Biochemistry 101 Lesson - Proteins PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY 101 LESSON PROTEINS LET'S LEARN ROSEMARIE F. OCAMPO LEARNING OUTCOMES 01 Discuss the nature and structure of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. 02 Enumerate the functions of amino acids, peptides and proteins. LEARNING CONTENT This lesson discusses...

BIOCHEMISTRY 101 LESSON PROTEINS LET'S LEARN ROSEMARIE F. OCAMPO LEARNING OUTCOMES 01 Discuss the nature and structure of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. 02 Enumerate the functions of amino acids, peptides and proteins. LEARNING CONTENT This lesson discusses important aspects of proteins, such as, its elemental composition, its basic building blocks (amino acids), how peptides are formed and how these polypeptides unite to form a complete protein. What is Amino Acids? BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTEIN INTERMEDIATES IN METABOLISM There are over 300 amino acids but only 20 constitute the monomer units STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS HYDROGEN AMINO GROUP R-GROUP CARBOXYL GROUP  STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS THE R-GROUP H IN CARBOXYL GROUP Known as prosthetic group Contains hydrocarbon and other Renders the acidic property of atoms or groups that make one amino acids. amino acid distinct or unique from other amino acids. N IN AMINO GROUP C to R, H, COOH AND NH2 Renders the basic property of amino Attached to a so called CHIRAL acids. CARBON STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STANDARD AMINO ACIDS LIST OF 20 AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS  ALANINE (2-amino propanoic acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Major role in the transfer of nitrogen from peripheral tissue to the liver. ❑Guards against the build up of toxic substances that are released into muscle cells ❑Strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies STRUCTURE 1  ARGININE (2-amino-5-guanidino- FUNCTIONS ❑Increase blood flow to the penis pentanoic acid) ❑Retards the growth of tumors and cancer by enhancing the immune system ❑Aids in liver detoxification by neutralizing the Ammonia ❑Assists the release of growth hormones ❑Aids in stimulating the pancrease to release insulin STRUCTURE 2 ASPARAGINE (2-amino-3-carbamoyl- FUNCTIONS ❑Healthy immune system propanoic acid) ❑Heart and blood vessel ❑Kidney transplant ❑High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) ❑Athletic performance ❑Boosting immune system ❑Prevents inflammation of the Digestive tract in premature STRUCTURE infants 3  ASPARTIC ACID (amino succinic acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Increases stamina and is good for chronic fatigue and depression. ❑Rejuvenates cellular activity, cell transformation and metabolism ❑Protects the liver ❑Facilitates the movement of certain minerals across the intestinal lining and into the STRUCTURE blood and cells. 4  CYSTEINE (2-amino-3-thiopropionic acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Antioxidant detoxifying harmful toxins ❑Protects the body from radiation damage ❑Protect the liver and brain ❑Treat rheumatoid arthritis and hardening of the arteries ❑Promotes recovery, burning of fats and building of muscle ❑Slows down aging process STRUCTURE 5  GLUTAMIC ACID (a-aminoglutaric acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Excitatory neurotransmitter for the Nervous System, the brain and spinal cord ❑Important in the metabolism of sugars and fats ❑Transportation of K into spinal fluid ❑Helps correct personality disorders ❑Used in treatment of epilepsy, mental retardation, muscular dystrophy and ulcers. STRUCTURE 6  GLUTAMINE (2-amino-4-carbamoyl FUNCTIONS butanoic acid) ❑Helps build and maintain muscle tissue ❑“brain fuel” ❑Decreases sugar cravings ❑Treatment of schizophrenia and senility STRUCTURE 7  GLYCINE FUNCTIONS (amino acetic acid) ❑Retards muscle degeneration ❑Improves glycogen storage ❑Promotes a healthy prostate, CNS, and immune system ❑Repairs damaged tissue and promotes healing STRUCTURE 8  HISTIDINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-3-(H-imidazole-4- ❑Used in treatment of yl) propanoic acid) rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers, and anemia ❑ maintenance of myelin sheaths ❑Production of both RBC (Hemoglobin Synthesis) and WBC (Immune Function). STRUCTURE 9  ISOLEUCINE (2-amino-3-methyl pentanoic acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Required for hemoglobin formation. ❑Stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels. (Glycogen Storage and Gluconeogenesis) STRUCTURE 10  LEUCINE (2-amino-4-methyl pentanoic acid) FUNCTIONS ❑Muscle Growth and Repair: Works with isoleucine and valine to promote the healing of muscle tissue, skin and bones ❑Recovery:Recommended for those recovering from surgery ❑Glucose Metabolism: Lowers blood sugar levels STRUCTURE ❑Muscle Protein Synthesis: Aids in increasing GHP 11  LYSINE FUNCTIONS ❑Bone Health: Ensure calcium (2,6-diamino hexanoic acid) absorption and maintains a proper nitrogen balance in adults ❑Collagen Production: Helps form collagen ❑Immune Function: Aids in the production of antibodies. ❑Production of neurotransmitters: STRUCTURE chemicals that transmit 12 signals in the brain.  METHIONINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-4- methylthio ❑Keratin Production: Helps butanoic acid) prevent disorders of the hair, skin, and nails. ❑Fat Metabolism: Assists in the breakdown of fats. ❑Detoxification: Detoxify harmful agents such as lead and other heavy metals. ❑Protein Synthesis: Helps diminish muscle weakness. STRUCTURE 13 PHENYLALANINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-3- phenyl propanoic acid) ❑Neurotransmitter Production: Used by the brain to produce norepinephrine, Promotes alertness and vitality, Elevates mood, Decrease pain, Aids memory and learning ❑Used to treat arthritis, depression, menstrual cramps, migraines, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia STRUCTURE 14  PROLINE FUNCTIONS (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) ❑Collagen Formation: Improves skin texture by adding the production of collagen through the aging process; ❑Wound Healing: Helps in the healing of cartilage and the strengthening of joints, tendons and heart muscle ❑Works with Vit C to promote STRUCTURE 15 healthy connective tissue  SERINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-3- hydroxyl propanoic acid) ❑For the proper metabolism of fats and fatty acids, the growth of muscle, and the maintenance of a healthy immune system. ❑Metabolic Pathways: Important in RNA & DNA function and cell formation ❑Protein and Antibody Production: Aids in the production of immunoglobulins and antibodies STRUCTURE 16  THREONINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-3- hydroxy butanoic acid) ❑Helps maintain proper protein balance in the body; ❑Collagen and Elastin Production: Important for the formation of collagen, elastin and tooth enamel ❑Detoxification: Aids liver and lipotropic function. Prevents the build-up of fat in the liver ❑Digestive Enzyme Support: STRUCTURE Assists metabolism and assimilation 17  TRYPTOPHAN (2-amino-3- (1 Hindol-3-yl) propanoic FUNCTIONS ❑Natural relaxant, helps alleviate acid) insomnia by inducing normal sleep ❑Reduces anxiety and depression and stabilizes mood ❑Helps in the treatment of migraine headaches ❑Helps in immune system function properly ❑Aids in weight control by reducing appetite ❑Enhances the release of GH STRUCTURE ❑Helps control hyperactivity in children 18  TYROSINE (2-amino-3- para-hydroxyphenyl FUNCTIONS ❑Precursor of adrenaline, propanoic acid) norepinephrine, and dopamine ❑Act as a mood elevator, suppresses the appetite, and helps reduce body fats ❑Aids in the production of melanin and in the functions of adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands ❑Used to help chronic fatigue, narcolepsy, anxiety, depression, low sex drive, allergies and headaches STRUCTURE 19  VALINE FUNCTIONS (2-amino-3- methyl butanoic acid) ❑Muscle metabolism and coordination, tissue repair and for the maintenance of proper nitrogen balance in the body; ❑Helpful in treating liver and gallbladder disease ❑Promotes mental vigor and calm emotions STRUCTURE 20  Amino acids are classified into three main categories based on their necessity and role in the body: essential, non-essential, and conditional.  STRUCTURE ALIPHATIC AROMATIC POLARITY HETEROCYCLIC HYDROPHOPIC CLASSIFICATIONS HYDROPHILIC OF AMINO ACIDS ABILITY OF THE BODY TO SYNTHESIZE THEM NON-ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF AMINO ACID A. Support infant growth or maintain health in adults. B. Perform multitude of structural, hormonal. And catalytic functions essential to life. C.L-Amino acids and their derivatives participate in intracellular functions D.L-alpha-amino acids in low-molecular weight peptides play additional roles as hormones E. D- and L-alpha-amino acids are present in polypeptide antibiotics elaborated by microorganisms.