MODULE 1-BASICS OF PHARMACOLOGY.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY; DEALS WITH THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY FLOW/MOVEMENT OF DRUGS; MOVEMENT OF DRUG ▪ ANCIENT TIMES...

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY; DEALS WITH THE HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY FLOW/MOVEMENT OF DRUGS; MOVEMENT OF DRUG ▪ ANCIENT TIMES INSIDE THE BODY ELDERLY KINETICS - MOVEMENT − GO TO PERSON OF THE SICK ▪ PHARMACODYNAMICS – BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY; DEALS WITH − USED AND TESTED MEDS THE ORGANISM’S PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE DRUGS. HERBAL PLANTS AND ANIMALS DISCUSSES HOW AND WHEN THE DRUG’S EFFECTIVENESS − USED AS MEDICINE PEAKS AND DROPS MIGRATION PEAK POINT – MOST EFFECTIVE − SCARCITY OF HERBS − INTRAVENOUS - 15 TO 30 MINS TRADING OF HERBS AND ANIMALS − INTRAMUSCULAR – 30 TO 60 MINS − SOURCE OF INCOME − ORAL – 60 MINS ▪ DE MATRIA MEDICA LOWEST POINT – LOST OF EFFECT ANCIENT BOOK FROM GREECE & ROME ▪ PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC WRITTEN IN 1ST CENTURY C.E. (A.D.) ALSO KNOWN AS CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IS THE COMPILATION OF HERBAL MEDICINE AND PREPARATION SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH USE OF DRUGS IN CONSIDERED AS THE FIRST BOOK OF PHARMACOPEIA TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES ▪ PHARMACOPEIA (KARCH 2016). MEANS DRUG MAKING BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY; DEALS WITH THE USE OF USED BY APOTHECARIES (INDIVIDUAL WHO MAKES AND SELL DRUG AS A TREATMENT DRUGS) AND PHYSICIAN ▪ DRUG CLASSIFICATION USED AS MEDICINE VARIOUS CATEGORIZATION OF DRUGS WHICH INCLUDE TO AVOID REDUNDANCIES , IT WAS STANDARDIZED CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS ACCORDING TO: COMPENDIUM: DETAILED WRITTEN PUBLICATION IN 1984 − BODY SYSTEMS; PRESENT : SYNTHETIC AGENTS > HERBAL G ANIMAL AGENTS − REGULATION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE − THERAPEUTIC USE , AND − PHYSIOLOGIC OR CHEMICAL ACTIONS. ▪ MECHANISM OF ACTION - THIS EXPLAINS HOW THE DRUG PROVIDES A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT INCLUDING THE EFFECTS THAT HAPPEN WHEN THE DRUG COMBINES WITH CELLULAR DRUG RECEPTORS (WOODS,VAUGHN, ET.AL, 2020) ▪ INDICATION THE DISEASE/S TO BE TREATED BY THE GIVEN MEDICINE AND THE INDIVIDUALS FOR WHICH IT IS INTENDED (EUPATI, 2020) WHY IT IS NEEDED? WHO NEEDS/QUALIFIED FOR THIS DRUG? ▪ CONTRAINDICATION THE CONDITIONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH THE DRUG IS UNDESIRABLE TO USE AND CAUTION MUST BE GIVEN ▪ IT WAS ONLY IN 2004 WHEN THE FIRST PHILIPPINE PHARMACOPOEIA (WOODS,VAUGHN, ET.AL, 2020) WAS ESTABLISHED WHY THE PATIENT IS NOT QUALIFIED TO RECEIVE THE ▪ PHARMACOPOEIA FROM THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES ARE MEDICATION? RECOGNIZED AND MAY BE ADOPTED IN THE PH: USP/ NATIONAL ▪ SIDE EFFECT FORMULARY (NF), EUROPEAN FORMULARY (EF), JAPANESE ARE SECONDARY EFFECTS OF DRUGS WHICH MAY BE PHARMACOPOEIA (JP), BRITISH P. (BP), AND INTERNATIONAL P. (IP) PREDICTABLE RESULTING TO EITHER DESIRABLE OR ▪ PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FORMULARY - THE OFFICIAL BOOK OF THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS. THIS REACTION MAY BE STANDARDS AND REFERENCES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIFFERENT FROM ONE PATIENT TO ANOTHER IDENTITY, PURITY, AND QUALITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (MCCUISTION, ET AL, 2018). AND CRUDE PLANT DRUGS IN THE PHILIPPINES (EO NO. 302, SERIES EXPECTED OUTCOME / DESIRABLE EFFECT / NO NEED TO 2004) REPORT ▪ ADVERSE EFFECT DEFINITION OF TERMS ARE DRUG EFFECTS WHICH IS UNINTENTIONAL AND/OR ▪ DRUG – A SUBSTANCE THAT HAS A PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT WHEN UNEXPECTED AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG IN INGESTED OR OTHERWISE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY (OXFORD NORMAL DOSAGE (MCCUISTION, ET AL, 2018) DICTIONARY) UNEXPECTED OUTCOME, UNDESIRABLE EFFECT/ ▪ PHARMACOLOGY – THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALARMING / REPORT IMMEDICATELY CHEMICALS ON LIVING ORGANISMS (KARCH, 2016). ▪ DRUG TOXICITY ▪ PHARMACOGENETICS – BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY; DEALS WITH THE EFFECT OF GENETIC FACTOR ON HOW A PATIENT REACTS TO OCCURS WHEN DRUG EXCEEDS THE THERAPEUTIC DRUG DRUGS LEVEL WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY IMPROPER ▪ PHARMACOKINETICS PRESCRIPTION AND ADMINISTRATION AND/OR DUE TO GENETICS, AGE, DISEASE PROCESS INCLUDING CO- THE PROCESS OF DRUG MOVEMENT TO ACHIEVE DRUG MORBIDITIES. ACTION. THE FOUR PROCESSES THAT COMPLETES PHARMACOKINETICS INCLUDE: ADME - ABSORPTION, EXCEEDS THE THERAPEUTIC DOSAGE DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM AND EXCRETION (MCCUISTION, ET AL, 2018) ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 2026 Page | 1  NUR 1207 | PHARMACOLOGY | TERM 01 ▪ NURSING RESPONSIBILITY DRUG CATEGORIES THE USE OF NURSING PROCESS IN DRUG ▪ PREGNANCY CATEGORY ADMINISTRATION USING APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT, CATERGORY X – Teratogenic. DIAGNOSIS, PLAN OF CARE, INTERVENTION AND − HARMFUL TO FETUS BUT VITAL TO MOTHER EVALUATION (ADPIE). − MOTHER 'S CHOICE TO HAVE THEM NURSING PROCESS (ADPIE) ADMINISTERED CATEGORY A – SAFE FOR BOTH MOTHER AND FETUS CLINICAL TRIALS CATEGORY B – NO STUDY REVEAL HARMFUL EFFECT ▪ ALSO CALLED RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS OR TRUE EXPERIMENTS CATEGORY C – POTENTIAL RISK TO FETUS BUT HAS ON DRUGS ACCEPTABLE BENEFIT TO THE MOTHER ▪ RESEARCH PROCESS; TO TEST THE EFFECTIVITY ANF SAFETY CATEGORY D – HAS FETAL RISK BUT HAS ACCEPTABLE ▪ PHASE 1 BENEFIT TO THE MOTHER TESTING OF DRUG TO ANIMALS IN A CONTROLLED LAB TO EXAMINE SALE DOSAGING AND NOTE SIDE EFFECTS NOTE: REMEMBER TO ALWAYS CHECK LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD (LMP1 ▪ PHASE 2 WHEN ASSESSING WOMAN IN REPRODUCTIVE YEARS ! TESTED TO FEW VOLUNTEERS (HUMANS ) – DIVIDED INTO 3 SUB - PHASE - TO ESTABLISH DATA IT THE WOMAN IS PREGNANT OR NOT − (1) DOSE – FINDING , - IF UNCERTAIN, ASK THE CLIENT TO TAKE PREGNANCY TEST − (2) STUDY OF SIDE - EFFECTS 9 ADVERSE EFFECTS, - IF HARMFUL DRUGS WERE ADMINISTERED & IT CAUSED FETAL − (3) COMPARATIVE EFFICACY DEATH/ CONGENITAL DEFECT , THE NURSE MAY BE SUED FOR ▪ PHASE 3 NEGLIGENCE FINAL DATA ANALYSIS OR NEW DRUG APPLICATION REVIEW ▪ PROHIBITED DRUGS CATEGORY ▪ PHASE 4 S1 – HIGHEST POTENTIAL TO BE ABUSED ( E.G. HEROIN - POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE OR FOLLOW-UP PHASE MOST ADDICTIVE; STRICTLY PROHIBITED SOLD TO THE MARKET BUT CONTINUOUS REPORT OF SIDE S2 –HIGH DEPENDENCY ; SOME THERAPEUTIC PURPOSE ( EFFECTS E.G. MORPHINE & COCAINE) − NOT ALL DOCTORS CAN PRESCRIBE SOURCES OF DRUGS − ONLY PRESCRIBED BY S2 LICENSED DOCTORS 1. PLANTS – LAGUNDI − ANTI-DEPRESSANT DRUGS 2. ANIMALS – INSULIN, FISH OIL, AND RABIES ETC., − PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT 3. MINERALS – VITAMINS S3 – SUBSTANCES WITH MODERATE ABUSE RISK, SAFER 4. SYNTHETIC – COVID VACCINE THAN SCHEDULE I OR II DRUGS IN TERMS OF DANGER. S4 – OFTEN PRESCIBED REGULATION OF DRUGS S5 – GENERALLY PRESCRIBED; LOW DEPENDANCY ▪ FDA – FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FORMERLY BFAD (BUREAU OF FOOD AND DRUGS) DRUG CLASSIFICATION OVERSEES LICENSES, MONITORS COSMETICS, DRUGS, FOOD, DEVICES, PESTICIDES, TOBACCO, VACCINES; ENSURES SAFETY, EFFICACY, QUALITY. A REGULATES PRODUCTS RELATED TO HEALTH ONLY FDA CAN ISSUE APPROVAL OF FOOD AND DRUGS NOT DOH ▪ PNF – PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FORMULARY KEY PART OF PHILIPPINES' DRUG POLICY, ENSURES ACCESS TO PROVEN, QUALITY ESSENTIAL MEDICINES AFFORDABLY; PROVIDES EVIDENCE-BASED DRUG DATA. GENERIC DRUG BRANDED DRUG ▪ NON-PROPRIATORY ▪ PROPRIATORY ▪ NOT PHARMACEUTICALLY ▪ PHARMACEUTICALLY OWNED OWNED ▪ WRITTEN IN LOWER CASE ▪ WRITTEN IN UPPER CASE ▪ MUCH AFFORDABLE ▪ MUCH EXPESIVE DUE TO BRANDING AND ENDORESEMENTS NOTE: GENERIC AND BRANDED DRUG IS EQUALLY SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PRES. FORMAT: generic name (BRAND NAME) DRUG LEGISLATION ▪ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6675 – (GENERICS ACT OF 1988) LAW ENFORCES GENERIC DRUG TERMS IN IMPORT, MANUFACTURE, MARKETING, ENSURES AMPLE AFFORDABLE SUPPLY FOR ACCESSIBILITY. ▪ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9711 – (THE FDA ACT OF 2009) AIMS TO PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE RIGHT TO HEALTH OF THE FILIPINOS, FORMS FDA FOR EFFECTIVE REGULATION, REPLACING BUREAU OF FOOD AND DRUGS. ▪ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 – (COMPREHENSIVE DRUG ACT OF 2002) STATE LAW THAT PROTECTS LAND, CITIZENS, ESPECIALLY YOUTH, FROM HARMFUL DRUGS' PHYSICAL, MENTAL EFFECTS, DEFENDS AGAINST DAMAGING ACTIONS. ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 2026 Page | 2  NUR 1207 | PHARMACOLOGY | TERM 01 TRUE OR FALSE: WRITE T IF YOU THINK THAT THE STATEMENT IS TRUE AND F IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE. _____1. MEDICATIONS DURING THE ANCIENT TIMES ARE LIMITED TO MEDICINAL PLANTS. _____2. MEDICINAL PLANTS NOWADAYS CAN BE MANUFACTURED, COMMERCIALIZED AND SOLD EASILY. _____3. ALL MEDICINES WE BUY IN THE PHARMACY NEEDS PRESCRIPTION. _____4. THE PHILIPPINE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) REGULATES FOOD, COSMETICS, HEALTH DEVICES AND DRUGS IN THE PHILIPPINES. ____ 5. PRC LICENSE AS PHYSICIAN IS NOT THE ONLY LICENSE NEEDED TO PRESCRIBE ALL KINDS OF DRUGS. ____ 6. DRUGS CAN HAVE EITHER DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE SECONDARY EFFECTS. ____ 7. DRUGS CAN HELP PREVENT, TREAT AND DIAGNOSE ILLNESS. ____ 8. FDA MAY ISSUE SPECIAL LICENSE TO THE DOCTOR TO PRESCRIBE ADDICTIVE AND DANGEROUS DRUGS. ____ 9. PREGNANT WOMEN CAN TAKE ANTIBIOTICS WITHOUT RISK TO THE FETUS. ____ 10. THE NURSING CARE PLAN (NCP) IS THE ONLY TOOL NEEDED BY THE NURSE TO PREPARE FOR DRUG ADMINISTRATION. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F ALMEÑANA, JOHN RENDEW | BSNR 2026 Page | 3