Midterm Notes AMGT 313 PDF

MIDTERM NOTES AMGT 313 Phonetic numbers have three main uses: Clarity: They make sure that numbers sound RADIO COMMUNICATIONS...

MIDTERM NOTES AMGT 313 Phonetic numbers have three main uses: Clarity: They make sure that numbers sound RADIO COMMUNICATIONS different from each other, which helps avoid RADIOTELEPHONY - Provides the means by mistakes. which pilots of aircraft and ground personnel Uniformity: Everyone uses the same words for communicate with each other. numbers, so there's no confusion. Accuracy: They help people understand PHONETIC ALPHABET- The English language is numbers correctly, even when it’s hard to hear. recommended by the international civil aviation For example, imagine a pilot trying to land a organization (ICAO) for international air/ground plane in a storm. They need to listen to numbers communication. When you identify your aircraft from the control tower to know how high to fly. during initial contact with ATC or other facilities, If they mishear a number, it could be dangerous. you will use the phonetic alphabet as a routine But with phonetic numbers, they can measure which ICAO has adopted. understand clearly, even in a storm! TERMINOLOGIES 1. A – Alfa Say Again - repeat the message 2. B – Bravo Check - examine a system or procedure 3. C – Charlie Correction - an error has been made in the 4. D – Delta transmission and the correct version is.. 5. E - Echo Monitor - listen out in the frequency 6. F - Foxtrot Orbit - carry out a 360-degree turn 7. G - Golf Affirmative – yes 8. H - Hotel Negative – no 9. I - India Standby - wait and I will call you again 10. J - Juliet Disregard – ignore 11. K - Kilo Abort - abandon take-off 12. L – Lima Roger - I have received your message 13. M – Mike Wilco - will comply 14. N – November Unable - inability to comply 15. O – Oscar Expedite – immediately 16. P – Papa Mayday – distress 17. Q - Quebec Pan-Pan – urgency 18. R - Romeo Acknowledge- let me know that you received 19. S - Sierra and understood message 20. T - Tango Advise - tell us/ inform us about 21. U - Uniform Airborne - time the flight has started after the 22. V - Victor take-off phase 23. W - Whisky Approved - proposed action granted 24. X - X-ray Cross - fly/taxi across 25. Y – Yankee Hold - keep in place or condition 26. Z - Zulu Hold Short - keep distance or keep away How Do You Read? - readability of my transmission PHONETIC NUMBERS - To reduce confusion, Look Out - view over/ survey inspection/ scan certain sets of numbers are spoken as individual Maintain – continue digits. When you state radio frequencies, the Read Back - repeat the message as received decimal is pronounced as "point," but the Report - pass the following information decimal is dropped when you state an altimeter Request - I wish to obtain - i need setting. Slow Down - reduce speed Zero is "Ze-ro" Speak Slower - reduce rate of speech One is "Wun" Two is “Too” LIGHT GUN SIGNALS - murag pusil (big) - provide specific Three is “Tree” information Four is "Fower" Five is "Fife" Six is "Six" Nine is "Niner" Decimal (for the dot in number) is “Day- see-mal”  ZULU Time - military time and it unifies all AIRSPACE around the world. - The portion of the atmosphere above a Aviation 24-hour clock system that particular land area, especially above a eliminates the need for A.M. and P.M. nation. Also referred to as ZULU time. - It functions to protect and organize the Places the entire world on one time traffic flow. standard. Philippines is 8 hours ahead of Greenwich mean time. CATEGORIES OF AIRSPACE COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) If at GMT, it is 12:00 A.M., in the Regulatory Philippines it is 8:00 A.M. - Have set of specific regulations. The 12:00 A.M. GMT is equivalent to - Class A, B, C, D, E, G 0000z. So that means that the ph time - Restricted areas 8:00 A.M. is equivalent to 0000z also. - Prohibited areas 2400 hours designates midnight, the end of the day 0000 hours designates the Non-regulatory beginning of the day. - Advise pilots of the use of airspace and warn pilots of the operations that are conducted STEPS FOR SOLVING within the airspace. 1. Determine - Military operations area - Determine the Local Time 1:00PM - Warning areas 2. Convert - Alert areas - Concert it to 24-Hour Military Time – 1300 - Controlled firing areas HOURS 3. Subtract – Subtract 8 hours (0800 hours) to make TYPES OF AIRSPACE it Zulu time.: 1300 - 0800 = 0500 Z Controlled Airspace 4. Time - from Zulu time to military time, just add 8 - A general term which covers five of the six hours (0800 hours): 0500Z + 8 HOURS (0800) = classes of airspace 1300 HOURS MILITARY TIME - You are subject to certain operating rules as well as pilot qualification and aircraft Another Examples: equipment requirements. - Examples: Class A, B, C, D, E UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE Uncontrolled Airspace - Covers one of the six classes of airspace. - An airspace not deemed necessary or cannot be provided for practical reasons - Example: Class G SPECIFIC RULES IN EACH AIRSPACE CLASS - VFR weather minimums - Communicate with ATC in some areas - Comply with pilot certification and aircraft equipment requirements TERMINOLOGIES ▪ Floor- used to refer to the lowest altitude at which the airspace segment begins. ▪ Ceiling- applies to the upper limit of the airspace. ▪ AGL- Above Ground Level ▪ MSL- Mean Sea Level ▪ FL- Flight Level starts at 18,000 MSL and up using 29.92 inHg. CLASS A ❖ The airspace extending from FL180 MSL up to and including fl600. ❖ A transponder equipped, operated under an IFR flight plan and controlled directly by the ATC. ❖ You are required to set your altimeter to the standard setting of 29.92 inHg altitudes are expressed to ATC using the term FL (flight level)  You can’t fly when the weather is below VFR minimums unless you are instrument rated. CLASS B ❖ Established to separate all arriving and CLASS G departing traffic. From surface to 10,000 feet ❖ Uncontrolled airspace that typically extends MSL. from the surface up to 700 feet or 1200 feet REQUIREMENTS: AGL or 14,500 feet MSL. ❖ ATC does not exercise control of air traffic in Private pilot/student pilot with an uncontrolled airspace. endorsement. Must establish two-way radio WHAT IF VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS CAN'T BE MET, communication and a transponder with ARE THERE ANY OTHER OPTIONS? mode c automatic altitude reporting - Special VFR- you may only operate within VOR receiver/ suitable RNAV equipment. the areas of class B, C, D, and E airspace Two-way radio and clearance to enter. which extend to the surface around an VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS: airport. - A special VR clearance allows you to ▪ 3 SM visibility operate within the surface areas of class B, ▪ Clear of clouds C, D, and E airspace if the visibility is at least 1 statute mile and you can remain clear of CLASS C clouds. ❖ Designated at certain airports where ATC is equipped to provide radar service for all aircraft. HALF MOON PRINCIPLE ❖ Consists of 2 areas that extend outward from the primary airport: inner core and outer shelf. ❖ 5NM radius inner core - surface to 1,200 feet AGL ❖ 10NM radius shelf area - 12,000 feet to 4000 feet AGL REQUIREMENTS: REQUIREMENTS: Student pilot license Mode C transponder and two-way radio communication with ATC VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS: ▪ 3 SM Visibility ▪ Cloud clearance: 1000 feet above, 500 feet RADAR AND ATC SERVICES below, 2000 feet horizontally ❖ TRANSPONDER CLASS D - In short for transmitter-responder. A radio ❖ Designated at airports with ATC but is less busier transmitter in aircraft used to identify the than class B and C. aircraft by the ATC where you can set up to ❖ Two-way radio communication prior to entering four-digit codes. and maintain radio contact at all operations. ❖ SQUAWK CODES ❖ Surface up to 2500 feet AGL with 5 NM radius - A code given by the ATC to radar identify but it may vary. aircraft. This codes entered into the transponder aboard the aircraft. VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS 1200 - VFR Flights ▪ 3 SM Visibility 7500 - Aircraft hijacking ▪ Cloud clearance: 1000 feet above, 500 feet 7600 - Radio failure below, 2000 feet horizontally 7700 - General Emergency ❖ RADAR CLASS E - A method of detecting distant objects and ❖ Controlled airspace that is not class A, B, C determining their position, velocity and or D. other characteristic by analysis of very high radio waves reflected form their surface. REQUIREMENTS: - Uses a synchronized radio transmitter and receiver to emit radio waves and process No particular vertical limits may start at the their reflections for display. surface until it is in contact with different airspace. No communication, equipment and pilot qualification requirements.  2 TYPES OF RADAR EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER 1. PRIMARY RADAR - a ground-based system used When activated manually - or automatically by by ATC which transmits radio waves in a narrow immersion in water or as a result of high 'G' beam by a rotating antenna. forces on impact ELTs transmit a distress signal ▪ ADVANTAGES - Operates totally which can be detected by non-geostationary independently of that target aircraft. satellites and then located precisely by either or ▪ DISADVANTAGES - Enormous amounts of both of GPS trilateration and doppler power must be radiated to ensure returns triangulation. from the target. -Returns may be easily Requires the inspection of ELT within 12 calendar disrupted due to such factors as changes of months after proper installation, battery target attitude due to heavy rain. corrosion, operation of controls and crash sensor 2. SECONDARY RADAR - is cooperative because it and presence of sufficient signal from its requires the transponder on board the aircraft. antenna. Consist of a receiver and a transmitter. FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS) DECODER (GROUND EQUIPMENT) An air traffic facility that provides information Enables a controller to assign a discrete and services to aircraft pilots before, during and transponder code to your aircraft. after flights, unlike air traffic control (ATC), is not To responsible for giving instructions or clearances normally, only one code will be assigned by or providing separation. They do, however, relay the computer for your entire flight. clearances from ATC for departure or approaches. INTERROGATION (SIGNAL) ▪ Transmit a coded signal from the computer VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) RADIO to your aircraft's transponder. Uses electromagnetic waves on the radio frequency range, for broadcasting two- way TRANSPONDER (REPLY) communication. The coded signal will be analyzed by the transponder and in turn, the transponder PUSH TO TALK BUTTON (PTT) automatically replies a specific coded signal. Used to transmit information by pushing the AZIMUTH button and talk. o Refers to the angle of aircraft from radar site is determined by the position of rotating antenna when reflected portion of radio wave is received. TRANSPONDER MODES 1. MODE A - Provides a 4-digit identification code for the aircraft set in the cockpit but assigned by the controller. 2. MODE C - Enables the radar to see aircraft altitude or flight level automatically when transponder is set to alt. More advanced than mode A 3. MODE S - Provides multiple information formats to a selective interrogation and is more advance than mode C. AVIATE NAVIGATE COMMUNICATE 4 W's of COMMUNICATION 1. WHO AM I CALLING? 2. WHO AM I? 3. WHERE AM I? 4. WHAT ARE MY INTENTIONS? TESTING TRANSMISSION Readability Scale 1- Unreadable Readability Scale 2- Readable but with difficulty Readability Scale 3- Readable now and then Readability Scale 4- Readable Readability Scale 5- Perfectly Readable