The Contemporary World Soc101 Midterm PDF

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM “Whoever controls the media, controls the mind” –  Global – becoming united and integrated on a Jim Morrison global scale through the exchange of ideas Media – came from the w...

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM “Whoever controls the media, controls the mind” –  Global – becoming united and integrated on a Jim Morrison global scale through the exchange of ideas Media – came from the word “medium” refers to a GLOBAL CULTURE channel, means or method Dynamic – a continuous process of productive activity DIFFERENT FORMS OF MEDIA which leads to a change Print Media – newspapers, books, magazines, comics, Local – relates to anything that comes from a city, town, and pamphlets or small sector Broadcast Media – television, radio, satellites, mobile Global – pertains to something that involves the entire phones, and movies/films world or on a worldwide scale Digital Media (“new media”) – internet, social media, Culture – ways how a society lives which includes art, and computers beliefs, norms, characteristics features, and values that are passed from generation to generation MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL PRODUCTION –  Mass media are seen today as playing a key role refers to the movement of culture on a local and global in enhancing globalization, facilitating culture scale exchange and multiple flows of information and image between countries  Local culture production – a term for  1837 – invention of the telegraph, most establishing standards, norms, and simple way of frequently related to encoding Morse Code and life of a society; it ranges a small sector of the transmitting electrical current pulses down a wire globe such as town, or a city  Internet, mobile phones, and satellites have  Global culture production – is the transmission, helped deterritorialize space and transnational integration, and sharing of culture on a global media networks and news service like CNN, BBC cycle which is doable with the help of information World News, Fox News and Al Jazeera technology  The media has a significant impact on cultural  It is the globalization of culture by globalization, they enable the broad sharing and presenting local culture to transnational circulation of cultural products and worldwide audiences contribute to the growth of social networks and  Global culture production is composed of organization local culture GLOBAL MEDIA EXAMPLES OF LOCAL CULTURE:  Media globalization – is the universal integration ART of media through the multicultural exchange of  Madhubani Art (India) – originated from ideas Madhubani, district of Bihar Mithila Region  it includes all forms of mass communication that  Ukiyo-e Art (Japan) – originated from the city of reach every corner across the globe (tv, Edo in Tokyo during Edo period (1615-1868) newspapers, radio and social media)  Cubism (Spain) – an avant-garde movement by  it creates a constant flow of cultures in which Pablo Picasso around 1881-1973 fundamental concepts like identity, country, religion, social mores and way of life are MUSIC persistently questioned and contested  Global village – this term was first used in 1964  Harana (Philippines) – a Filipino courtship by media and communication theorist Marshall serenade. Originated during Spanish colonial McLuhan period  Internet – referred to as our global village in the  Kundiman (Philippines) – a Philippine music 21st century genre disguised as a love song and is used interchangeable with Harana REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM THEATER Religion – collection of cultural systems, beliefs systems,  Senakulo (Philippines) – a religious performing and world views that establishes symbols that relate art started back in 1904 in the Philippines. Usually humanity to spirituality and to moral values presented as a community activity during Lenten  Comes from the Latin word “religare”, to bind Season together again that which was once bound but TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES has since been torn apart or broken  It enters a continuous cycle: religions “become Cultural Differentialism – emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially more self-conscious of themselves as being affected by global flows world religions”  Religions effectively employ globalization-related  The interaction of culture is deemed to contain the technology to arise and expand potential for “CATASTROPHIC COLLISION”  Example: the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the Pluralism – a society where multiple people, groups or subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, these entities share political power events are the products of the clash between Western and Islamic culture Golden Rule: “what you do not wish done to yourself, do Cultural Hybridization – the process by which cultural not do to others” element blends into another culture by modifying the POLITICAL & RELIGION GLOBALIZATION element to fit cultural norms  Globalization created global political forums that  Emphasizes the integration of local and global integrate cultural ethnic and religious differences culture (Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997)  UN, WHO, EU  Example: Creole languages, a new language developed from simplifying and blending different ECONOMIC & RELIGION GLOBALIZATION languages that come into contact within a particular population, Louisian Creole  Primary religions of each of those countries grown financially, providing more financial (combination of African, French, and English resources for religions to spread their beliefs Language)  Technical improvements have greatly helped in Cultural Convergence – approach stresses religion homogeneity introduced by globalization. Religion Globalization – a process of realignment in this  When cultures are subject to many of the same global religious situation, it involves these three facets: global flows and tends to grow more alike  When culture impose itself on and tends to  It implies the inevitable transformation of destroy at least parts of another culture individual religious organizations  Deterritorialization – by Jhon Tomlinson, it  It can be expected that new characteristics will be produced in the contents of doctrines, rituals means that is much more difficult to tie culture to and practices a specific geographic point of origin  Globalization will be accompanied by changes GLOBAL RELIGION in the human beings supporting religion, particularly in their intellectual perspectives Globalization – process of interaction and integration BEGINNING: among the people, companies and governments of different nations  18th century in Europe and America until 20th century the responses to deep insecurities  Process driven by international trade and were not ideological, but rather theological or investment aided by information technology religious  Reactions to the deep insecurities are produced by radical social disruptions REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM WORLD’S RELIGION  Life is suffering  Suffering arises from attachment  Christians: 33.32%  Suffering can be overcome  Hindus: 13.26%  the path to overcoming suffering is  Muslims: 21.01% Eightfold Path  Buddhists: 5.84%  Non-religious: 14.09% Hinduism – it is unique, it is not a single religion but a  Other religions: 12.48% compilation of many traditions and philosophies Christianity – an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based  “Indian Religion”, set of religious beliefs or on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth practices, religious tradition and Dharma  Beliefs:  Most widely practiced religion in the world, with  Life > death > reincarnation more than 2 billion followers  Their faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth,  Karma – the universal law of cause and life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ effect  Bible – sacred scriptures of Christians  Dharma – religion, virtue, duty and comprising the Old Testament and New morality; a religious and universal order Testament by which followers abide  Christians believed that Jesus Christ is  Moksha – the goal of Hinduism, the descended from Abraham through Isaac liberation from the cycle of rebirth and attain union with Brahman Islam – the second largest religion in the world after  Deities (Trimurti): Christianity with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide.  Brahman/ Brahma – the creator God,  Created on 7th century, making it the youngest the ultimate reality among world religions  Vishnu – the preserver God, ensuring  Quran – religious text considered by Muslims to the balance of good and evil be the direct word of the Allah/God of Abraham as  Shiva – the destroyer God, responsible it was reveal to Muhammad, the main and final for breaking down old structures and Islamic prophet energies to pave the way for new  Ramadan – one of the most scared days for beginnings Muslims, it falls during the 9th month of the  With 900 million followers, it is the third largest Islamic calendar. Muslims keep a strict daily fast religion behind Christianity and Islam from sunrise to sunset during this month.  Muhammed – the last and final messenger and Judaism – world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating prophet of God who began receiving direct verbal back nearly 400 years. They believe in one God who revelations in 610 CE revealed himself through ancient prophets  Exists in the time of Old testament Buddhism – one of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India  They don’t believe in Jesus Christ, but believed in one God  Enlightenment:  Torah – contains the same books of the old  Free and evolving religion Testament in the Christian Bible but are placed in  It encourages people to avoid self- a slightly different order. indulgence but also self-denial  God first revealed himself to a Hebrew  With about 470 million followers man named Abraham  Siddhartha Gautama – the Buddha, founder  Today, there are 14 millions Jews worldwide  Nirvana – the human life is one of suffering and  You are considered Jewish if your mother is meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good Jewish behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment ADDITIONAL INFO:  Four noble truths: REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM Abraham has promised by God to bless and his  Religion acts as a cultural protector, they help in descendants and will give him covenant, he has two sons social causes and successfully gets greater named: Isaac and Ishmael recognition  Disputes between the world’s religions provide Isaac – son of Abraham and his wife, Sarah conclusive evidence of the EROSION AND  He was the Son of Covenant/ First born chosen FAILURE OF HYBRIDIZATION by God Muslim Separatist – opposed conversion to Christianity  Israelites is Isaac’s descendants and the chosen people of God in Judaism by the Spanish and lost their land during the Philippines independence to much of the Christian population Ishmael – son of Abraham and his servant, Hagar  Spanish-Moro war – because of this, the problems in the area of Mindanao is still present  Literal First born of Abraham but he’s not chosen as the Son of Covenant/First Born by God  Many changes happened that lead to further discrimination of non-Catholics, resulting in  He is considered the ancestor of the Arabs in Islam increased tensions and the formation of rebel groups  He is revered in Islam as a prophet and righteous man SIGNIFICANCE CONNECTION OF GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION  To create a vision where they can see a meaningful world POLITICAL  A place where peace and harmony are nourished  Jubilee 2000 – a global campaign to cancel Third  Everything is connected  See and have insights on what lead to a decision World debt by the year of 2000 we are currently living in  World Faiths Development Dialogue – an initiative of global religious leaders in RELIGIOUS VS. GLOBALIST collaboration with the World Bank to support RELIGIOUS: development agendas in line with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals  Aspires to become saint  Belief in God, Allah, Yahweh, and etc. ECONOMICS  Concerned with spreading holy ideas globally  The economy developed, so the major religions GLOBALIST: in each nations have more financial resources to disseminate their teachings  Trains to be a shrewd business person  Focus on the material satisfaction that having TECHNOLOGY faith  Wishes to spread goods and services  Websites give anybody and every people access to information and explanations about many GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION religions as well as the chance to connect with people all over the word  Religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is in itself form of DIFFERENCE OF GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION: globalization  Globalist ideal is largely focused on the realm of  Globalization lands religion in a quagmire of markets conflicts that reinforce social identities as some do not accept the new realities and turn to religion  Religion is concerned with spreading holy ideas to rediscover their own identity globally  Religion is a carrier of globalizing tendencies in  Religion provides a sense of belongingness to a the world group in the world  People have become more tolerant of other IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION; religious beliefs and practices and have come to associate all acts of terror as anti-religious  Flattens cultural differences REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM  Erodes local customs and beliefs Sociologist Saskia Sassen – popularized the term  Spreads secular, capitalist way of life “GLOBAL CITY” in the 1990s, her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily economic RELIGION NOWADAYS:  Global city – according to her, serve as a hub for production, finance, and  Its no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by telecommunications reflection  Three initially identified Global Cities according to  Symbolic system that carries our identity and her: New York, London and Tokyo, all of these marks out social/ethic and other boundaries are hubs of global finance and capitalism  Provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALITY  Promoting world peace (SASSEN, 2005) – these are observed in famous global  A major way to connect people around the globe cities such as New York, Tokyo, Singapore and Seoul ROLE OF RELIGION IN PROMOTING WORLD  The cultural diversity of the people PEACE:  Existence of a center pf economy  Geographic dispersal of economic activities that  Religion reduces greed with the practice of marks globalization charity to overcome hate and aversion to remove  Global reach performance ignorance  The purposeful misinterpretation of scriptural New York – according to the 2018 Global Cities Index, it texts for various ulterior motives has led to is ranked the highest in terms of the general criteria i.e business activity, human capital, information exchange, religious persecutions, inquisitions and “holy cultural experience, and political engagement wars” Global City – is an urban center that enjoys significant  Religionists should work in harmony and competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a cooperate globalized economic system. NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF RELIGION:  The term carried during the 1980s  Who try to convert and win followers by hook or  (Brittanica) with increased attention being paid by crook to processes of globalization during subsequent  Rather than adhering to proper instruction and years, these world cities came to be known as guidance global city  (Saskia Sassen) Global City are strategic sites THE RISE AND FALL OF ISIS AND ISIL that manage and guide the global economy. Many of these cities were already centers for ISIL – Islamic State of Iraq and Levants Group international trade and banking  (Charnock, 2013) Global City is a dominant city ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that serves as the economic center of globalization June 30, 2014 – Islamic caliphate declared SASSEN’S CONCEPT OF GLOBAL CITY: December 2015 – UK parliaments voted to launch air  Emphasis o the flow of information and capital strike on ISIS in Syria  Cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information and money 2017 – Marawi City was besieged by extremist terrorist –  Wealth that flows facilitate financial institutions, ISIS consulting firms, accounting firms, law firms, and media organizations May 2018 – the US defense intelligence Agency estimated the ISIL has lost 65% of its land in Iraq and 45% GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL BECAUSE: in Syria since 2014  It occurs in physical spaces GLOBAL CITY REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM  Places are the reason why it moves, cities act on Economic Opportunities – make it attractive to talents globalization and globalization act on cities from across the world Los Angeles – the home of Hollywood Economic Competitiveness – criteria in market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class and Tokyo, Japan – the main headquarters of SONY potential growth TOP 10 “2021 GLOBAL TOP 500 CITIES” Center of Authority – state of power, the main political 1. New York, USA (North America) offices of the country is located right there in the city  Brand Value: 2036.29 Center of Political Influence – powerful political hubs  2020 rank: Top 1 exert influence on their own countries as well on 2. London, UK (Europe) international affairs  Brand Value: 1901.28  2020 rank: Top 3 Center of Higher Learning and Culture – a city’s 3. Tokyo, Japan (Asia) intellectual influence is seen through the influence of it’s  Brand Value: 1777.82 publishing industry  2020 rank: Top 2 GLOBAL CITY CHALLENGES 4. Paris, France (Europe)  Brand Value: 1429.65  According to Chee, C.H. & Neo H. (2018), there  2020 rank: Top 4 are 5 global city challenges 5. Singapore, Singapore (Asia) Environmental Threats – environmental hazards are  Brand Value: 1047. 06 becoming more severe as a result of rapid urbanization,  2020 rank: Top 6 which puts a demand on basic infrastructure, and more 6. Sydney, Australia (Oceania) frequent and catastrophic weather events linked to  Brand Value: 1042.60 climate change.  2020 rank: Top 5 7. Los Angeles, US (North America)  Coastal communities are particularly at risk  Brand Value: 998.25 from tropical cyclones, flooding, heat waves and  2020 rank: Top 7 epidemics 8. Toronto, Canada (North America)  Brand Value: 852.14 Resources – resources like food, water and electricity are  2020 rank: Top 8 necessary for cities to function. 9. Shanghai, China (Asia)  Urban sprawl decreases agricultural fields,  Brand Value: 788.82 water catchment areas and energy availability  2020 rank: Top 11 10. Hong Kong, China (Asia) Inequality – for various categories of urban residents, the  Brand Value: 773.67 outlook is uneven in terms of the availability of basic  2020 rank: Top 9 resources and resistance against environmental challenges WHY GLOBAL CITY IS IMPORTANT?  There will be more urban poor people in many  They engage in interactions with nations and places as the umber of urban rich people rises other international players, pursue goals that are frequently entwined with world economic Technology – it is increasingly used in the development agendas, and are essential to issues pertaining to and running of global cities climate change, mobility and migration, Governance – cities will increase in size and their technological innovation, economic development populations become more, governing these cities will and infrastructure (Zevi, 2018) therefore, be progressively complex and require the most HOW TO DETERMINE A GLOBAL CITY? dedicated and best government  There are six indicators of Global City (Singh) GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Economic Power – determines which cities are global REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM Demography – is the statistical study of human  One of the simplest way to consider population populations. It examines the size, structure and growth is through crude birth and death rates movements of populations over space and time  On a worldwide basis, the difference between these rates is the rate of population growth  It is useful for governments and private businesses as a means of analyzing and predicting social cultural, and economic trends related to population  It also discuss the statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations Global Demography – studies individuals form all over the world. Because it gives the broad picture of the total human population untainted by local economic, cultural or  Population growth is also affected by emigration geographic issues and immigration  The reduction in mortality in developing countries  It is helpful because it offers information on since 1950 has been very rapid, so rapid that human society as a whole in the past, present and the crude death rate is now lower than in future developed countries  Demographers gather data through government  The combination of relatively steady infant and census, and government registries of births and child mortality rates resulted to gradual rise in deaths, but these sources can be inaccurate the crude death rate in developed countries depending on the precision of government  Rising death rates is due to an ageing records population GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY TRENDS AND PATTERNS  An initial fall in mortality rates creates a boom generation because high survival rates lead to  According to Reserve Bank of Australia, these more people at young ages than in earlier past and projected additions to world population generations have been and will increasingly be, distributed  Fertility rates fall subsequently, as parents unevenly across the world realise they do not need to produce as many  95% of population growth occurs in developing children to reach their desired family size countries  The challenges of a large youth cohort (ages 12-  World’s 50 least-developed countries is expected to 24), stress the importance for long term more than double by the middle of this century economic growth of investing in education  Several poor countries tripling their population over and health of the young the period  The baby boom generation represents an  the population of the developed world is expected to unusually large working-age (appx ages 15-64) remain steady at around 1.2 billion, with population population, which offers the prospect of a declines in some wealthy countries demographic dividend REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM  Two aspects of the demographic dividend  Stage 1: High Stationary – which applied to based on Lee and Mason (2016): most of the world before the Industrial Revolution,  Falling fertility, leading to more workers both birth rates and death rates are high per capita and therefore potentially more  Stage 2: Early Expanding – introduction of resources to devote to development and modern medicine lowers death rates, to family welfare especially among children, while birth rates  Extra savings generated when people remain high; the result is rapid population growth expected a longer retirement period  Stage 3: Late Expanding – birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved RELATIONSHIP OF GLOBALIZATION AND economic conditions, an increase in women’s POPULATION: status and access to contraception. Population  Globalization – means the speedup of growth continues but a lower rate movements and exchanges of human beings,  Stage 4: Low Stationary – birth and death rates goods and services, capital, technologies or are both low, stabilizing the population. These cultural practices all over the planet countries tend to have stronger economies,  One of the effects of globalization is that higher levels of education, better healthcare, a it promotes and increases interactions higher proportion of working women, and a between different regions and fertility rate hovering around 2 children per populations around the globe woman  Population – the whole number of people or  Stage 5: Declining? – include countries in which inhabitants in a country or region fertility rates have fallen significantly below  Since WWII, accelerating globalization has replacement level (2 children) and the elderly affected population population is greater than the youthful population  The rapid adoption of contraceptive technology in public health has WORLD’S DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE improved life expectancy and reduced fertility in most parts of the world  The total are of a country refers to how much  The resurgence of the global HIV/AIDS area both land and water is encompassed by epidemic and other infectious diseases the country’s borders, denoted in terms of miles resulted from international travel and squared or kilometers squared migration  Russia has 6.59 million square miles  Population size, growth and age structure also  Canada has 3.85 million square miles affected globalization  China has 3.75 million square miles  Demographic changes affect the movement of people, product and TOP 5 SMALLEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD (BY investment capital between countries POPULATION):  Favorable changes in the age structure of the population will also have a positive  Vatican City – 800 effect on economic growth  Nauru – 10, 876  Globalization affects the speed of development  Tuvalu – 11, 931 by stimulating faster economic growth in some  Palau – 18, 169 countries than in others  San Marino – 34, 017  It affects employment opportunities and incomes, levels of nutrition and TOP 5 MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGE: literacy, urbanization, the status of  English – 1,132 million speakers women and fertility, mortality and other  Mandarin – 1,117 million speakers social and economic conditions that  Hindi – 615 million speakers affect migration increase  Spanish – 534 million speakers Demographic Transition Model – (DTM) is based on  French – 280 million speakers historical population trends of 2 demographic RELIGION: characteristics (birth rates and death rates) to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles  Christian – 31.1% through stages as that country develops economically  Muslim – 24.9% REVIEWER BY: BEA PARIDO THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SOC101 | REVIEWER | MIDTERM  Hindu – 15.2%  1989 – US had military alliances with 50  Buddhist – 6.6% countries, therefore bringing to life the  Folk religions – 5.6% American Era  Jewish -