Modern History of India.docx

**[\`Arrival of East India Company ]** - Merchant adventure- a private company of Britain, in 1599 established a new company which's name was THE GOVERNOR AT THE MERCHANT OF TRADING OF LONDON TO THE EAST INDIES, also known as East India Company, 217 shareholder - Queen Elizabeth I,...

**[\`Arrival of East India Company ]** - Merchant adventure- a private company of Britain, in 1599 established a new company which's name was THE GOVERNOR AT THE MERCHANT OF TRADING OF LONDON TO THE EAST INDIES, also known as East India Company, 217 shareholder - Queen Elizabeth I, issued a royal charter on 31 Dec, 1600 that give the right to EIC for monopoly trade with India or East (for 15 years) - In 1609 the order extended for unlimited period - Captain Hawking - Arrived India on a ship named Hector - Ambassador of the British King James I - He was an expert in the language Persian - Met Mughal emperor Jahangir at Ajmer and later Agra in 1609 - He want to establish a British factory in Surat - He presented some gifts to Jahangir, a watch and a painting - Sir Thomas Roe(1615-1618) - Ambassador to the James I - Met Jahangir in 1615, for the permission to start factories at different parts of the Mughal empire - Important Trading Centres of EIC - Surat (1613) - Massulipatnam(1611), the first British factory in India - Madras(1639), also made Fort saint Gorge - Balasor(1633) - Hugli(1651) - Bombay(1662), a land that was given by Portuguese to the British Prince as a dowry gift, then it was given to the EIC on rent, rent 10 pounds per year - Kolkata(1690), the city was made when British established Fort William on the land of three villages, Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindpuri - Dastak - A royal order, issued by Mughal king Farroqsiyar in 1717 - Giving special trade facilities to the EIC in Bengal - Bengal - A Mughal province and most prosperous state - Including west Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Bangladesh - In 1700, Aurangzeb sent Murshid quli Khan to Bengal as Diwan - The subedar of Bengal at that time was Azim o Shan - The capital of Bengal was Dhaka - After the death of Aurangzeb in the year 1707, Murshid Quli khan gradually establish himself as an independent ruler of Bengal - The Nawabs of Bengal - Murhid Quli Khan(1700-1727) - First independent ruler of Bengal but never announced - Changed the capital from Dhaka to Murhidabad - Sujjauddin(1727-1739) - Son In law of Murhid quli khan - Sarfaraz (1739-3740) - Son of Sujjauddin - Thrown out by Alivardi Khan - Alivardi Khan(1740-1756) - Not took any step against British despite being neglected by them - Siraj Ud Daula(1756-57) - Grandson of Alivardi khan - Some powerful people of Bengal were against him such as Ghasiti begum, Saukat Jung(Nawab of Poornia), EIC, Jagat seth(banker) and Mir Zafar - On 15 June 1756, invaded fort William in Kolkata - 20 June 1756, Nawab locked 146 English men into a very small jail which led to the death of around 100 English men, also known as Black hole tragedy - Battle of Plassey - 1757 - EIC or Robert Clive Vs Siraj Ud Daula - Mir Zafar, the army commander of Bengal secretly joined Robert Clive - Plassey was a town south to the capital Murshidabad - Siraj ud Daula was caught and Killed - The battle was won by EIC with the help of Mir Zafar - Mir zafar became the new nawab of Bengal - Mir Zafar (1757-1760) - He gave huge amount of money to the EIC as bribe - Gradually he got disappointed from the EIC and he approached Dutch for help - Knowing this the EIC started a battle against dutch, known as Battle of Bidara in 1759 - EIC won the battle - Now all the dutch factories were under the control of EIC and Dutch left the country and went to Indonesia - Mir Qasim(1760-65) - Son in law of Mir Zafar - Made by EIC - Also known as the revolution of 1760 - EIC was not happy with him - Mir qasim started to re-organised the army of Bengal - He changed the capital from Murshidabad to Mungair - He gave special trade facilities to Indian's also - He was thrown out from the post of nawab in 1763 and Mir zafar again sat on the throne - Mir qasim approach to the Nawab of Avadh Shuja Ud Daula - Battle of Buxar (1764) - Between EIC(Hector Munro) Vs Mir Qasim and Shuja ud daula from Avadh and Shah Alam from Delhi - The battle was won by EIC - The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) - Robert Clive represents EIC - EIC got 50k as war repression from avadh - Areas of Allahabad - Army of EIC will reside in avadh and the nawab of avadh will pay for it - EIC got diwani rights from Shah alam for the area of Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa - EIC will give 26 lac rs as pension to Shah alam - This type of rule in Bengal is also termed as Dual Rule in Bengal - So in 1772, the company appointed themselves as the sole political power of Bengal - The head of the Leader of EIC in Bengal were known as Governor - Robert Clive - Started as Clerk of EIC in 1742 - Appointed as captain in the army of EIC in 1751 - He lead the company in battle of Plassey - He is termed as the real founder of EIC in India - He was appointed as the governor of Bengal twice, 1757-60 and 1765-67 - Also Known as kingmaker of Bengal - He represented the EIC during the Treaty of Allahabad - During his tenure the dual rule in Bengal was started - Warren Hasting - 1772-74 and 1774-85 - He was the last governor of Bengal and the first governor general of Bengal - Ending of Dual rule in Bengal - 1772, complete authority, diwani and subedari - 1772, new land revenue system Izaridari system - The regulating act and the amendment act and pitt's india act - The death penalty to Nand Kumar - He faced Impeachment - The Regulating act, 1773 - Passed by the British parliament to regulate the affairs of EIC - The first law passed by the British parliament related to India - The governor of Bengal was made the Governor General of Bengal, the governors of Madras and Bombay were made as the Sub-ordinate to the GG - Warren Hasting was the First Governor General - 4 member council to help the GG, and all the major decision with majority vote - Establishment of Supreme court in Kolkata, with 4 Judges, the First CJ was Eilizah Impey - Restricted the individual trading of the EIC's employees - The amendment act, 1781 - Passed by the British parliament - Also known as Settlement act - To amend some provision of the act 1773 - The Jurisdiction of the Supreme court would be the public of Calcutta - The SC will not intervene in the religious matters of the local public - The SC will not intervene in the administrative matters of the EIC - First act which separated the works of legislative and executives - Pitt's India act, 1784 - Board of control to control the political activity of EIC - 6 members, known as Commissioner - One member would preside this council, he would also be the member of the british parliament - Pitt's- British MP - Separated the administrative and commercial activity of the EIC - Reduced the numbers of the members in the GG's council to 3 - The area won by the EIC would became the part of British empire - Izaaridaari System - Land revenue system - Implemented in 1772 - During the period of Warren Hasting - In the region of Bengal - It separated the Bengal in different parts and auction them - 5 years rental system - In 1776 the rental system changed it tenure to one year - But during the clamities, revenue lost for EIC - Execution of Nanda Kumar - An officer in Bengal - Accused warren Hasting for corruption to make the Mir zafar as nawab of Bengal - But SC held Nanda kumar accused in a old matter and pronounced death sentence to him - Later warren hasting gone throw an impeachment process but got saved - The act of 1786 - Passed by British parliament - To make Lord Cornwallis the new GG of Bengal - It provided him the post of army commander of the EIC - The Permanent settlement - Land revenue system - Also known as istemari and zamidari system - During the period of Lord Cornwallis - In 1790 - In Bengal, bihar, orrisa and north Carnatic - Between land lords and EIC - Base year of 1790-91 - 19 % area of British india - Zamidar declared as the owner of the lands - Zamidars would collect taxes from the peasants on the behalf of the company or agent - The portion of the taxes- 1/11 to zamidar and 10/11 to company - The zamidari right was a succession right - If revenue was not submitted by zamidars than his assets would be seized - Sunset law- payment of tax on due date before the sunset, if didn't than the right was auctioned - Fixed taxation despite famine or flood - Financial security to the company - Political allies like zamidar to the company - Lord Cornwallis - 1786-93 and later in 1805 - Two time GG of Bengal - Died in 1805 in Gazipur - Founder of Permanent settlement - Founder of Police services in India - Founder of Civil services and civil reforms - Lord Wellesley (1793-1805) - Also called himself as the Lion of Bengal - He was a imperiorlist - 1802 annexation of delhi in the leadership of Lord Lake - Founder of Subsidiary alliance - Subsidiary alliance system - In 1798 - Under lord Wellesley - Between EIC and Princely states - Deployment of EIC's army in the princely state - The expenditure would be bare by the PS - No princely state would talk to a foreign power on the matter of foreign affair without the advisory of the GG - The EIC will protect the PS with its army - The states who signed this agreement - Hyderabad in 1798 - Tanjor and Mysore in 1799 - Avadh in 1801 - Poona in 1802 - Nagpur 1803 - Gwalior in 1804 - The army expenditure of EIC was very huge so SA helped in this matter - Formation of modern army for EIC - Decline in the army forces of PS - Settlement of contonmnets - Alliances with the indian rulers - Commercial benefits to EIC - Fall of other European companies - Governor Generals of Bengal from 1773-1833 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Name of GG | Years | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Lord Warren Hastings | 1774-85 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. Lord Cornwallis | 1786-93 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. Lord John Shore | 1793-98 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. Lord Wellesley | 1798-1805 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5. Lord Cornwallis | 1805 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6. Sir Gorge Barlow | 1805-07 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7. Lord Minto | 1807-13 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8. Lord Hastings | 1813-23 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9. Sir John Adams | 1823(offciating) | | | | | 10. Lord Amherst | 1823-28 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 11. Lord William Bentick | 1828-33 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - Sir Gorge Barlow - 1805-07 - The policy of non-interference in the matters of princely states - In 1806, the revolt of vellore, in which the sepoy's of EIC rebel, the governor of Madras lord William Bentick, he restricted the sepoys to wear religious symbols like turban and tilak - Lord Minto - 1807-13 - The treaty of Amritsar b/w EIC and Raja Ranjit singh - The EIC will not expand in the east of Sutlej river - Friendship treaty with the amirs of Sindh - The charter act of 1813 - Extended the tenure of EIC to 20 years - Ended the trade monopoly of EIC, except the trade of tea and with china - 10.5% revenue from india will be given to the EIC as Divident - Religious teachings by Christian missionaries are now constitutionally valid - Allowed the British traders and engineers to reside in India - Starting of western education in India - Lord Hasting - Governor general of Bengal - First Anglo-Nepal war, 1814-15 - Treaty of Sangoli in 1816 - Third Anglo-Maratha war in 1816-1819, Maratha loss, treaty of Poona, Pension to Maratha peshwa and send to bithur near Kanpur, Bajirao II was the Peshwa - Pindari Oppression - Soldiers in Marathas army - Ryotwari System - A land revenue system - Ryot means peasants - Implemented in 1820 in Madras presidency and south west india or Bombay presidency with Sindh and Punjab - By Read and Munro - 51% region of British India - First used in Baramahal - Contract with peasants by EIC - Peasants recognised as the owner of the land on which they perform cultivation, only if they pay taxes on time - 60% taxes on very fertile lands and 50% from less fertile lands - There were no mediators in this system, EIC got complete profits - The taxes were based on area not on production - Mahalwari System - Villages or cluster of villages is known as Mahal - A land revenue system - Introduced by Halt Machenzy in 1822 - Central India, Ganga valley - 30% region of British India - Taxes were collected by head man of the villages and then deposited to the EIC - John Adams - Offciating - Introduced the licensing act, license for the printing press - The first newspaper, banned by this act was Mira-tul-akbar newspaper by Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Lord Amherst - 1823-28 - First Anglo-Barma war 1824-26 - Treaty of Yandabo in which British got some parts of Assam - Lord William Bentick - 1829- abolition of sati pratha in Bengal, in 1830 in Bombay and Madras - Abolition on slavery - Ban on women killing - Regulation on the cultivation of opium - The charter act of 1833 - Formation of Agra Presidency in 1834 - Establishment of Kolkata Medical College in Kolkata - "we should not ban the newspapers, it acts as a safety wall" - Anglo-Oriental conflict - What should be teach to the native indian's - HT Pricepe and HH Wilson believe that Indians should learn their ancient education or orientalist - Munro and elfiston believe that Indians should learn their vernacular languages - Those who supported English education Lord Maculay, travinior - In 1823, an education committee PUBLIC EDUCATION COMMITTEE was formed which have 10 members including raja ram mohan rai - In 1833 william Bentick, formed a committee with the leadership of lord maculay - Lord Maculay report- that Indians should learn western education - The charter act, 1833 - GG of Bengal- Lord William Bentick - Passed by British Parliament - Also known as Saint Helena act - An island in atlantic ocean - Owned by EIC - From this act, this island was taken away from EIC and handover to the British Empire - Napoleon Bonaparte was prisoned here and died in 1821 - Extended the tenure of the EIC to 30 years - EIC became the complete administrative unit - Completely abolished the monopoly trading rights of the company - Including trade of tea and trade with china - The governor general of Bengal was named as Governor General of India - Lord William Bentick was the first governor general of India - Employed 4^th^ member in the GG's council who was a law expert, lord macauley became the member - Slavery was abolished, it was completely abolished in 1843 - Law commission was formed, first chairmen was Lord Macaulay - Imperial legislative council - Governor general and its council can make laws, - Increased the funding of education from 1 lac to 10 lac - Starting of Meritocracy - Sir Charles Metcalf (1835-36) - Offsiting GG of India - Removed the ban from newspapers by abolished the licensing act of 1823 - He is also known as the Mukti data of newspapers in India - Lord Auckland (1836-42) - First anglo-afghan war from 1839-42 - Changed the name of shershah suri marg to GT road also expended it - Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) - Complete ban on slavery - In 1843, in the leadership of Sir Charles Napier, annexation of Sindh in British india - Lord Hording(1844-48) - First anglo-punjab war 1845-46 - Treaty of Lahore in 1846 - Banning the practice of Human sacrifice in the Gond Tribal - Lord Dalhousie - Scotland, Britain - He became the GG in the age of 36 - Real name- James Andrew Ramsey - Pinnacle period of British in India - He aims to build a united market in the Indian territory - Annexation through war - Punjab - 2^nd^ anglo-punjab war 1848-49 - British won - Sikkim - In 1850 - Burma - 1852 - Doctrine of Lapse - The states which accepted the British paramountancy - In 1848 - Introduced by Lord Dalhousie - The states which do not have a male heir, than the area would go under Direct british control - Satara , Maharashtra, 1839 - Jaitpur , Gujrat, 1849 - Sambalpur,orrisa, 1849 - Baghat ,HP, 1852 - Udaipur, Chattisgarh, 1852 - Jhansi, UP, 1853 - Nagpur,Maharashtra, 1854 - Karoli but it was later released - Avadh - Capital- Luckhnow - Ruler- Wajid ali shah - Queen- Begum Hazrat Mahal - Son- Brijis Qadir - Avadh signed the Subsidiary alliance - But on the basis of the report submitted by Outram which stated that the Avadh is under bad governance - So the EIC annexed Avadh in 1856 - The charter act of 1853 - No particular extension to the EIC, whenever british parliament want - Competitive exam for civil services, first Indian Satyendra Nath Tagore(ICS) in 1866 - Separate Lieutenant Governor for Bengal, Sir Fredrick Halliday - First train from Bombay to Thane in 1853 - First telegraph service from Kolkata to Agra - Post office act of 1854, compulsory postage stamp for letters - Shimla became the Summer capital - Woods dispatch in 1854, related to the Education - By Charles wood - Magna carta of Indian education - Objective was to promote western education in India - Primary education in vernacular primary education - Anglo-vernacular school for middle schools - Promotion of private schools with government funding - Promotion of Girls education - Universities inspired by London universities in Bombay, Kolkata and Madras - Lord Canning(1856-58) - The revolt of 1857 - 1856, widow remarriage act - Establishment of three universities in Kolkata, Bombay and Madras **[The Revolt of 1857]** The Role of the Revolt - In 1857, it was a powerful revolt against the EIC in the northern and central part of the India - Led by the Indian soldiers of EIC - It ended the rule of the EIC from India Important Facts - British Queen During the Revolt -- Queen Victoria - British PM during the revolt -- Palmerston - Leader of the opposition during revolt- Benjamin Disreli - GG of India during the revolt- Lord Canning - Mughal Emperor during the Revolt- Bahadur Shah Zafar - Army commander of EIC during the revolt- Enison and later colin Campbell - Symbol of the Revolt- Lotus and Roti - First martyr of the modern India- Mangal Pandey - Imidiate cause of the revolt - Old rifles used by the soldiers was Brown base Rifle - The EIC launched a new rifle in the place of brown base rifle, Enfield P53 - The cartridges used in this rifle was made of Cow and Pig skin - The soldiers refused to use this rifle - Dumdum Cant first refused to use the rifle on 23 Jan 1857 - Behrampur Cant on 26 feb - Barrakpore cant on 29 march - Bengal - 34 BNI - The head of the BNI was Harsay - Mangal pandey born in Baliya district UP, in 1827 - Join the EIC in 1849 and posted in Baracpore cant in Bengal - On 29 march 1857, he refused to use the rifle and pointed the pistol on Lieutenant Bough and Lieutenant Henry Sergent Hudson - He was arrested and punished death penalty to him on 18 april but he was hanged on 8 april 1857 - Merrut cant, 24 april - The 3^rd^ calvalry refused to use the rifle - 85 soldiers were punished with 10 years of jail - The soldiers of 3^rd^ calvalry secretly released the soldiers and attacked on the british officials, than start their march towards Delhi on 10 May - They reached Delhi on 11^th^ May - They approached the Mughal King Bahadur Shah Zafar - The starting date of the revolt was 10 may 1857 - 12^th^ May Delhi - Led by Bahadur Shah Zafar and Bakht Khan - British official- Lawrence, Nicolmen and Hadson - 4 June, Jhansi - Led by Rani Laxmibai with help of Tatya tope - British Official- Sir Huge Rose - 4 June, Lacknown - Led by Begum Hazrat Mahal also known as Mahak Pari - British Official- Campbell - 5 June, Kanpur - Led by Nana Saheb(Dhondu Panth, adopted son of Bajirao II) - Help by Tatya Tope, the real name was Ramchandra Pandurang - British official- Campbell - 12 June, Jagdishpur, Bihar - Led by Kunwar Singh - British official- William taylor **Area** ------------ -- Delhi Lakhnow Jhansi Faizabad Mandsor Satara Kanpur Jagdishpur Fatehabad Assam Barrely **Major Reasons for the Revolt** - Political Reasons - The policy of subsidiary alliance by Lord Wellseley - The policy of Doctrine of lapse by Lord Dalhousie - Ending of pension scheme for some rulers like Nana sahib - End on the titles of some Kings - In 1856, lord canning announce that Bahadur shah zafar would be the last emperor of the Mughal dynasty - Taken away of so many lands from landlords or Zamidars - Economic reasons - Policy of permanent settlement, ryotwari and mahalwri system that exploited indian peasants - Drain of wealth from India to Britain with high revenue - Deindustrialisation of the Indian territory with industrialisation of Britain - Destruction of handicraft industry - Increase in the poverty and unemployment - Special emphasis on cash crops which led to decline in the production of grains and food crisis - Socio-cultural reasons - Social reforms which led to the hurting of sentiments of conservatives - Banning on Sati Practice, Widow remarriage - Promotion of Christianity by the missionaries - Religious disabilities act which allowed property rights to the individuals who converted to Christianity - Racial discrimination by the EIC - Banning on the religious symbols in army - Millitary reasons - Racial discrimination with indian soldiers - Discrimination on service ground - Low salary to indian soldiers - Discrimination on promotion level, highest promotion to the rank of subedsar - Post office act of 1854 that led to mandatory postal ticket - General Recruitment service act, 1856 that pressurised indian soldiers to go to the other countries - Use of Enfield rifles - Administrative reasons - Introduction of reforms in Administration and Judiciary which led to complication - Corruption in the administration - Higher number of Europeans on high posts in comparison to the Indians **Important sources of the Revolt** - Ashbab e bagawat e Hind by Sir syed ahmad khan - The Indian war of Independence by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - 1857 by SN Sen - 1857 The great rebellion by Ashok Mehta - The peasant and the Raj by Eric Thomas - The Sepoy Munity and the revolt of 1857 by RC Majumdar - Manjha Pravas by Vishnu Bhatt Godse - From a Sepoy to Subedar by Sitaram Pandey, translated to English by Narget Das The Limitation of the revolt of 1857 - Geographical limitation - Only limited to Northern and central India - Could not reached towards the eastern and southern part of the country - Social limitation - The kings, landlords did not participated or supported the revolt - Western educated group of the youth did not participated or supported the revolt - John Lawrence said that "during the revolt of 1857, if there were a single abled leader would took the part in the revolt we would have been lost" - Lord Canning " if the Indian ruler did not supported us than we would have been lost" - Lord Canning "If the Scindia's of Gwalior did not supported us we would have been lost" - "the only man in the revolt was the queen of Jhansi rani laksmibai" Sir Hough Rose - Central leadership - The leader of the revolt was Bahadur Shah Zafar - So many people step a side because of BSZ - Azamgarh announcement- on 25 August BSZ called all the major rulers to support the revolt but it did not showed a great impact - Modern weapons - The revolutionaries did not had modern weapons - All those weapons which were carried by the revolutionaries were actually looted from the british army - Imperial rulers - No understanding of the imperial administration - Modern resources - Modern resources like railways supported the British army but Indian could not get its benefits - The Journalist of London times, Michal Husseil point out this issue - Favourable circumstances - Globally British army was not in battle with any country therefore it was a favourable circumstances so they used their full potential to supress the revolt - Other Limitation - The revolt did not begin at a single particular time in all the places - British used there full potential so brutally that common people did not took part in the revolt - No uniform strategy Outcome of the Revolt - End to the rule of EIC and Beginning of the Crown rule in India - Dual rule in India which contained the Court of Directors and Board of Control - End of the Mughal Empire - The GGI was now named as Viceroy of India who would be a representative of the British queen - The British would not interfere in the matters of indian Kings - Changes in the British Indian army, Peal commission was set up - A new post was created, Secretary of State The Recommendation of Peal Commission - The Indian army was divided into different regiments - Division of army with fighter and non-fighter regiments like Jat, Rajput etc - The ratio of India soldiers was changed in the army - During the revolt, there were more than 2,50,000 indian soldiers in the army and 45000 british soldiers - Now the ratio was changed with 1:2 in Bengal or one british and 2 indians - On 1^st^ Nov 1858, Lord Canning read the announcement letter in Allahabad and said that all those kings, zamidars and officials of EIC who were with EIC would now be the part of British Empire **[The Act of 1858]** - Passed by the British parliament - This act is known as the Act for the better governance of India - It end the rule of the EIC - Direct british rule in India or Crown rule - Now the GG is known as Viceroy - The First Viceroy was Lord Canning - New post was created to look into the matters related to India, the secretory of India, he is equal to the Cabinet minister - The first SOI was Lord Stenly - To help him establishment of Indian council with 15 members in it The Viceroy of India - First viceroy of Innia lord canning - Last governor general from 1856-1858 - He became the first viceroy of India - He passed widow remarriage - Establishment of New universities in Kolkata, Bombay and Madras - Under the rule of Lord Canning introduction of the system of Departments like defence, finance departments to the members of the viceroy council - The blue rebellion in Bengal - Implementation of Indian Penal code - The first Budget in 1860, presented by James Wilson - Implementation of Income tax over the income of 500 - In 1861, high court act was passed under this act new high courts of Calcutta, madras and Bombay was established - The act of 1861 - Indian council act, 1861 - The recognition of portfolio system - New member in the VR council, law expert now it has 6 members including VR, one member more added in 1874 as PWD department - Under this act the power of ordinance was given to the VR - To make laws new members were appointed, it can be 6 least or highest 12, imperial legislative council - Lord Elingun I - Died in Dharmshala in 1863 - Sir John Lawrence - 1864-69 - He is known as the protector and victor of India - Won the battle of Bhutan in 1865 - First telegraph service from Britain to India in 1865 - Famine in Rajputana, Malwa, Bundelkhand, Central India, a committee was formed under Campbell or famine commission - He used non interference policy towards Afghanistan - Lord Meyo - 1869-72 - He established Meyo college in Ajmer for the education of Prince of the rulers in 1875 - Decentralisation of finance - First census in India in 1872, non scientific - In 1872, establishment of Agriculture department - In 1872 at Andaman and nicobar island, he was killed by Sher Ali Afridi an Afghani prisoner - Lord Northbrook - 1872-76 - Revolt of Kooka In Punjab - In 1875, establishment of Mohmmadan Anglo oriental college in Aligarh - He did not supported the views of the PM Dizraili so he resigned from his Post - Lord Lytton - 1876-80 - He was a reactionary viceroy - From 1876-78 so many famines took place resulting millions of death - Formation of Famine committee under Richard strachey - 1876, passing of royal title act, British queen Victoria was termed as Kesar E Hind - 1 Jan 1877, lord lytton organised a royal feast in Delhi darbar with thousand of dished despite knowing the fact that millions of people were dying from starvation - Vernacular press act in 1878, censership on regional language newspaper, or banning them, the main target was to ban the Amrit Bazar patrika by motilal ghosh and shishir kumar ghosh but this newspaper started publishing in English - The first newspaper which banned in this act was Somprakash which was published by Ihswar Chandra Bidhyasagar - Passing of Indian arms act, no one could keep weapons without license, only for Indians - Lord Rippon - A Liberal VR - First factory act was passed in which rights were given to labours - Abolished the vernacular press act - First scientific census in 1881 - Elbert bill conflict - Elbert was the member of VR council - He introduced a bill - If there is a case between Indian vs Indian then the judge can be from both British and Indian but if the case is between British and british or indian vs british than the judge should be a british - Under elbert bill, he introduced to end this system, but the British resident in India opposed it and stopped this provision **[Socio-Religious reform Movement ]** - Indian Renaissance - Social evils in India - Sati Pratha - Parda pratha - No to widow remarriage - Daakan pratha - Human sacrifice - Blind faith - Untouchability - Bonded labour - Slavery - Begar - Dowry - Social reformers and Organisations - Raja ram mohan rai, Atmiya sabha and Brahm Samaj - Ishwar Chandra bidhyasagar , Newspaper Somprakash - Swami dayananda saraswati, aarya samaj and shuddhi movement - Swami Vivekananda, Vedanta society in USA, Ram krishan mission - Mahadev Govind Ranade, Poona sarvajanik samaj - Ram Krishna Paramhans - Atma ram pandurang, atma samaj - Devendra Nath Tagore, Tatva bodhni sabha - Keshav Chandra Sen, Tabernacle of new dispensation - Shri Dharal Naidu, Vedh Samaj - Henry Vivian Derozio, debating club and Young Bengal movement - Raja Ram Mohan Rai - 1772-1833 - He was born In Radhanagar, Near Hoogly, Bengal, In a conservative brahman family - He went to Patna for education and learned Arbi and Parsian - In Varanasi he learned about Vedas - He learned over a dozen of Language like Persian, arbi, hindi, urdu, hibru, English, French, Sanskrit etc - He was titled as Raja by Akbar II (1806-12) - He was sent to London by Akbar second for an issue related to Pension and in London, He was died there in the city of Brastile - His other names were, the father of Indian reninssance, first leader of modern India, the bridge between east and west, father of modern India, pioneer of Indian journalism, star of new dawn, father of social reforms, prophet of indian nationalism etc. - He worked in EIC from 1803-14 - He wrote - Tufat al Muhtadin, a Persian language book which means a gift to Monotheist, he promoted monotheism in this book and criticised idol worship, he founded Atmiya sabha to promote Monotheism - Precepts of Jesus- the guide to peace and Happiness in 1820, in this book he point out the weakness in the Christianity - Hindu Utradhikar Ke Niyam or the inherit rights in Hinduism - Newspaper by RRMR - Sambad Komudi, 1821, in Bengali, in this newspaper he opposed the Sati Pratha. It was the First magazine to be published, edited or managed by an Indian - Brahmnical Magzine in English, 1821 - Mira tul akhbar, 1822 in Kolkata, in Persian language. It was banned under the Licencing act in 1823 - Bangdut, a weekly newspaper, in Bangla, hindi, urdu and Banarsi in 1829 - Education sector - In 1817, He founded Hindu college which is now known as Presidency college with the help of Alexander Duff and it was named as Presidency college by Lord Dalhousie. It was the First Indian college which was based on Western education - In 1825, Vedanta college in Calcutta. It was an amalgamation of Indo-western education - Organisations for Social reforms - In 1823, Calcutta Unitarian committee with Dwarkanath tagore and William adams. The main objective of this was to fight against social evils - Bramh Samaj - On 20 August, 1828 - Original name was Brhmo sabha but later it was changed to Brahmo samaj in 1829 - Establishment of Hinduism as its pure form, end the social evils and promote monotheism - Sati pratha was banned from the effort of this organisation - He opposed, Child marriage, Blind faith, Idol worship, Sati, Incarnations, black magic, Polygamy etc. - He supported western education, monotheism, capitalism and permanent settlement and widow remarriage - Devendra Nath tagore - 1817-1905 - The son of a Zamidar, Dwarika nath tagore - His son- Satyendra nath tagore the first ICS officer and Rabindra Nath tagore - Famous philosopher, social reformer and Journalist - Founder of Tatva Bodhini sabha in Bengal In 1829 - Tatva bodhini Magzine, the editor was Akshay kumar Dutt - He joined the Bramo samaj and manged it after the death of Raja Ram Mohan Rai - Keshav Chandra Sen - 1838-84 - Famous social reformer of Bengal and Educationist - In 1858 he joined the Bramo samaj - In 1862, devendra nath tagore appointed him as the Principle of Bramo samaj - He was a very liberal person - In 1865, he was dismissed from the post of Principle by Devendra nath tagore and the Brahma samaj got split into two section in 1866 - Adi bhrama samaj with tagore and Bharat versiya bhrama samaj by Sen - Sangat Sabha or Maitri sena founded by KCS in 1860 - Tabernacle of new dispensation - 1868 - Discussion of all the ideas - Indian reform association in 1870, also known as Hindu reform association - Newspaper- Indian Mirror - To stop the child marriage in India he passed Brama Vivah Act in Bramo samaj and later it was accepted by the government. In which the minimum age of the girl was 14 years and boy was 18 years - But KCS himself married his daughter, who was claimed to be in the age of 13, to the ruler of Koochbihar. For which his followers got upset and they formed a new association called Sadharan Brhama samaj - Sadharan Brhama Samaj - In 1878 - Founders were Pandit shiv nath shashtri, dwarikanath ganguli, surendra nath banarjee, andand mohan bose - With the effort of Keshav Chandra sen two organisation were formed out of the Bengal - Ved samaj - In 1864 - Sridharalu naidu with the help of Vishwanath Mudliaar - It is also known as the Brahma samaj of South India - Prathna Samaj - In Bombay - Atma ram Panduranga with help of NG Bhandarkar, Chandravarkar and MG Ranade - MG Ranade - He was a Judge - From Maharashtra - Also known as the Socrates of Maharashtra - Also known as the pioneer of cultural reform in western india - Founder of Poona Sarvajanik Sabha in 1867, but it came into effect in 1870 - Henry Vivian Derazio - 1809-31 - An anglo-indian - From 1826-30 he was a teacher at Hindu college and a critic of Zamidars - The first nationalist poet of India - Young Bengal Movement - Founder of Debating club - Founder of Society for the acquisition of General Knowledge - Founder of Anglo Indian Hind association - Termed as 'father of our caste' by surendra nath banarjee - Also known as Pioneer of modern civilisation - Newspapers- India Gudget and East India - Dharma Sabha - In 1830 - By Radhakant Dev - A conservative organisation - It supported the ritual of Sati - Oppose the law that banned the Ritual of Sati In India - Ishwar chand Vidhyasagar - 1820-91 - A social reformer of Bengal and Educationist and Journalist - In 1851, became the principle of Sanskrit college in Kolkata and opened this college for non-brahman students - His famous newspaper was Somprakash in Bengali - He started a movement for widow remarriage which led to the law Widow remarriage act in 1856 - He criticised the child marriage and promoted girls education, established 35 girls school - He was associated with Baithul college which was engaged in higer education for women - He opposed the Brahman radicals in the society - Theosophical society - Philosophy about the discussion of God - In 17 Nov, 1875 in New York - Founder- Madam HP Blativisk and Colonel HS Olcot - Aim was to establish all the old religion as their pure form - In India, its HQ was at Adiyaar, Madras in 1882 - This society gain popularity when Anne Basent join it - Madam Anne Besant - Born in London in 1847 - From Ireland - Married to a priest Frank - Came to india in 1893 - Established Central Hindu College in Banaras in 1898, later in 1916 named as Banaras Hindu University by Madan Mohan Malviya - In 1907, she became the International president of the Theosophical society - She started Home rule movement in 1916 - She became the President of Calcutta session of Congress in 1917, the first women to become the President of Congress - Swami Dayananda Saraswati - Born on 12 Feb, 1824 in morbi, Gujrat - From a Brahman family - Also known as the Martin Luther of India, Hindu Luther - Child name was Mul Shankar - In 1848, he met Dandi swami, Poorna Nanda and he named mul Shankar as Swami Dayananda Saraswati - In 1860, he met Swami Virjananda at Banaras, he gave swami the knowledge of Vedas - Slogan- 'vaido ki aur lauto' - Shudhi Movement - Efforts to bring back those who converted from Hindu religion - Pakhand Khandini Patakha - He pint out four objectives - Swaraj - Swadeshi - Swabhasha - Swadharma - Aarya Samaj - In 1875 in Bombay - Founded by Arya Samaj - To establish Hinduism in its pure form, criticise social evils - HQ- Bombay, Lahore, Delhi, Ajmer - Swami Dayananda Saraswati and Rajasthan - In 1865 he visited Karoli as the state guest, invited by Madan pal singh - In 1881, he visited Ajmer, Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jaipur - He inaurgrated the HQ of Arya Samaj in Ajmer - He went to Udaipur, invited by the Royal poet Shyamal das of Udaipur, he stayed at Naulakha Mahal. He wrote Satyartha Prakash - In formed Paropkarini Sabha In Udaipur, the first president of Paropkarini sabha was Sajjan Singh - When he was at Jodhpur, he got angry with Jaswant singh - On 30 oct, 1830, he died at Ajmer - After the death of SDS, two groups in Arya samaj - The first which supported the Western education which include Lala Lajpat Rai and Lala Hansraj. They established Dayananda Anglo Vedic School and College, the first school was at Lahore - Second who supported the oriental education was Swarmi shradha nanda or Munsiram. They founded Gurukul at Kangdi near Haridwar - Mahatma Jyotiba Phule - 1827-1890 - From Maharashtra - They belong to the Maali caste and spoke for the lower caste - He founded Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 - Gulamgiri the famous book - His wife Savitri Bai Phule, step towards the women education - Establishment of school in poona for girls, lower caste etc. - She was also known as the first female teacher of India - Sir Saiyyad Ahmed Khan - 1817-1898 - Born in Delhi and Worked in EIC - A famous Muslim reformer and educationist - Famous books - Ashbaab e bagawat e hind - Bijnaur ki Bagawat - Loyal indian muslim - The causes of the revolt of 1857 - Founder of Mohammaden literary association in 1863 - In 1864, founded the scientific society in Calcutta - In 1875 he founded the Mohammaden Anglo oriental college in Aligarh later it is known as AMU - His contribution towards education is also known as Aligarh Movement - Famous book Tahjeeb ul Akhlaq in 1888 - Founded united India Patriotic association in 1888 with King of Banaras Shiv Prasad - Deobandh movement - In Saharanpur - Founded by Raseed Ahmed Gangoi and Mohmmad Kasim - It was the traditional and conservative movement - It was against western education - Ram Krishna Paramhans - 1836-86 - Gadadhar Chatopadhyay - He was a priest in the Kali mata temple of Dakshineshwar, Calcutta - The service of mankind is the service of God - Established paramhans math - He was the Guru of Swami Vivekananda - Swami Vivekananda - 1863-1902 - His real name was narendra nath dutt - Born on 12 Jan 1863 In Calcutta - Father name was Vishwanath Dutt - Mother name was bhuvneshwari devi - Guru was Ram Krishna Paramhans - He was born in a Brahman family - In 1881 he met Ram Krishna Paramhans - In 1884 his father died and left so much debt - In 1886, he became Ascetic - He met the King of Khetri, Jhunjhnu Raja Ajit Singh, three times 1891,93,97 - Raja ajit singh termed him as Swami Vivekananda - On 11 Sep, 1893 he participated in world religion conference at Chicago, USA and addressed the conference - In 1896 he founded Vedanta society in USA - His famous books were Rajyog, karmayog, Vedanta philosophy, the east and the west, lectures from Kualalumpur to Almoda - His disciple was Margret Nobel, swami termed her as Sister Nivedita - He founded Ram Krishna Mission in May 1897 at Belur, Calcutta - He established Adwet ashram in Uttarakhand Almoda in 1899 - Subhash Chandra Bose titled him as the Spiritual father of Indian national movement **[Rise of Nationalism in India]** Organisations before Congress - Banng Bhasa Prakashan Sabha - In 1836 - Disciples of Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Considered as the First political organisation of India - Land Holder Society or Zamidar Association - Formed by Dwarika Nath taogore, radha nath deo, Krishna Kumar - In 1838 at Calcutta - British India Society in Britain by William Adams - Bengal British India Society - In 1843 - Formed by Gorge Thomson with Dwarikanath Tagore - Both Indian and Non government British citizens - Bengal British Indian Association - In 1851 - Formed by Devendra Nath Taogre, Radha kant Dev - Merger of Land holder society and Bengal British India society - It helped in passing of 1853 charter act - Right to participation of Indians in civil services examinations - India League and Calcutta association - India league in 1875 by Shishir Kumar Ghosh - Calcutta student association in 1875 by Anand mohan Ghosh and Surendra nath Banarjee - Both organisation merged and called as Indian association on 26 July 1876 by Aanand Mohan Ghosh and Surendra Nath Banarjee - Bengali newspaper by Surendra Nath Banarjee - National Level Conference and later called as National conference - First conference in Calcutta which was presided by Anand mohan ghosh - Late again in Calcutta which was presided by SNB in Dec 1885 - Bombay Association - In 1852 - By Dada bhai Naroji - Bombay Presidency association - In 1885 - By firoz shah Mehta, Baddruddinn taiyyab, KT Tailang - Madras Native association - In 1852 - By GLN Chetty - Madras Mahajan Sabha - In 1884 - By Pannbakam, Subramnyam iyer and MV Raghvachari **[Indian National Movement ]** Three Non Violent Phases 1. Moderate Nationalist(1885-1905) 2. Extremist Nationalist(1905-19) 3. Gandhian Phase(1919-47) With a Revolutionary Nationlist with Phase 1(1897-1914) and second phase(1920-33) **Indian National Congress** - Draft prepared in 1884 In Madras, event of a Theosophical society and AO Hume said to Indians to form a National Organisation - On 28 Dec, 1885 establishment of INC - In Bombay at Tejpal Sanskrit College - 72 members from all over the Country - First President was Wyomesh Chandra Chatarjee - Founder of INC was AO Hume(retired ICS officer) - General Secretary of INC from 1885-1906 - Famous Session of Congress - Bombay - 1885 - Presided by WC Banarji, first person to contest the election of Brtitsh parliament - 9 resolutions but no mention of any peasant or labour - Calcutta - In 1886 - Presided by Dada Bhai Naroji - 436 representatives - Viceroy Lord Dufferin through a tea party to all delegates - Madras - In 1887 - By Badruddin Taiyyab - Allahabad - 1888 - Presided by Gorge Hule - Bombay - In 1889 - Presided by William Wederone - Calcutta - In 1890 - By Firoz Shah Mehta - Calcutta university's first female graduate Kadmabini Ganguly delivered a speech - Nagpur - In 1891 - By Pandit Aanand Charlu - Famous statements regarding the Congress - The session of congress are three days drama- Ashwini Kumar Dutt - The members of congress are hugry for posts- Bankim Chandra chatarjee - The congress is the plan of lord Dufferin- Lala Lajpat rai in a magazine young india, its like a safety wall - The palace of congress is breaking, the last wish of mine is to see the death of congress- Lord Curzon - There will be no impact of forg's voice doing in a year- Bal Gangadhar Tilak **The First Phase of Moderate Nationalist(1885-1906)** - Main Leaders - Dada bhai Naroji - Firoz shah Mehta - Dinshaw Wachaa - Baduddin taiyyabji - Gopal Krishna Gokhle - Three reasons for their Moderation title - On the Basis of their principle like they had faith in British Justice, they understood the cultural diversity of India - On the basis of their demands like Expansion of Central and provincial legislature and increase the number of Indians, Examination of civil services exams within India - On the basis of their resources like applications, delegations, writing letters etc. - Achievements of the Moderates - They lay the social foundation of Indian national movement - They became the bridge between the public and British rule - Economic criticism of British - Limitations of Moderates - Ignorance towards Farmers and poors - Supported imperialism with nationalism - Dada Bhai Naroji - Born in 1825 in Bombay and died in 1917 - Studied in elfinston college in Bombay - In 1851 he founded the Rehnumai maazdai sabha for reformation in Persian community, magazine of Rafta Gofta - In 1852 he founded the Bombay association - In 1866 he founded London east Indian association in London - In 1867 he attended a seminar and addressed it, England duties to India, the drain of wealth - He was one of the founder of the Congress - He recommended to change the name to INC - Three times congress president in 1886, 1893 and 1906 - He was the first to raise the slogan of Swaraj - He was considered as the Hope of India - The grand Oldman of India - In 1892, he demanded for the reformation in Civil services, British formed a committee - Walvee commission for the audit of Indian expanses - He first introduced the Per Capita Income in India which was 20 rs at that time - He was the first Indian to get elected in British Parliament **The Second Phase of Extremist Nationalist(1905-1919)** - Leaders - Lala Lajpat Rai, from Punjab - Bal Gangadhar Tilak , from Bombay - Bipin Chandra Pal from Bengal - Arvind Ghosh from Bengal - Why there were called as Extremist - On the basis of their principles and thoughts - Their demands - Their way to demand the things like Swaraj, Swadeshi, National education system and taking back the decision of Bengal Division - Demonstration and Strikes - Demand of political freedom - Reasons for their rise - Failure of Moderates in agitation against the British, extremist considered moderates as beggars - Rise in the Literacy and Unemployment - Rise in the self-respect and self-confidence - Division of Bengal in 1905 - International impacts like Japanese defeats Russia and Euthopia defeats Italy - Ruthless policy of Lord Curzon like no help of the public during famines and millions of people died - Some laws by British like 124a and 156a which led to introduction of sedition laws on many Indians, Calcutta corporation act which enabled government interference in the Calcutta municipal corporation **[The Partition of Bengal]** - A very large province of the British India - Population of 7.85 Cr - Today's West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orrisa - Viceroy at that time was Lord Curzon - He announced to Partitioned the Bengal on 19 July, 1905 - It was implemented on 16 Aug, 1905 - West Bengal and East Bengal - Bang-Bhang Virodhi Andolan - To oppose the decision of the partition - By locals of the Bengal - Reason for the Partition - Official reason was that the province is too large to manage - The real reason - The partition was done on the ground of Religion - The east Bengal was dominated by Muslims and west was with Hindus - It was an epicentre of Nationalism - To break the nationalism and unity among Hindus and Muslims - Swadeshi Movement - Bang bhang aandolan later named as Swadeshi - The joining of Lal,bal and pal in the Bang bhang movement - Political Meaning of Swadeshi is to boycott the foreign rule and their products - Economic meaning is to promote Indian made goods - Cultural meaning is to promote the Indian education, culture and ethics and oppose western education - Began on 7 Aug, 1905 from Town Hal, Calcutta - Hindu-Muslim unity day on Raksha Bandhan - Leaders - Vipin Chandra Pal - Arvind Ghosh - Ravindra Nath Tagore or his song Amaar Sonaar Banglaa - Krishna Kumar Mitra's Magzine Sanjivani - Praful Chandra roy - Abdul rasul, Barisaal summit - Ashwini kumar dutt, swadeshi bandhav committee - Lala Lajpat rai in Punjab - Bal gangadhar tilak in Bombay - Saiyyad haidar raza in delhi - Role of Congress - Opposed the partition - There was a conflict between the moderates and extremist regarding the way to oppose the partition - The moderates believed that the opposition should limited only to the Bengal, boycott only foreign cloths - But extremist opposed them - Sessions related to the Bengal Partition - Banaras in 1905 - Led by Gopal Krishna Gokhle a moderate leader - He founded the servents of India society - In this session the swadeshi movement was supported - Calcutta in 1906 - Headed by Dada Bhai Naroji, a moderate leader - In this session Naroji announced the Swaraj as the aim of Congress - Surat in 1907 - Extremist wanted to make Lala lajpat rai as the president but moderates made Raas Bihari Ghosh as the president - Extremist got angry with this decision and the congress got divided - In oct 1906, with the leadership of Agha Khan met with lord minto at Shimla, important role of Archbold and formation of Muslim league at Dhaka in Dec, 1906 - The founder of the league was Salimullah khan - The first president was Waqqar Ul Mulk - The HQ was at Aligarh from 1906-10 and later it was shifted to Lucknow - The main object of the league was to protect the rights of Muslims, making loyal muslims towards British - The demand of separate electorates in Amritsar session of 1908 - Ahrar Movement - Ahrar means liberal - In 1906 at Bengal - Led by Mohmmad Ali, Shauqat ali, Uddesh Ajmal - The main objective was to involve muslims in the national movement and counter the Muslim league - In 1906, Lord minto establish a committee to review the politics of Bengal, Arondel Committee - This committee suggested that the Integral Bengal is the main power of Bengal **Morle-Minto Act, 1909** - Morle was the Secretary of state and Minto was the VR of India - The members of the VR committee increased from 7 to 9(1+6+1+1+1) - First time the provision was made that one member should be from India, Satyendra Prasad Sinha or SP Sinha - Originally the extra members in the council can be 16 in 1892 act, it was increased to 60 or making of Central legislative council but the total number was now 69 with 9 members of VR council - 37+32(government officials and non-government officials) - All these government officials were nominated - In non-government, 5 were nominated and 27 were elected - In this 27, 6 seats were reserved for Muslims - The first time, this act provided muslims with communal separate electorate system, reserved seats for Muslims in CLC - Lord Minto was termed as the father of legal communalism in India - This act also provided the provision to ask supplementary question on Budget **Delhi Darbar** - Announcement in 1911 - By Gorge V and Queen Marry - The Bengal partition was cancelled - A new state from Bengal was formed, Bihar - The new capital of British India was made, Delhi **First World War** - From 1914-18 - Allied nations vs Central Powers - British was in allied - Turkey was in central powers - The head of state of Turkey was known as Caliphate - After the war the British announced to remove the post of Khalifa which was the highest spiritual leader of Islam - This announcement lead to increase anger in the Muslim league, they were also angered with the decision to cancel the partition of Bengal **Home Rule Movement** - Started 1916 - The main objective was of Self Rule - This movement was inspired from Ireland - Madam Anne Besant - The movement was supported by Bal Gangadhar Tilak but congress did not wanted to work with Tilak so Tilak separated himself and got the region for movement, Maharashtra(except Bombay), Central India and Karnataka - This movement was started by Besant from Adiyar - Allies of Besant was VP Wadiya and Arun dev - Jawahar lal Nehru started his politics from this movement - The Maratha and Kesari were the major newspaper by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and he gave his slogan of Swaraj - New India and Common being were the Magzines of Besant - This movement was not a major success because of the announcement of Montegu reforms which promised to reforms - An English historian Velantine cerol wrote a book, India unrest which claimed that the main cause of the communalism in India was the shuddi movement of Arya samaj and Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Ganesh utsav and Shivaji Utsav - So Bal Gangadhar tilak laudged a defemation case against cerol and he got engaged in this led to loss momentum of the HRLM