Minerals and Vitamins PDF

**Minerals and Vitamins** **Minerals** - The chemical excluding C, H, O, and N (non-mineral elements) regarded as essential for the proper nutrition of animals are referred to as inorganic elements. - These elements are constituents in the ash fraction of feed. - They are required...

**Minerals and Vitamins** **Minerals** - The chemical excluding C, H, O, and N (non-mineral elements) regarded as essential for the proper nutrition of animals are referred to as inorganic elements. - These elements are constituents in the ash fraction of feed. - They are required in greatly varying amounts, but has nothing to do with the essentiality of the function performed - Animals acquire their mineral needs from feeds, mineral supplements, drinking water and/or soil can be consumed either accidentally or on purpose **Gross chemical composition of plant and animal tissue**  **Components of different fractions in the proximate analysis of feeds** Functions: A. As constituents of various tissues, tissue growth and repair 1. As constituents of skeletal structures, giving rigidity and strength to bones and teeth. Bones usually contain more than 80% of inorganic salts in the organism. Bone tissues are highly reactive and plastic, and capable of undergoing continuous structural changes. 2. As constituents of organic compounds such as proteins, lipids, etc. which make up the muscles, vital organs, blood cells, etc. 1. Maintenance of ionic equilibrium. Ex. Mg2, Cl, SO4 2. As components and in activation of enzymes Metalloenzymes Ex. cytochrome oxidase (Cu) Activator of one or more enzyme systems. Ex. Na,P 3. As components and in activation of hormones and direct incorporation into hormone structure ex. Iodine for thyroid hormones 4. As components and in activation of vitamins. Ex. Use of Co for microorganisms to produce VitaminB12 5. Acid-base equilibrium Ex. Excretion of H ions 6. Nerve excitability Minerals found in eggs **Classification of Minerals** 1. Macro minerals- required in relatively large amount usually in percentage basis. ( Ca, P, K, Na, Cl,Mg,and S) 2. Micro minerals- required in trace or minute amounts expressed in ppm,mg/lb or mg/kg. (Fe, Cu, Co, I, Mo, F, Mn, Zn and Se)   **Calcium**- closely related to Phosphorus in metabolism and consist of 70% in the ash of the body. Ca:P= 1-2:1 (monogastrics) 7:1 (ruminants) 10:1 for laying hens +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Minerals** | **Deficiency Symptoms** | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Calcium | Osteoporosis, milk fever in cows, | | | and rickets | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Milk fever** is observed when the cows turn their head towards their flanks. This is observed after parturition. Rickets can be characterized by posterior paralysis. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Minerals** | **Deficiency Symptoms** | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Calcium | Osteoporosis, milk fever in cows, | | | and rickets | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Phosphorus | Pica, poor growth, infertility | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Magnesium | Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Zinc | Parakeratosis in swine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Pica can be characterized by having abnormal eating behavior observed in the animals Due to grazing lush greens that are low in Mg, high in K and N, it interferes with digestion that causes stiff muscles and animals will not be able to stand and eventually this leads to death. Parakeratosis is a nutritional deficiency disease of 6- to 16-week-old pigs characterized by lesions of the superficial layers of the epidermis. It results from a zinc deficiency or inadequate absorption of zinc due to an excess of calcium, phytates, or other chelating agents in the diet. **Minerals** **Deficiency Symptoms** --------------- ------------------------------------ 5\. Manganese Perosis, skeletal deficiency 6\. Cobalt Emaciation in cattle and sheep 7\. Iron Anemia, Thumps (labored breathing) 8\. Copper Enzootic ataxia in sheep, anemia   Perosis in chicks is characterized by slipped tendons All ruminants (including sheep, cattle and goats) require cobalt in their diet for the synthesis of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is essential for energy metabolism and the production of red blood cells. Cobalt deficiency in soils can cause vitamin B12 deficiency in livestock Anemia can occur in dogs and cats, although it is more common in dogs. Several factors can cause anemia, including genetic disorders like canine polycystic kidney disease (PKD), or autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).  **Minerals** **Deficiency Symptoms** --------------- ------------------------------------ 5\. Manganese Perosis, skeletal deficiency 6\. Cobalt Emaciation in cattle and sheep 7\. Iron Anemia, Thumps (labored breathing) 8\. Copper Enzootic ataxia in sheep, anemia Enzootic swayback ataxia in sheep. Copper deficiency in animal \... **Minerals** **Deficiency Symptoms** ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------- 9\. Iodine Goiter and alopecia 10\. Selenium Same in Vit. E, Nutritional and muscular dystrophy 11\. Molybdenum Poor growth in lambs