Minerals.pdf

Minerals  identify common rock- Objectives forming minerals using 1 their physical and At the end chemical properties; and of the lesson, you should be identify the minerals able to: 2 important to society.  identify th...

Minerals  identify common rock- Objectives forming minerals using 1 their physical and At the end chemical properties; and of the lesson, you should be identify the minerals able to: 2 important to society.  identify the minerals 3 important to society; Objectives At the end describe the mineral of the 4 composition of some lesson, you common materials; and should be able to: discuss the uses of 5 minerals. Objectives  Earth materials Minerals, Rocks, Energy Sources, Soil and Water Earth materials Earth materials refer to substances or objects extensively used in geological and biological processes on the surface of the planet. Materials from Earth’s crust and sources of energy for human societies. EARTH’S MATERIAL  Learn about It! Minerals It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure. Example of a mineral CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS Formation of Minerals  Learn about It! Physical Properties of Minerals Color Streak Luster Crystal habit  Learn about It! Physical Properties of Minerals Color refers to certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer. Streak is the color of the powdered form of a mineral. Luster is the appearance of a mineral’s surface and is dependent on how it reflects light. Crystal habit is the characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral’s crystal structure.  Learn about It! Self-colored minerals are called idiochromatic minerals.  Learn about It! For allochromatic minerals, color is not a reliable diagnostic property since small impurities may dramatically alter their color. For example, quartz may occur in different varieties. This includes colorless, milky, smoky, citrine, amethyst, and rose. Allochromatic minerals are often weakly-colored or colorless in their pure state, which allows impurities to pervade them with color. By contrast, idiochromatic minerals are strongly colored which drowns out any impurities in color. Allochromatic minerals  Learn about It! Pseudochromatic minerals are false-colored minerals. Their colors are due to light diffraction. In this instance, color may be variable but is an exclusive properties of the mineral. Learn about It! Learn about It! Learn about It!  Learn about It! Physical Properties of Minerals Cleavage Fracture Hardness Specific gravity  Learn about It! Physical Properties of Minerals Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces. Fracture is the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage. Hardness is the resistance of the minerals to scratching. Specific gravity is the ratio of a minerals’ weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. Learn about It! Learn about It! Learn about It! Learn about It! Learn about It! Learn about It!  Learn about It! Gypsum Corundum Quartz Calcite Topaz Learn about It!  Learn about It! Chemical Properties of Minerals Solubility refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature. Melting point refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.  Learn about It! Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition Chemical Example Description structure Minerals Elements Most of the minerals here are composed of only one element. copper, gold, silver, Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify sulfur bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created. Sulfides Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by cinnabar (HgS), a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish pyrite (FeS2) them. Halides These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorine, fluorite (CaF2), halite bromine, and iodine as their main chemical constituent. (NaCl), diabolite  Learn about It! Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition Chemical Example Description structure Minerals Oxides and These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals cuprite (Cu2O), hydroxides joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH) hematite (Fe2O3) Nitrates, It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen malachite, carbonates, and boron. nitratine, borax borates Sulfates One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound anhydrite (CaSO4) (SO4)  Learn about It! Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition Chemical Example Description structure Minerals Chromates, chromate, molybdate, or tungstate substituted the place of wulfenite molybdate, the sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly (PbMoO4), tungstates colored, brittle and dense. scheelite (CaWO4) Phosphates, One or metal is chemically combined with the Phosphates, apatite, lazulite, arsenates, arsenates, vanadates group. vanadinite vanadates Silicates This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group dioptase, have different amounts of silicon and oxygen labradorite  Learn about It! Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals Wet chemical analysis involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution.  Learn about It! Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals Spectroscopic techniques involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds. Spectrophotometer Learn about It!  Learn about It! Rock Forming Minerals Quartz has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks. Feldspar has a chemical composition of XAlSi3O8, where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na). Mica is soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes.  Learn about It! Rock Forming Minerals Pyroxene minerals have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6 where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al). Amphibole has a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.  Learn about It! Minerals and Human Development The first production of mineral-based fire strikers dated back 500 000 years. Early humans used copper, silver, lead, and zinc in forming alloys.  Learn about It! Home and Personal Uses of Minerals The source of rock salt which is the mineral halite. Other examples include tungsten in light bulb, clay minerals in ceramic pots, and fluorite in toothpaste to name a few. Halite  Learn about It! Home and Personal Uses of Minerals Materials Mineral Description composition Light bulb Tungsten Among the metals, tungsten has the highest melting point. This is the reason why the tungsten is used in making the filaments of a light bulb since the bulb can be very hot. Ceramic flower pots, Clay minerals Clay is easy to form when wet and when it is dried and fired in a plates, bowls, cups, kiln, it creates a durable ceramic products. saucers and mugs Utensils Stainless steel Chromium prevents the steel from rusting. (made from the mixture of molten iron and chromium)  Learn about It! Minerals in Electronics, Infrastructure, and Manufacturing Minerals in electronics, infrastructure, and manufacturing include gold in electronic circuit boards, quartz and silicon in computers, and copper in electrical wiring to name a few. Minerals in computer parts  Learn about It! Minerals in Electronics, Infrastructure, and Manufacturing Materials Mineral composition Description Electronic circuit Gold Gold is a good conductor of electricity and can be easily boards formed into fine wires. Electrical capacitors Muscovite mica The mineral mica is a poor conductor of electricity and and high temperature has a high melting point. insulators Computers Quartz, Silicon chip is important in computers. Quartz is silicon composed of silicon. The screen of the computer is also made from quartz.  Learn about It! Minerals in Health and Medicine Minerals used in the medical include barium is a helpful additive to medicine in X-rays of the digestive system and iron which is used to treat anemia Iron supplement  Learn about It! Minerals in Health and Medicine Materials Mineral Description composition Plaster casts Gypsum Bandage soaked in wet plaster can make a cast. The mineral gypsum is suited for making a cast since it is strong, rigid and quick to set or harden. Thermometer Mercury which Since mercury is liquid at room temperature and expands comes from when exposed to high temperature, it is a suitable cinnabar ore material for making thermometers. Medicines Kaolinite Medicines are also composed of some minerals. An example is kaolinite which is sometimes included in the medicines you intake or lotions that you put on your skin.  Learn about It! Minerals for Aesthetics Some minerals are used as gemstones, being valued for their rarity and beauty. Minerals such as diamond, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and opals are the components of most jewelries. Gemstones in jewelries  Photo Credits ASSIGNMENT 1 WHOLE YP 1. WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF MINING? GIVE EXAMPLES. 2. WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN MINERAL PROCESSING? 3. WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EFFECTS OF MINING MINERALS?  Learn about It! Four Groups of Mineral Deposits Mineral deposits are aggregates of minerals present in high concentration. Regardless of whether it has high economic value or none, an accumulation of minerals are still considered mineral deposits. Mineral deposit  Learn about It! Four Groups of Mineral Deposits Mineral deposits can be categorized into four groups: Energy resources can be further divided into fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Coal deposit  Learn about It! Four Groups of Mineral Deposits Mineral deposits can be categorized into four groups: Metal resources include structural metals such as iron, copper, and aluminum as well as economic metals. Iron deposit  Learn about It! Four Groups of Mineral Deposits Mineral deposits can be categorized into four groups: Industrial mineral resources include commodities such as salt, potash, and sand. Salt  Learn about It! Four Groups of Mineral Deposits Mineral deposits can be categorized into four groups: Essential minerals are minerals that pertain to those needed by living organisms. Zinc mineral  Learn about It! Mineral Exploration Searching for valuable ore is called mineral exploration. Most ore deposits are found in mixtures with minerals called gangue minerals or minerals that have no commercial value. Mineral deposit on rock  Learn about It! Mineral Exploration Various exploration techniques were used to assess ore deposits: Remote sensing Geophysical methods Geochemical methods. Remote sensing using satellite images  Learn about It! Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals from mineral deposits. There are two methods of mining: surface mining and underground mining. Mining  Learn about It! Types of Mining Surface mining is being used to extract ore minerals near the surface of Earth. Underground mining extract rocks, minerals, and other precious stones that can be found deep the Earth’s surface Quarrying on mountain  Learn about It! Factors Affecting Mineral Availability Geologic factors that affect abundance of mineral deposits are geological origin of the area. Economic factors include the costs in getting the supply such as engineering, mineral extraction. Environmental factors affect mineral resources.  Learn about It! Steps of Mineral Processing The primary steps involved in processing minerals include sampling and analysis, comminution, concentration, and dewatering. Minerals on mountain  Learn about It! Steps of Mineral Processing Sampling is the removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for the analysis of this material. Analysis is important to evaluate the valuable components in an ore. This includes chemical, mineralogical, and particle size analysis.  Learn about It! Steps of Mineral Processing Comminution is the process where rock is crushed or broken down into smaller pieces. From left to right: ball mill, how ball mill works  Learn about It! Steps of Mineral Processing Concentration is the separation of the valuable minerals from the raw materials creating an end product called concentrate. Gold panning  Learn about It! Steps of Mineral Processing Dewatering uses the concentrates to convert it to usable minerals. Purified gold  Learn about It! Concentrating Minerals Optical separation is a process being used in the concentration of minerals with distinct contrasting colors. Density separation is a process that uses the density of minerals as the concentrating agent and performs a sink and float separation of water and the grounded minerals.  Learn about It! Concentrating Minerals Flotation separation is the most widely used method that makes use of the mineral’s induced surface physicochemical properties. Floatation separation  Learn about It! Concentrating Minerals Electrostatic separation is a process that separate the mineral particles based on their electric charges. Electrostatic separation  Challenge Yourself You were given two pink minerals (quartz and calcite). Cite ways on how you could distinguish each mineral.  Bibliography Amethyst Galleries Inc. “Mineral Gallery” Accessed April 5, 2018. http://www.galleries.com/default.htm Coenraads, Robert R. 2005. Rocks & Fossils: A Visual Guide. Australia: Weldon Owen Inc. Tarbuck, Edward J. and Frederick J. Lutgens. 2012. Earth Science, 13th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Thompson, Graham R. and Jonathan Turk. 1997. Introduction to Physical Geology. United States: Brooks Cole Publishing. Williams, Linda. 2004. Earth Science Demystified. United States: The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.  Photo Credits Slide 11: This file, Spectrophotometer Model 1 by Viv Rolfe is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.