2Fnotes%2Fnucleic-acids-dna-and- rna%2F&psig=AOvVaw1kIvUqL4ey8qDI7DzUz52e&ust=1693512442916000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCLiq sNSXhYEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD Lipids Hydrophobic: do not dissolve in water Phospholipids, Tryglycerides, sterols, waxes https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Finterplexus.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fthe-safety-and-benefits-of-phospholipids- and-their- components&psig=AOvVaw0rHajcr4nTBi0ekEfMMjg_&ust=1693512996114000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoT CNCm1d2ZhYEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD  Triglycerides 3 Fatty acids bonded to glycerol Fats High fat foods: red meat, butter, margarine, oil, cream, cheese fried foods, chocolates Saturated fats: animal fats Unsaturated: liquid consistency at room temperature, plant derived lipids https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstock.adobe.com%2Fsearch%3Fk%3Dtriglyceride&psig=AOvVaw3bMK6QuJvF_fcCIoI1 l6VW&ust=1693513112362000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCMjui5OahYEDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAH Unhealthy Reputation? Fats and oils are vital to life! Fats: excellent energy source Dietary fats in animals For growth! NOW YOU KNOW WHY BREAST MILK IS RICH IN LIPIDS! Slows digestion Required for the use of some vitamins and minerals Fat cells: aggregate as adipose tissue White adipose tissues; forms most the fats, cushioning organs, helping body retain body heat as insulation Brown adipose tissue: releases energy, keeps infants and hibernating animals warm Sterols Vitamin D, cortisone, cholesterol Cholesterol: key part of animal cell membranes Animal cells use cholesterol as a starting material to synthesize other lipids sex hormones: testosterone and estrogen Waxes Forms a stiff, water-repellent material Waxes compartment of honey combs Hold honey, pollen and larval bees Keeps fur, feather waterproof