Plant and Animal Mitosis PDF

Plant and Animal - Mitosis  Mitosis Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells, each with the same genetic material as the original cell. Although mitosis occurs similarly in both plant and animal cells, P...

Plant and Animal - Mitosis  Mitosis Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells, each with the same genetic material as the original cell. Although mitosis occurs similarly in both plant and animal cells, Plant Mitosis Plant mitosis involves the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis) followed by the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). This ensures that each daughter cell has an identical set of chromosomes and is capable of carrying out the same functions as the  Mitosis in plants occurs primarily in the meristematic tissues, such as Apical meristems: Found at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth. Lateral meristems (cambium): Contributes to secondary growth, increasing the diameter of stems and roots.  Functional Importance of Plant Mitosis Growth: Mitosis is Asexual Reproduction: responsible for the growth Many plants use mitosis of roots, stems, and leaves for asexual reproduction through the division of (e.g., vegetative cells in meristematic propagation in which new regions. plants grow from cuttings). Repair and Regeneration: Plant cells can repair and regenerate damaged tissues using  Factors Influencing Mitosis in Plants 1.Temperature 3.Light: - Optimal temperature is - Light intensity and necessary for enzyme photoperiod can influence activity during mitosis. the activity of meristems and 2.Water and Nutrients: growth patterns. - Adequate water and 4. Hormones nutrient supply are essential - Plant hormones such as for cell division and growth. cytokinins and auxins regulate cell division and differentiation.  Applications of Plant Mitosis a. plant mitosis is crucial c.During grafting, mitosis is responsible for the healing and for agricultural bonding of the grafted tissues. practices, tissue culture, Plant breeding relies on and genetic engineering. mitosis to stabilize new traits or varieties. b. can help develop d. Mitosis repairs damaged disease-resistant or tissues in plants, such as cuts or lesions. This regenerative high-yield crops and property is seen in the ability enable the successful of some plants to grow new shoots or roots when cut. propagation of rare or endangered plant e. Some plants reproduce asexually through mitotic divisions, generating offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant. Differences Between Animal and Plant Mitosis 1. Centrioles - Animal cells use centrioles to organize the mitotic spindle, whereas plant cells lack centrioles and use MTOC (Microtubules- organizing center) 2. Spindle Formation - In animal cells, spindle formation is initiated by the centrosomes, while in plant cells, it occurs without centrosomes. 3. Cytokinesis Mechanism - Animal cells form a cleavage furrow through the contraction of actin filaments, whereas plant cells build a cell plate from Golgi-derived vesicles. 4. Cell Wall - Plant cells must form a new cell wall during cytokinesis, while animal cells only form a new cell membrane.  Functional Importance of Animal Mitosis 1. Growth and Development 2. Tissue Repair and - Mitosis is essential for the Regeneration growth of multicellular - Mitosis enables the organisms. replacement of damaged or - It allows the organism to dead cells, aiding in wound increase in size by healing and tissue producing new cells. regeneration. 3.Cell Replacement 4. Asexual Reproduction - Constant cell turnover is - In some organisms, such required for maintaining as hydras and certain tissues such as the skin, flatworms, mitosis facilitates blood, and the lining of the asexual reproduction, gastrointestinal tract. producing offspring identical to the parent.  Factors Influencing Mitosis in Animal Cells 1.Hormonal Signals: Hormones like growth factors and cytokines can stimulate or inhibit mitotic activity. 2.Nutrient Availability: Adequate nutrients, such as amino acids and glucose, are crucial for cell division. 3.Environmental Conditions: Temperature, pH, and the presence of toxins or radiation can affect mitosis. 4. Genetic Regulation: Genes such as proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play key roles in regulating cell division.  Applications and Implications of Animal Mitosis 1. Cancer Research: Abnormal mitosis is a hallmark of cancer, where cells divide uncontrollably. Targeting mitotic pathways can be a strategy for cancer therapy. Anti- mitotic drugs target dividing cells, aiming to stop the proliferation of cancerous cells. 2.Developmental Biology: Studying mitosis helps us understand how complex organisms develop from a single cell.(cloning and in vitro fertilization (IVF) 3. Regenerative Medicine: Insights into mitosis can aid in developing regenerative therapies for damaged tissues and organs.(stem cell therapy) 4.Immune Response: - During an immune response, white blood cells (lymphocytes) proliferate rapidly through mitosis to fight off infections, ensuring a robust defense mechanism. Applications of Animal Biotechnology  Practical Applications in Research and Industry A. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology - Both plant and animal cells undergoing mitosis are used in genetic engineering for the incorporation of new genes, study of gene expression, and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). B.Drug Development - Mitosis is targeted in the development of many pharmaceuticals, especially those used in cancer treatment, where drugs are designed to interrupt the cell cycle. C.Cloning and Propagation - Mitosis enables cloning at the cellular level, which is employed to propagate animals and plants with desired traits, such as high-yielding crops or animals with specific genetic attributes. Thank you for Listening