Modern Age 1900-1950, Post-Modern 1950-2000 PDF

❖ MODERN AGE 1900-1950; POST-MODERN 1950-2000 ❖ Tennyson – Church of the Light Brigade 1854; ❖ All about progressive ideologies in accordance with the Rudyard Kipling wrote the sequel of the church of the Light demands of the contemporary situation....

❖ MODERN AGE 1900-1950; POST-MODERN 1950-2000 ❖ Tennyson – Church of the Light Brigade 1854; ❖ All about progressive ideologies in accordance with the Rudyard Kipling wrote the sequel of the church of the Light demands of the contemporary situation. Brigade. ❖ The rise of machine guns and cavalry gave the weaker ❖ Henrik Ibsen 1828- Norwaigh dramatist; father of modern nations a chance to fight back. This resulted in the First drama; playwright of ideas; writing style-drama of ideas- War of 1905, where Ethiopia defeated Italy, and Japan no action, only debate, moral obligation followed by Shaw defeated Russia. and Galsworthy also ❖ "Make it new!"- Ezra Pound’s definition of modern age ❖ Catalina-1850- written under pseudo name Brynjolf ❖ Late 19th century- Nervous Nineties Bzarame - Crystal Palace- Designed by Thomas Packston ❖ Brand 1865- play ❖ Fight for power ❖ Emperor and Galilean- he says this is his best work- - Matthew Arnold's references to Victorian pessimism and dramatizes life of Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate gradual transition. ❖ Doll’s House 1871- a lady who takes her stand to create her - 1901- Death of Queen Victoria identity; Nora Helmer- lead character; Krogstad- blackmails - Emergence of colonies and gathering of power Nora; Torvald Hermer-husband; plans to commit suicide to ❖ Race of supremacy save husband as she thinks husband will take blame for - Ideal Renaissance man- Sir Philip Sidney: "Thy need is bank forgery instead of allowing her to go to jail; her more than mine." — Ideology of modern mind. thoughts shatter as she finds husband blames her instead - 1913- Tagore was awarded with Noble Prize, another of accepting the forgery plan made to pay medical bills of political propaganda Torvald; 2nd letter comes from Krogstad says he won’t - Rupert Brook's "The Soldier" blackmail Nora as he is leaving the city; Husband says he’ll - 1918- The wake of despair and Late Capitalism forgive Nora for forgery as he’s a good husband; Nora - Postponement of development chooses to leave and make her own identity; Ibsen forced by ❖ 1920s- Immersion of Titanic and its consequences. 3000 people to change this ending where Nora chooses to leaders of society on ship; A leaderless England after the sacrifice for sake of kids; summary immersion ❖ Ghost 1881 – widow, Summary ❖ - Wall Street Crash ❖ Enemy of people 1882- one man vs mass; man warns not to - The Great Depression of 1930s (Great Depression Novel eat polluted water but mass believe there is no harm; Series) summary - The preparation of the Second World War ❖ Wild duck 1884- summary - Postmodern thought- A wake of counter thoughts ❖ Hedda Gabler 1890 - Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams ❖ Samuel Butler 1835 - Lewis Nkosi's Mandela's Ego ❖ Erewhon 1872- utopian story of always happy society - Trauma theory by Alamgir Hashmi (Self shock theory) ❖ Way of all Flesh 1903- against Victorian artificiality and - Reference of Philip Larkin's "Church Going" morality - William Collins' "Ode to Evening" versus T.S. Eliot's "Love Henry James 1843-1916- 3times noble award nominee; Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" born in America and switch to Britain; showcase European - Auden and 1930s New Country Group lifestyle in books; refers multiple cultures in work; 1st global - Trans Atlantic telephone communications writer ❖ Moder age is all about content, not a particular timing Roderick Hudson 1875; theme-Victorian elements & ❖ Lawrence Stern [1713-1768] Tristram Shandy 1759 1 st American civilization; influence of Europe in America modern novel; pub in 9 vol 1767; third person narrator; An The American 1876 Essay Concerning Human Understanding- Book by John The Europeans 1878 Locke; inspired by Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel Daisy Miller 1879- ideal American girl  Portrait of a Lady- 1881- Isabel Archer, Casper Goodwood, MAN AND SUPER MAN 1903 – Lifeforce theory- life can Gilbert Osma; SUMMARY make you do anything; Don Juan in Hell- name of 3rd act Bostonian 1886 Major Barbara 1905 Tragic Muse 1890– English characters Heart Break House 1921 What Maisie Knew 1897- Maise, a girl who is never loved, at Saint Joan 1923 – based on Joan of Arc; a tragedy without last, received love from an old maid Mrs Wix- summary a villain wings of dove- 1902 summary; Milie Theale; passionate Apple cart 1929– the story of King Magnus; his ministers human love force the king to leave the throne in the name of democracy; Ambassador 1903; comparison between American and the king is a good man & ministers are corrupted; political European satire; modern interlude Golden Bowl 1904 Joseph Conrad 1857- navel background; from Poland; Short Stories-The turn of the screw 1898; beast in the Salman Rushdie uses the pseudo name Joseph Anton as a jungle 1907; two magics; fan of Conrad & Anton Chekhov[Russian playwright] Friedrich Nietzsche 1844- existentialism; god is an Almayer’s Folly 1895 summary; father daughter relation; imaginative character created Nina and Almayer; set in Amazon ❖ GB Shaw [1856-1950]-Irish-Only writer to win Oscar & The outcast of the islands 1896- Malaya island; Petre Filmfare for My Fair Lady and Noble in 1925; cofounder of Williams- protagonist; deceives people; Minor character – London School of Economics; believes democracy is a Tom Linger appears in other two works of Conrad- Rescue failure; Cornodi Basseto-pseudo name; Wrote Two types of and Almayer’s Folly plays: pleasant plays and unpleasant plays The nigger of the Narcissus- a tale of the Sea 1897- voyage ❖ Unpleasant- dealing with vices of society; examples are as of Narcissus [name of ship] sail from Bombay to London; follows- James Wait is nigger; preface of this story is the manifesto ❖ Widower’s House 1892– Ibsen's style of writing of impressionism; hero’s inner conflict; summary ❖ The Philanderer 1898 “very finest and strangest picture of the sea life our ❖ Mrs Warren's profession 1898- PROBLEM PLAY; Kitty language possesses”- said Henry James Warren, a brothel owner, earns to support her daughter Heart of Darkness 1899 - publication in Blackfoot ❖ Pleasant plays magazine;summary; Curtz and Charles Marlowe protagonist; 1925- Noble and Oscar award for the story Pygmalion later comparison bet London and Africa; Nelli-ship name; in the movie My Fair Lady; the story is based on the myth of imperialism; white man’s burden; the horror of colonisation- a man who falls in love with his own statue [creation] later “horror horror horror London is the darkest city”; “Mr Curtz God give life to it; linguistic prof Higgins bet with col is dead” last line used by Eliot in Hollow man; F R Leavis- Pickering to covert a flower selling girl Eliza Dolittle to “minor work with mystery”; Achebe-“Image of Africa: racism behave like a Dutchess; he succeeds the bet and asks Eliza in Conrad's heart of darkness-calls conrad racist”. to leave as she asks him to marry; a satire on the myth that Lord Jim 1900 - sea life; ship name Patna; captain Charles not all creators fall for their creation; deals with language Marlowe; theme- idealism and heroism; Marlowe ran away structure of English as Shaw’s last wish was to improve leaving his people behind in ship; feels guilt 2nd time he spelling and structure of English fights back; summary Cashel Byron’s Profession- 1882 (novel), 1901 (play Youth 1902- a collection of short stories version) Typhoon 1902- 7 stories, including Heart of Darkness and Arms and the Man 1894– the futility of war; Servian vs End of the Tether Bulgarian war “chocolate cream soldier”- captain Blanchley; Nostromo- A tale of Seaboard-1904 set in Costaguana of Raina Petckoff; summary south America; Charles Gould [owner] & Nostromo[slave] Candida – summary 1894 searches gold; a trusted Italian Sailor who cheats; The man of destiny 1897 psychological conflict identity crisis You Can Never Tell 1897 Fitzgerald-“I’d rather write Nostromo than anything else” Mirror of the Sea 1906-Memoir Among School Children- 1928 ( "The Tower") Secret Agent 1907– a simple tale; Verlock is the agent, and Mohini Chatterjee' – poem on her in his collection "The Winnie is his wife. Winding Stair and Other Poems" in 1933 Under Western eyes 1911- Russian revolution BRONZE HEAD 1939– dedicated to Modgawn; collection A E Houseman 1859- Shropshire Lad 1896; 63 poems Last Poems James M Barrie 1860- What Every Woman Knows 1908- In memory of WB Yeats by Auden 1940- an elegy psychological study Play ❖ Rudyard Kipling— [1865-1936] The admirable Crichton 1902; theatrical journalist; Nobel Prize in 1907. Born in India. Peter Pan (play) 1904; as novel Peter And Wendy 1911 ❖ 1st British to win Nobel award WB Yeats [1865-1939] ❖ Imperialist mindset- jingoism [blind faith in nationality]. 1923 Noble Award Irish poet; Member and founder of Irish -POEMS literary movements/CELTIC TWILIGHT/IRISH ❖ Gunga Din 1890 RENAISSANCE ❖ Recession- 1897 Victorian ode ALONG WITH Lady gragery & Edward martin form AB ❖ IF 1910– A POEM Theatre ❖ Also translated songs of Kabir Inspired by Spencer, Shelley and Preraphelite writers ❖ NOVEL - The Jungle Book 1894 - Concept of white man’s Earnest Rhyes founded Rhymer's Club- a dining club for burden poetry ❖ Kim 1901— Kimberley Ohara, son of a British officer; Kim Fond of Occultism; joined Ghost Club 1911, inspired by wants spirituality and joins a Buddhist Lama but is asked by Mohini Chatterjee and Emanuel Swedenborg, famous the British to spy on the Japanese army and be part of the theosophists Great Game [spying on each other]. “It is a deplorable spectacle of a Grown man occupied with — clash between two identities of being part of society and the mum jumb of magic and nonsense of India”– Auden’s leaving everything for spirituality criticism ❖ End - Lama finds a sacred river and addresses him as Saheb. "The Countess Cathleen" - 1892 (as a play; revised versions He replies I’m not Saheb; I’m your Chela. published in 1895 and 1912)- inspired by DR Faustus but ❖ HG Wells 1866- father of science fiction; Time Travel- a uses power to make people happy and good, unlike Faustus, term coined by Wells; Use cockney dialects like Keats so God comes to take her soul ❖ Time Machine 1895- Prof Surrey; 1st time travel 802AD in Lake Isle of Innisfree - 1893 (in the collection "The Rose") - past; Eloi Vs Morlock Tribe; saves Eloi girl Weena and falls plantation of 9 different peas after retirement for her; Morlock attacks and he runs to 30millions years in Wild Swans at Coole 1917- remember school days with 59 future and finds ocean of blood end of human life and earth; pairs of swans machines taking control Second coming - 1920 (in the collection "Michael Robartes ❖ Island of Doctor Moreau 1896– narrator goes to an and the Dancer") Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is a line of this unknown island and finds Moreau who practice vivisection- work mix genes and body parts and created a race and colonise A prayer for my Daughter- 1921-[^collection] he wants her them but if a dose of medicine not given regularly, they daughter to be beautiful but not like Helen, who is the convert into aggressive animal; narrator fought with moreau reason for the demise killed him but could not control the half-human; becomes Easter 1916 – easter revolution published in the collection traumatized seeing normal human also. of Michael Robartes and the Dancer 1921. ❖ Invisible man-1897- Griffin a scientist discovers invisible Leda and Swan - 1924 (in the collection "The Cat and the potion; offers Dr. Camp to be partner in rule of terror; Camp Moon and Certain Poems") deceives and helps police to get him caught; Griffin dies Lady Modgown- the love interest of Yeats; A man young finally and old in 1927 based on one night stand with Modgown ❖ War of the worlds 1898- alien attacks Sailing to Byzantium - 1928 (in the collection "The Tower") ❖ Tomo-Bungay 1909; ❖ New Machiavelli1911- theme business and morality in Lament for Thomas Ashe 1917 : [poem]- Ashe sentenced London to death after the Easter Rising this was commuted to penal John Galsworthy 1867- Sin John Psuedo name; servitude for life. Forsyte Saga - Victorian society; 1 worldwar st Dublin Trilogy- The Shadow of a Gunman 1923, tenant generation;30+volumes; three parts- Man of Property mistaken for member of IRA- IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY- A 1906- Somes Forsyte; In Chancery 1920; To Let 1921 murderer; Donald and Seamus- imp character Silver box 1906 Juno and the Paycock 1924- Juno charac from Greek myth Drama- Justice 1910- loyalty between two people after jealous wife of Jupiter;Juno Boyle a Dublin housewife; world war society; Captain Jack Boyle is inspired by character of Falstaff; Mary Indian Summer of a Forsyte 1918 in love with a Rich Man; Jack borrows money to live a lavish Loyalties 1922 life as he thinks his daughter is marrying a rich; Rich man Arnold Bennett 1867 leaves Mary for her past relationship when Mary is pregnant Anna of Five Towns 1902- Arnold Named a real place with his child; summary Fivetown The Plough and the Stars 1926- depiction of sex & religion; Grand Babylon Hotel 1902 Yeats criticizes audience to revolt against this work; Old wives tale- 1908 1st section "Mrs Baines";2nd Characters- Jack Clitheroe, Bessie Burgess- protestant lady, Constance;3 Sophia; 4 What Life Is;summary rd th ; Clay Hanger trilogy: clayhanger 1910, hilda lessways 1911, The Silver Tassie 1928- hero a soldier enjoys war like a twain 1916 football match; antiwar story; Hero- Harry Heegen; Hilda Lessways 1911 Mirror in my house 1956- memoirs in 6 parts 1. I knock at Synge- 1871 Irish- riders to the sea 1903-morya- summary; the door 2. Pictures in the hallway 3. Drums under the playboy of the Western World 1907- It tells the story of windows 4. Inishfallen, fare thee well 5. Rose and crown 6. Christy Mahon, a young man running away from his farm, Sunset and evening star. claiming he killed his father for being a dictator catches Cock-a-Doodle Dandy 1949- play attention of Widow Quinn and Sara; his father comes James Joyce 1882-Irish; Ezra Pound add his work in Imagist looking for him and everyone realises he is a fake hero they anthology are worshipping; this work resulted in riot in Dublin and Chamber Music-1907- 36 poetries criticized by Yeats for insulting Irish genius Dubliner 1914– 15 story collection- a painful case, a ❖ Alfred Jarry 1873 mother, the dead, el-arabi, encounter, evelyn- deals with ❖ Ubu Roi 1896 lives of people in Dublin in 20th cent. ❖ E. M. Foster—[1879-1970] Worked as a secretary of A portrait of an artist as an young man 1916 – earlier titled Maharaja of Devas. Stephan Hero; stream of consciousness; set in Dublin ❖ The Machine Stop 1909 – pioneer of dystopian literature Ireland; ezra praised & serialised this book in Egoist ❖ Passage to India 1924 – read summary and characters; Last magazine and publish it. “once upon a time and a very good line- no, not under that sky- refers to native and coloniser time” 63 chapters; characters based of Greek myth- cannot be friends under a colonised country’s sky Stephen dedaulus, simon Dedalus, emma clery, Charles Alfred Noyes 1880 parnell, cranly Highway man 1906 – ballad; Published in Blackfoot Exile 1918– play Richard Roman comes from exile; love magazine in the collection Forty Singing Seamen triangle Richard, wife Bertha, Robert Seán O'Casey 1880 -irish- effect of the revolution on the Ulysses 1922 novel pub little review in serial form; 18 common man in poverty; Dublin working class; connected chapters; book divided in 3 episodes- telemachiad, odyssey, with Irish Abbey theatre – estab on 27 dec 1904- funded th nostos; leopold bloom [similar to Homer’s Odisius in by gov; Eillen Karie- irish actress married to Casey; acted in Odyssey], moly bloom as penelope prota of joyce in character of father Ryan in Wild Goose by Teresa Deevy; Dubliners reappears in Ulysses; Stephen Dedalus reappears as Telemachus; oneday story of 16th June 1904; Finnegans Wake 1939- 47 languages mixed to create this Characters - Lily Briscoe-paints Mrs Ramsey posthumously, book; used epiphany- sudden realization that changes your and James. Charles Tensley- guest – “women can neither thought process- used in religious, scientific breakthroughs; paint nor write” attack on George Moore harold bloom calls it master piece; last word of book – Orlando- 1928- a biography written about a fictitious “DHE” character, Orlando, which was inspired by Virginia's real-life Stream of consciousness- meaning- interior monologue- friend and lover Vita Sackville-West. Based on story of term coined by William jones principles of psychology 1890 Orlando myth [Orlando Furioso Italian epic poem by ; May Sinclair 1 applied the term while discussing Dorothy st Ariosto]- Orlando, a womanizer cursed to be a woman for Richarson’s novels; constant present of past along with six months and a man for another six months; Woolf present questions this identity of double sex Stephen Hero 1944 autobiographical novel A Room of One’s Own 1929- Three Guineas- sequel 1938; Virginia Woolf- 1882-1941 talks on women’s education and self-finance, history of Leslie Stephan- father- editor of the Dictionary of National Women’s rights; mentions names of Mary Beton, Mary Biography Seton, Mary Carmichael & Judith Shakespeare; claims for a In 1912, gets married to Leonard Woolf and started place with no moral obligations, no duties, no role to play Hogarth Press- two stories – 1st work pub in this press; also just a place to be a woman; formed Bloomsbury group – along with novelist E.M. the waves1931- six different characters with six different Forster, the biographer Lytton Strachey, the art critic Clive stories; Bell, the painters Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant, the the years 1937; economist John Maynard Keynes, the Fabian writer Leonard Roger Fry: A Biography-1940; Woolf, and the novelist and critic Virginia Woolf. Term Historical Consciousness – a woman is conscious 1 novel Voyage out 1915, also under this press; st about past experiences of her and other women night and day 1919; surrounding her Jacob’s Room-1922- experimental novel; between the acts 1941 Mrs Dalloway 1925 - It examines one day in the month of Non-fiction- June in the life of Clarissa Dalloway where the story jumps Modern Fiction 1919 between present life in 50’s and her life at the age of 25, an Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown 1924– “Human characters upper-class Londoner married to a member of Parliament. change in December 1910” [Mr. Bennet= Arnold Bennet; Mrs. Dalloway is essentially plotless; what action there is Mrs. Brown = Bennet meets on the train] takes place mainly in the characters' consciousness. Clarissa Common Reader 1925, as she prepares for and hosts a party that of the mentally Profession for women 1942 damaged war veteran Septimus Warren Smith and hears he Autobiographical essays – 22 Hyde Park Gate 1921; has commited suicide feels good. Based on two short stories Autobiographical diary- Flush -biography 1933- flush is a – Mrs Dalloway in Bornestreet & Minister dog of Elizabeth Browning who is jealous of his owner’s love To the Lighthouse 1927 – story of Ramsey Family in affair with Robert Browning, later they become a friend. Ramsays' summer home in the Hebrides, on the Isle of Skye; A Writer’s Diary 1953 kids wanted to go to the lighthouse but Mrs Ramsey dies A diary of Virginia Woolf 5vols; posthumously 1977-1984 and they went to lighthouse later when they feel no fun; D H Lawrence 1885- 1st study sexuality in the family main theme in To the Lighthouse is that human experience Sons and Lovers 1913- Paul Morell was supposed title; is varied and complex; features shifting perspectives dedicated to Edward Garnett- editor; autobiographical novel between characters; three parts – the window; the time with 2 parts; mother chooses sons over her husband; Walter passes [timeline- after 10years of 1 part after Mrs Ramsay st Morell, Mrs. Gertrude Morell, William and Paul Morell, death ; children, rest members along with guest they went mirriam- love of Paul; inspired by Jessica- lawrence’s Ex, to lighthouse Mrs Ramsey’s daughter dies in the lighthouse Clara Dwaes- later lover of Paul; summary during child birth]; the lighthouse  Rainbow 1915; sisters- subtitle Ursula Brangwen and ❖ Awarded with the Nobel Prize and Order of Merit Award in Gudrum lesbian relation 1948. Look, we have come through 1917 – inspired by Freda, with ❖ Started writing philosophical reviews for Athenium and whom Lawrence eloped, leaving her husband Times Literary Supplement. Women in Love 1921- sequel; Rupert Birkin- Ursula’s Lover ❖ Assistant editor of the Egoist 1919 – Gay ❖ Revised Elizabethan drama in modernism Kangaroo 1923- deals with English writer Richard Somers; ❖ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1917) semi-autobiographical set in Australia — 1st Published in Poetry Magazine 1915. Aaron’s Rod 1923- ; biblical character Aaron brother of — 1st collection of poetry called Prufrock and other Moses; made the golden cup observations(1917) Plumed Serpent 1926- set in Mexico; my most imp novel so ❖ Influence from James Thompson’s City of Dreadful night – far urban setting with sense of horror Lady Chatterley’s Lover 1928- sexual frustration of a lady ❖ Influence from Davidson’s Thirty Bob a week – city clerk in between aristocrat and working class; Constance Chatterley; the materialistic world of urbanism. Clifford- husband; Michaelis & Oliver- lovers; Hilda- ❖ — J. Alfred Prufrock was the name of a timber merchant. A Constance’s sister; Bertha – Oliver’s wife; pub by Penguin materialistic man. 1928 got banned, Repub in France 1929, later with ❖ “Let us go then, you and I,”- 1st line; "Like a patient etherized dissolving of lord Chamberlain’s office [responsible for upon a table” – talks about evening; “In the room the censorship] repub in 1960; story inspired by lady Ottoline women come and go, Talking of Michelangelo”; “No! I am not Morell; summary Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be”; refers to Hamlet, Greatest imaginative novelist of a generation – EM foster Richard 2nd & Henry 4th. – read poem Do not trust the artist but the art- DH Lawrence ❖ The poem is called a drama of literary anguish Apocalypse 1929-30- radical criticism of society and ❖ Criterion 1922 – quarterly publication edited till 1939 civilization; wrote when he chose self-exile. ❖ 1925 director of London publishing house Faber and Faber, ❖ T. S.Eliot [1888-1965] earlier known as Favours and Gwyers ❖ The Renaissance Man of the twentieth century. ❖ The Waste Land (1922)- 5 parts ❖ Was a Harvard student in philosophy 1911 I. Burial of the Dead ❖ An American came to England and changed his citizenship. II. A Game of Chess ❖ "A classicist in literature, a royalist in politics and an anglo- III. The Fire Sermon catholic in religion." – he called himself IV. Death by Water (The shortest section) ❖ Influence of his first nurse[catholic] in his hernia time. V. What the Thunder Said Adopted Catholic Christianity in 1927. — 433 lines (Including the last line, "Shantih shantih ❖ From a Unitarian family (the devotees, who believe in only shantih"[taken from Hiranya Upanishad], with 35 big one God, not the believers of the Holy Trinity[God, Father, allusions and 5 languages used. Son=trinity]). The concept of Boston Brahmins. Reference ❖ The first manuscript was given to Ezra Pound. to his first wife Vivian Highwood, married to her in 1915. ❖ This poem is a collage aka pastiche, meaning a work written His second marriage to Valerie. taking references from various sources. ❖ Inspired by fellow writers Irving Pabbit and George ❖ Theme of barrenness[lost of spirituality youth only Santayana. materialism exists]; rootlessness[no connection with life]; ❖ Influence of Charles Baudelaire[master of symbolism] gap in society[no connection with soul, society and god]; [taught Eliot depiction of art in horror and violence in death in live[people pretending to be alive are actually modern city life] and Arthur Simons[related to the dead]; life in death[(Reflected in Part-IV) symbolist movement in literature] (Eliot’s concept of double — Published in Criterion first, then in the Dial Magazine. consciousness was the inspiration for Simon). — Atkins said, "An all allusive compact."  — Chauter Brient- "Monalisa of English literature." ❖ The Hollow Men (1925)- hollowness of modernity, “we are — F. R. Leavis- "A rich disorganization." stuffed men we are hollow men”; last line- “This is the way ❖ MYTHS USED the world ends, not with a bang but a whimper”; Epitaph ❖ Tiresias[originally a mythical character who saw a goddess called "Mistah kurtz- he did," the line is taken from Joseph taking bath and cursed to be blind; after repenting he got Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899). boon to see future; this character is used by Sophocles and ❖ The journey of magi 1927 others in ancient literature] is the hero and narrator of ❖ Ash-Wednesday (1930) Waste land, the blind man who sees the chaos of ❖ A conversion poem after he got converted to anglo- modernity. catholicism. ❖ The myth of Fisher King (AKA The wounded king, the I. Because I do not hope to turn again – {1st line, repeated 3 bleeding king). RAPED NUNS so cursed to have bleeding times genitals and impotent- infertile nature of modern life II. Lady, three white leopards sat under a juniper tree ❖ Icarus myth[didalus father of icarus made wings of wax to III. At the first turning of the second stair flew from prison; fly high and sun melt wings and fell in IV. Who walked between the violet and the violet Icarus sea to die]- challenging nature of modern man V. If the lost word is lost, if the spent word is spent leading to our doom VI. Although I do not hope to turn again ❖ Hyacinths [Hyakinthos a prince in Greek myth lover of ❖ The Rock a pageat 1934 play Apollo killed by Zephur god of west wind also his lover killed ❖ Murder in the Cathedral (1935)- the story of Thomas out of jealousy ; Eliot makes the character a girl to avoid Becket from Canterbury Tales homosexual controversy of his age] depicts lust and ❖ Plot time of religious persecution; kings were removing jealousy surpassed love in modern age religious persons if they were not working for them ❖ Indian mythologies- Datta[to give to donate to share], ❖ 4 people were sent to the church to convince Becket to work Dayadhvan[to have pity and emotions for others] and for the king; 1st- bribe; 2nd- reflect on a better future with Damyata[to control desires]. the king; 3rd one warns; 4th threatens. End- Becket was killed for ❖ “April is the cruelest month breeding Lilacs out of the dead denial of the proposal. land,”-1 line; st ❖ In the background runs a chorus of lamenting women, ❖ “corpse you planted last year has began to sprout”; indicating the predestined tragedy ❖ “For Ezra Pound il miglior fabbro”- better craftsman; ❖ Whole book is written in Elizabethan blank verse ❖ “What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of ❖ The Family Reunion (1939)- play- divorced couple meet the this stony rubbish? Son of man, You cannot say, or guess, mother on deathbed and realize the chaos of materialistic for you know only A heap of broken images” life; based on Greek myth; “mother will be care of the bank ❖ “I will show you fear in a handful of dust.” – a handful of of London until you have from me” Dust is also a novel by Evelyn Waugh ❖ Four Quartets 1943 ❖ “Frisch weht der Wind Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, ❖ The Cocktail Party (1949)play; Sir Henry Raliegh- study Wo weilest du?” – meaning- my Irish girl where are you modern social structure, classical symbolism focusing lingering- refers to his Irish nurse and Catholicism Christian ideals, ❖ “‘You! hypocrite lecteur!—mon semblable,—mon frère!” ❖ The Confidential Clerk (1953)play lines used by Baudliere in the preface of Poetry To the ❖ The Elder Statesman (1958)play Reader ❖ Sweeney agonistes play pub-1926 performed - 1934 ❖ “Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!” taken ❖ Non fictions from symbolist writer paul verlain’s work. ❖ Tradition and individual talent 1920 ❖ “London Bridge is Falling Down” also a novel by David ❖ Sacred wood 1920 Lodge with same name ❖ Hamlet and his problems 1921– talks about objective ❖ Hart Crane born in 1899 replied to Wasteland in The correlative Bridge 1930. ❖ Homage to John Dryden 1924 ❖ Elizabethan Essays 1934 unhappy marriage, rich girl enjoying life etc depicts 1930s ❖ Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats 1939 England from different points of view; Jake Oakroyd & ❖ Idea of Christian Society 1940 Robert Johnson – characters; Graham Greene insulted ❖ Christianity and Culture 1948 Priestley insult in Stemboul Train aka Orient Express; Aldous Huxley 1894- nephew of Arnold; editor of Vogue Angel Pavment 1930- a office in street called Angel magazine; introduced Christopher Isherwood to Vedanta Pavement; dedicated to CS Evans the editor; deals in Society in Southern California by Swami Prabhabananda unemployment, frustration; financial fraud also influenced Auden, Yeats, Dylan Thomas; Dangerous Corner 1932 Crome Yellow 1921- criticises fashion, house party; English journey 1934 – travelogue; rural labourclass Mr.Scogan- also appears in Brave new world England; inspired orwell to write The Road to Pier 1937 Antic Hay 1923- comedy novel; title From Marlowe’s Wander hero 1940 Edward 2nd ; also mentioned brideshead revisited by Evelyn Lost Empire 1965 Waugh; Old country 1977 Little Mexicans- 1924, earlier title Mortal Colis. secrets of the ragtime King- article; Those Barren Leaves 1925– the longest novel by Huxley George Orwell 1903- original name- Eric Arthur; Orwelian Point counter point 1928 style- making fun of government strategies; Brief candles- 1930 Burmese Days 1934- 1st novel- experience as an Indian Brave New World- 1932 named after Miranda’s speech imperial police in colonised Burma from Tempest; set in London 2540AD; AF society [After A clergyman’s daughter, 1935 Ford- mean= after Henry Ford gives developmental society Shooting an Elephant 1936 essay concept]; talks about psychological, behavioral, reproduction Road to Wigan Pier 1937 control of humans; industries manufactured babies; don’t Coming up for the air 1939 know to be happy and only take Soma- a portion to be Animal Farm 1945- Satire; fable; Mr.jones owner of Manor happy; Lenina Crown and Bernard Marx – characters; Linda farm; pig dies mentioning Martin Luther’s “I have a dream” [mother] & john[son] don’t believe in the society; Mustapha that animals won’t be controlled by human; pig dies but Mond- leadercontrols everything;Mentions Fraued, Ford other animals revolt and win; change the farm name to Donne Shakespeare; HG Wells inspired to write this book; Animal farm; declares goat as martyr; decide seven Brave New world revisited – 1958 essay commandments for farm- they won’t copy human, no Eyeless in Gaza 1936 -influenced by Milton’s Samson animal shall sleep in bed, no drink, no animal shall kill other Agonistes animal, all animals are equal, two legs bad four legs good; After many a summer 1939-philosophical novel title from two highly educated pigs- Snowball [good leader] and Tennyson’s Tithonous Napolean[dictator] [represents Russian revolution Satin The Genius and the Goddess- 1955 and Lenin]; Donkey Benjamin also highly educated but do Moksha 1977 not speak for right, only speaks when sees Benjamin in Jacob’s Hands : A Fable is a short story co-written by danger; horse-Boxer- hard worker, always ready to work Aldous Huxley and Christopher Isherwood. It was originally hard and gets injured & of no use; and Nepolean calls written as a screenplay in the late 1940s but remained butcher, Benjamin understands, warns and report, but unpublished for decades. The manuscript was rediscovered napolean says they are taking to hospital just that the car is in the 1990s and was eventually published in 1998 as a not painted yet; Cat- opportunist- informer of Nepolean, novella. goes night to change commandments to- animal shall not JB Pristley 1894- works associated with 1930s great drink more than need, no animals shall slepp in bed without depression; Merit award 1937; radio podcaster a bedsheet, no aminall shall kill other animal without a Adam in moon shine 1927 reason, all animals are equal but some are more equal; goat- Good Companion 1929- members from different classes of common man; nine puppies were stolen everyone thought it society in a performer Group- middle-aged man with an was human; now questions who will be the ruler; go for elections; competition between Napolean and Snowball; Age of Anxiety- 1947, dedicated to John Berryman; Pulitzer birds see Napolean walking & drinking in two legs acting like award human; puppies come back as trained hound and killed Shield of Achilles 1955 –ex of ekphrasis – verbal Snowball; Napolean starts dealing with Mr. Jones and it description of non-living object; “At what the god had becomes colonised again wrought 1984- 1949- a dystopian novel; title inspired by poetry by To please her son, the strong his wife “end of the year 1984” pub in 1949; a society Iron-hearted man-slaying Achilles controlled by invisible Big Brother; New Speak- New Who would not live long.” language introduced to society; tortured in room no. 101; Notes on Intellectual [1940s]– “To the man-in-the-street, Winston Smith – rewrites the history; Memory Hole – who, I’m sorry to say, is a keen observer of life. The word burnsall intellectual historical records; Unperson – who Intellectual suggests straight away. A man who’s untrue to does not follow government; Julia – writes novel falls in love his wife.” with Smith but Ministry of Love banned love affair; O’Brian Stephen Spender 1909- Eliot gives prominency; member of – agent who doesn’t like the government; Syme- writes pink poet’s group, pylon poets, oxford group along with dictonary to change English language to New Speak; these Auden, Isherwood, Eliot, Levis, Macknoe; 17TH poet laureate; characters are against this government and want to follow themes- homosexuality, social injustice of class struggle Theory and Practice of Olligarchial Collectivism by Vienna 1934- 1934- Austrian uprising Emmanuel Goldstein; [both book and writer are fictional] Destructive element 1935 WH AUDEN 1907- left England to USA in WW 2; left wing Trail Of A Judge- 1938 - empty fascism drama; poetic form poet; acted as Katherina [teming of the shrew] and God that failed- 1949 essay collection Caliban[tempest] World within a world- 1951 - 1930s political condition of Dance of death 1933 –karl marx appears in this play; Great depression in USA; autobiographical august Strindberg also wrote play on same name Creative element 1953 The Dog Beneath the Skin 1935- Play by Christopher Making of a Poem 1962 Isherwood and W. H. Auden Love-hate relations 1974 The Ascent of F6- 1936 story on mountain climbing The Temple 1988– boy in Germany finds gay relationship September 1 1939- 1939- on WW2nd- uncertainty and beautiful chaos of war; “I sit in one of the dives; On Fifty-second William Golding 1911 - 1983- Noble Awardee Street; Uncertain and afraid; As the clever hopes expire”; Lord of the Files 1954 based on the story of Ballentine’s “All I have is a voice Coral Island [characters of Ralph and Jack appears here To undo the folded lie, also]; 1st novel; charac- Ralph represents rationality, piggy, The romantic lie in the brain Jack, Simon; a group of 8 - 10 boys who struck on an island Of the sensual man-in-the-street”; Defenceless under the and try to govern themselves with disastrous results; Ralph night becomes leader as he has a conch shell; Jack creates Our world in stupor lies; another group; three rules- we’ll have fun until we are Yet, dotted everywhere,”; “clever hopes of future expires rescued; ways of survival & create smoke signals; assigned today” works – jack collect food, Simon for shelter, Erick & sam In Memory of W. B. Yeats 1939 follows Ralph [known as Semnric] explores island, piggy “He disappeared in the dead of winter: lieutenant of ralph; Jack ignores task & creates Big Gun The brooks were frozen, the airports almost deserted, And Group, erick and sam find dead pilot hanging from snow disfigured the public statues;” endling lines “In the parachute calls him beast and due to fear of beast they kill deserts of the heart simon represents innocence, kills piggy for his spectacles, Let the healing fountain start, piggy invents sun dial, Rozer leutanant of jack kills piggy In the prison of his days, Teach the free man how to praise.” throwing big stone, Jack beieves island is a beast – lord of the flies - Belzebub and he accepts and behaves like beast offer pig head to the beast;clashes on how to survive; start Brunette Colman- pseudo name of Larkin; posthumously exploring the island for resources; piggy supports science as published collection "The Collected Poems of Dylan his spectacles are used to get fire via sun rays; “science will Thomas" (1952) take all”- piggy; Simon represents Jesus Christ; kill each Church Going 1955 – a serious house on earth; represents other for power; finally gets rescued and they cry like baby faith; modern age loses faith; people reducing going to shows they have lost their innocence; theme – man in his church; “I wonder who will be the last”; published in the free condition will definitely choose evil. collection, Less deceived. Inheritors– 1955- talks about homo sepian; Lok & Fa- Whitsun Weddings1964 characters High WINDOWS 1974 Pincher Martin 1956 a person who thinks he has survived in Kingsley Amis- 1922 water; man thinks he will be rescued whereas his body is Lucky Jim 1964 – Jim Dixson- inspire by Larkin; confused in dead but mind is alive. job position as he is a part time teacher and not sure about Scorpion God 1971 his job; becomes a professor in medival history in Roderick Rites of Passage- 1980- Booker award- story of a person university; Margaret Peel another confused charac for goes on a trip to Australia mental disorder- she acts like she is upset with past break To the end of the world – 1980-1989- trilogy- rites of ups and have suicidal tendencies; talks about Faulkner’s passage, close quarters , fire down below Rose For Emily in same setting of Yokna Patwha by Wiliam Dylan Thomas 1914 Faulkner[Emily preserves and lives with dead body of And death shall have no dominion 1933- the title taken Homer his bf and servant]; Christine Callaghan- lover of from Saint Paul’s Epistles to Romans where Donne says, HOD ‘S son; Jim finds Margaret pretends to have disorder “Death thou shall die” and Christine finds HOD’s son is cheater; Jim drunk and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog 1940- story collection gives a lecture on false artificiality of society whereas he Fern Hill 1945– Jenny Jones is called Annie in the poem was supposed give lecture on Merry England [Utopian idea]; and Jim Jones; 1st line “Now as I was young and easy under refers Kipling’s Puck of Pock’s Hell [ collection of short the apple boughs” stories historical fantasies; Jim & Christine gets together; Do not go gentle into That Good Night 1951- written for Giovanni Rucellai, an Italian author, is credited with his father on death bed and he does not want his father to inventing blank verse, which he called versi sciolti, meaning die on Christmas "blank verse" in Italian. Rucellai first used the term in his Under the Milkwood 1954– Radio drama unrhymed poem Le Api (1539). Henry Howard was later Ray Bradbury 1920 given the credit of introducing blank verse in English Fahrenheit 451 – 1953- book catches fire; Joy Montag literature. burns book as job; his wife, Mildred works, in Reality, show 1828- English was introduced as a subject- as language Parlour Wall; Joy meets Clarissa – they want to live a studied; 1831, English literature was studied as a subject; normal life, independent ideology; once he went to burn 1829-1st English professor was appointed book a lady denies to give book and commit suicide; from Ama Ata Aidoo 1942 - Ghanaian education minister author, ashes, Joy stole Bible; Mechanical Hound – 8 leg dog; Reads and poet; 1st African dramatist; Dilemma of a Ghost 1965; Dover Beach; Captain Bettie his friend comes to burn his Anowa 1970 books; joy fights back with this understanding that this Beat generation- 1950s-1960s; following writers society is heading to self suicidal mode- theme from The Jack Kerouac coined the term in an interview with John Plague by Albert Camus Holmes- the ultimate goal of life is to be happy, support all Philip Larkin 1922 sexualities, drugs Jill – novel 1946 On the road- 4 friends- William S. Burroughs (Old Bull Lee), The girl in winter 1947 Allen Ginsberg (Carlo Marx), and Neal Cassady (Dean Sonnet 14- on youth’s enthusiasm to join the army Moriarty) represented by characters in the book, including Kerouac, himself, as the narrator, Sal Paradise.  Sea is my brother ❖ Returning we here the Skylark = solider are also human as Dharma bums they return home William S. Burroughs ❖ Richard Eldington Junkie- killed his wife and confessed in the novel ❖ Death of a Hero – best war novel by Lawrence Durell Naked lunch1959- William lee[hero] gay ❖ BIOGRAPHY of T E Lawrence – British archaeologist Allen Ginsberg ❖ Edmond Bluden- cricketer "Howl" – poem 1956 ❖ “My subject is war and the pity of war and the poetry is in Fall of America- poetry collection the pity “ Lines on his gravestone by Owen Herbert huncke ❖ The Barn Guilty of everything- autobiography; gay relation ❖ Harbinger Lucien Carr ❖ Robert Graves Kill Your Darlings is based on the life of poet Allen Ginsberg; ❖ Works on archetype myths Lucien Carr, who documented their years together at school. ❖ Goodbye to all that – autobiography on army experiences ❖ War Poets ❖ I, Claudius- summary ❖ “Wars are raised by ministers, managed by administrators ❖ The white goddess and fought by soldiers”- GB Shaw ❖ Greek myths ❖ “this is a life where the ignorant army was crashed by night” ❖ Herbert Reed – Arnold Dover Beach- talks on the futility of war ❖ Songs of chaos ❖ Siegfried Sassoon ❖ Naked warriors ❖ Won military cross ❖ End of war ❖ “Finished with the war a soldier’s declaration”- questioned Best seller post-modern writers authority why people would die for their clashes Xiaolu Guo- Village of Stone – charac – Coral; A Concise ❖ Sherstn’s trilogy – fictional autobiography dealing with the Chinese English Dictionary for Lovers life of a soldier Esthar Freud- Lucky Break ❖ Memory of an infantry officer Kazuo Ishiguro – Remains of the day summary ❖ Wilfred Owen Graham Swift – last orders story similar to As I Lay Dying ❖ Dull’s at Decorum East- pro patria moria= it’s an owner to by Faulkner die for country = gas poem as it talks about fake glory of Shiva Naipaul – love and death in a hot country war Sarah Waters – tipping the velvet; affinity; fingersmith; the ❖ Anthem for the doomed youth 1919= “what passing bells night watch for these who died as passing cattle”- sending youth to war Olga Grushian – dream life of Sukhanov to die and then showing respect to them is blasphemy Jonathan Franzen – Collections – mentions 11 september ❖ Strange Meeting1919= “I’m the enemy you killed my terrorist attack friend”= two soldiers from opposite groups are actually Jeffery Eugenides – virgin suicides; middle sex – Pulitzer friends as they are in the same situation and then kill each award; marriage plot other Mona Simpson- anywhere but here ❖ Rupert Brooke Akhil Sharma – an obedient father ❖ Celebrated glory of war John Henderson – right hand of sleep ❖ Solider 1914= celebrates World War 1 Thomas Drory – the providence journal; stories ❖ “If I should die think only this of me that there is some Madison Bell- straight cut corner of a foreign field that is forever England” Gabe Hudson – dear Mr. President ❖ Issac Rosenberg Mohsin Hamid – reluctant fundamentalist ❖ Poems from the Trenches- poetry collection from the war of Monica Ali- Brick Lane Trenches Jyoti Guptara – Infinity Saga ❖ Dead man’s Dump- battlefield full of dead bodies