Module 1: Introduction To Globalization PDF

**MODULE 1: LESSON \\** (GenEd. 3 -- Contemporary World) **Lesson/Topic** : **INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION** **Learning Target(s) :** [(1) differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization] **:** [(2) Explain the various aspects of globalization] **Reference(s) :** Ferrer, M.C., Obligad...

**MODULE 1: LESSON \\** (GenEd. 3 -- Contemporary World) **Lesson/Topic** : **INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION** **Learning Target(s) :** [(1) differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization] **:** [(2) Explain the various aspects of globalization] **Reference(s) :** Ferrer, M.C., Obligado, J.R., & Pagtalunan, M.E. (2018). *The Contemporary World. Mutya, Publishing House, Inc.* **Concept/Digest :** Since early 19^th^ century - globalization has been buzzword throughout the world **Globalization** -- refers to the existence of free exchange of goods, services, culture, and even people, between and among countries. - Under its banner, countries have discarded taxes on imported goods (tarrifs) and opened their doors to highly skilled workers and professionals. - Popularized only by former Harvard Business School Professor *Theodore Levitt's* article entitled *"The Globalization of Markets* **Terms to encounter:** **Social movement -** people and organizations advocating for positive social change through a variety of means and approaches **Free trade** -- exchange of goods or products between nations without tariff or tax **Deregulation** -- loosening or lifting of government regulations, usually to favor private corporations' flexibility of operations and profitability **Liberalization --** process or policy of removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free trade between nations **Privatization -** process or policy of subjecting an industry or service to private control and ownership **Competing Conceptions of Globalization** According to Manfred Steger: - Since its earliest appearance in the 1960's, the term globalization has been used in both popular and academic literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - defines economic globalization as the "closer integration of national economies through trade and financial flows as well as cross-border migration of people. - As national economies 'open up' and lower their external barriers, they become more exposed -- and more vulnerable -- to global forces and influences. - Such definition covers what the European Union (EU) calls as the "four freedoms" 1. **Free movement of goods or products** -- is facilitated by liberalization or the abolition of tax on imported goods (tariff) 2. **Capital or investment** -- is implemented through deregulation or the lifting of strict banking and financial regulations aimed at encouraging investors to invest more and retain their ability to pull out their investments at any time with ease. 3. **Services** 4. **Persons** -- is achieved through the loosening or abolition of visa restrictions and barriers to migration +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **European Union (EU)** | | | | - Is an economic and political organization comprised of 28 member | | states. | | | | - Originating from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and | | the European Economic Community (EEC), the EU was established | | with the intent to integrate European nations and empower the | | region. | | | | - Economically speaking, this integration is evident in the | | so-called *"Single Market"*. | | | | - The *"Single Market"* facilitates the free movement of goods and | | services within EU member states; its features include a single | | currency for most countries in the region and various forms of | | economic subsidies for less developed states. | | | | - Unlike other free trade unions, EU acquires its funding not only | | from economic revenues, but also from financial contributions | | from its individual states. | | | | - Aside from a centralized market, EU is also politically | | integrated through various institutions such as the *European | | Council,* the *European Commission,* and the *European | | Parliament.* These bodies, along with other centralized | | institutions are responsible for the executive, legislative, and | | judiciary functions of the region. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Before 1993, the EU was not as big as it is today. European countries | | started to cooperate economically since 1951, when only states such | | as Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Germany, The Netherlands and Italy | | participated. Gradually, more countries decided to join. The last to | | join is Croatia -- in 2013. | | | | List of 28 European Union member countries | | | | 1. Austria (1995) | | | | 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1 | | 9. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. | | | | - \* Jan 31, 2020 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - **Liberalization** and **deregulation** are economic processes that typically require special laws and/or policies. Such policies and laws are products of deliberation and even confrontation between conflicting interests. - Typical conflict on the idea of globalization: a. Tit-for-tat fight between big corporations and labor unions on issues such as migration and outsourcing of jobs, wages hikes, and privatization of industries and services; b. The decades-old enmity between the developed countries more popularly known as the First World, and the developing and/or underdeveloped nations collectively labeled as the Third World on issues such as subsidy on the agricultural sector, industrialization, and foreign land ownership. - Political power and political systems are necessarily affected by and are also drivers of globalization. - **October 30, 1947** -- Modern globalization was jumpstarted by 20 nations that signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which primarily aims to regulate international trade. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1. Australia | 13. Lebanon | | | | | 2. Belgium | 14. Luxembourg | | | | | 3. Brazil | 15. Netherlands | | | | | 4. Burma | 16. New Zealand | | | | | 5. Canada | 17. Norway | | | | | 6. Ceylon | 18. Pakistan | | | | | 7. Chile | 19. Southern Rhodesia | | | | | 8. China | 20. Syria | | | | | 9. Cuba | 21. South Africa | | | | | 10. Czechoslovakia | 22. United Kingdom | | | | | 11. France | 23. United States | | | | | 12. India | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **1995** -- it was formally supplanted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) through the Marrakesh Agreement signed by 124 nations. - The WTO (still popularly known as GATT-WTO in many countries) -- describes itself as " the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations... negotiated and signed by the bulk of world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.... To help producers of goods, and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business." - **The crises:** - The system came under intense criticism in **2008** after a major financial crisis hit the United States, with the contagion reaching Europe and other parts of the world because of the strong financial and economic ties of countries under globalization. - Such crises culminated in anti-globalization tirades of politicians and social movements (their cries: " end of globalization" , end of capitalism which was the prevailing economic system in countries engaged in globalization) - UK citizens voted to exit from one of the world's most pro-globalization entities, the EU, in 2016. - Thus, UNCTAD's definition of globalization further clarifies that it is simultaneously and partly a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age, an era that has a beginning and a prospective end. - For British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) emphasize that globalization is "the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange which has increased the production of goods and services and has been taking place for hundreds of years, but has speeded up enormously over the last half-century". **Internationalization versus Globalization** **Globalization** -- is broader and more complicated than internationalization. **Internationalization** - refers to processes and systems that pertain to relationships between nation-states, while globalization encompasses processes and systems related to "global social relations" \-\-- or interactions between international and/or transnational entities. For example: The cultural ties and economic trade between the members of the ASEAN or the members of the EU are international in nature, while interactions between entities such as the ASEAN and the EU are global. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ASEAN MEMBERS | | | | 1. [Myanmar](http://www.international.gc.ca/development-developpemen | | t/countries-pays/burma-birmanie.aspx?lang=eng) | | | | 2. [Vietnam](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-inf | | o_mission.aspx?lang=eng#V) | | | | 3.  [Laos](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-info_ | | mission.aspx?lang=eng#L) | | | | 4. [Thailand](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-in | | fo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#T) | | | | 5. [Cambodia](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-in | | fo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#C) | | | | 6. [Philippines](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info | | -info_mission.aspx?lang=eng#P) | | | | 7. [Malaysia](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-in | | fo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#M) | | | | 8. [Singapore](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-i | | nfo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#S) | | | | 9. [Indonesia](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-i | | nfo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#I) | | | | 10. [Brunei | | Darussalam](http://www.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/mission_info-i | | nfo_mission.aspx?lang=eng#B) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Questions:** (to be answered comprehensively) 1. Read an article on a newspaper about globalization (local or international). Then write a 50-word summary of the article. Identify the underlying definition/s of globalization that was/were used in the article. 2. Submission will be on Sept. 01, 2021 ***Please Note:*** typewritten or handwritten if to submit personally. Online submission is done through. Anna Liza C. Cerbo Aug. 06, 2021 **Teacher Date**